The human voice can act as a calming agent, as shown in a 2011 study where girls who spoke to their mothers by phone or in person before a public speaking event had lower stress hormones than those who only communicated electronically. While technology allows for constant communication, texting and emoticons remove important vocal elements like tone and pacing. A separate study found that adding a human voice element to a website can increase consumer satisfaction and trust by building a sense of human interaction that is lacking from regular online updates. Overall, the human voice remains a powerful tool for communication that electronic messages cannot fully replace.