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The history of music videos
- 2. 1894 – 1959 1894- Electrician George Thomas and various performers were hired to promote “The Little Lost Child” by Edward B. Marks and Joe Stern. Thomas projected still images on a screen during live performances, which would come to be known as illustrated song 1926- The arrival of “talkies” (films where the actors would actually speak as opposed to silent movies) prompted the creation of musical short films and sing-along short cartoons called Screen Songs, similar to karaoke 1940-1947- Soundies were produced and released which would often include short dance sequences Mid-1940s- Louis Jordan made short films for his songs, and have been called the “ancestors” of music video 1930s-1950s- Music films were popular and have inspired many well-known music videos (Diamonds Are A Girls Best Friend from the film Gentleman Prefer Blondes was used as inspiration for Material Girl by Madonna) 1956- Tony Bennett claims to have created the first music video when he was filmed walking along the Serpentine in Hyde Park which was then set to his recording of the song Stranger in Paradise 1958- Dáme si do bytu (Let’s Go To The Apartment) is seen as the oldest example of a promotional music video with similarities to the music videos of today The similarities between Material Girl and Diamond’s Are A Girl’s Best Friend can be seen here
- 3. 1960-1965 Late 1950s- The Scopitone ( a visual jukebox) was invented in France, prompting French artists to make short films to accompany their songs. This in turn started the creation of many similar machines such as the Cinebox in Italy and the Color-Sonic in the USA 1964- Alex Murray wanted to promote his version of Go Now. The short film clip he produced and directed to promote the single has a striking visual quality predating Bohemian Rhapsody and The Beatles promotional films for their singles Rain and Paperback Writer 1964- The Beatles starred in their first feature film A Hard Day’s Night, presented as a “mockumentary” (one of the earliest examples), interspersing the comedy with music. It became the direct model for the US TV series The Monkees. 1965- Help!, The Beatles second feature was much more lavish, filmed in colour in a variety of international locations. It is arguably one of the main archetypes of the modern performance music videos with a variety of shots and camera angles being used 1965- The Beatles began making promotional clips (aka filmed inserts) for distribution in other countries, such as the US, so they could promote their record releases without having to make in person appearances. These gradually became more sophisticated, with Strawberry Fields Forever and Penny Lane taking the process to a new level with the variety of techniques used A Scopitone The Beatles in Help!
- 4. 1966-1973 Mid-1960s- Concert films were being released 1966- Promotional clips began to rise with a variety of bands using them such as Bob Dylan, Pink Floyd and The Rolling Stones 1966- The Kinks made one of the first plot promo clips for their song Dead End Street 1966- Nancy Sinatra filmed a music video for her song These Boots Are Made For Walkin’ 1972-1973- David Bowie made four promotional clips with pop photographer Mick Rock- John, I’m Only Dancing, The Jean Genie, the December 1972 US re-release of Space Oddity and Life on Mars? Each was made very differently. The clip for "John, I'm Only Dancing" was made with a budget of just $200 and filmed at the afternoon rehearsal for Bowie’s Rainbow Theatre concert on August 19, 1972. It shows Bowie and band miming to the record intercut with footage of Bowie's dancers (The Astronettes) dancing on stage and behind a back-lit screen. The clip was turned down by the BBC, who reportedly found the homosexual overtones of the film distasteful, although Top of the Pops replaced it with footage of bikers and a dancer, demonstrating the censorship that was already occurring at the time David Bowie in “John, I’m Only Dancing”
- 5. 1974-1980 1974- The creation of shows in Australia such as Countdown and Sounds were significant in developing and popularizing the music video genre in Australia and other countries as well as establishing the importance of these music videos as a means of promotion 1975- Bohemian Rhapsody was created by Bruce Gowers and is credited as “the first global hit single for which an accompanying video was central to the marketing strategy” 1979- Video Concert Hall was the first US nationwide video music programming and Night Flight was one of the first American programmes to showcase the videos as an artform 1980- David Bowie’s Ashes to Ashes became the most expensive music video ever made, having a production cost of $1,671,487 in 2016, and was the first music video to have a production cost over $500,000 (in 1980s currency) David Bowie in Ashes to Ashes
- 6. 1981- MTV launched, airing Video Killed the Radio Star and beginning the 24-hour-a-day music on television era. By the mid-1980s, music videos would grow to play a central role in popular music marketing 1982- Queen’s Body Language was the first video to be banned by MTV due to the thinly veiled homoerotic undertones plus lots of skin and sweat, deeming it unsuitable 1980s- Music videos changed to be able to market the artist, and visual effects and cheaper equipment became much more available in the time. Occasionally videos were made in a non-representational form, with the artist not being shown such as in David Mallet’s video for Under Pressure, though this was rare. Music videos began to explore political and social themes such as David Bowie’s China Girl and Lets Dance both exploring race issues. In a 1983 interview, Bowie spoke about the importance of using music videos in addressing social issues, "Let's try to use the video format as a platform for some kind of social observation, and not just waste it on trotting out and trying to enhance the public image of the singer involved". 1983- The most successful, influential and iconic music video of all time was released- Michael Jackson’s Thriller. Michael Jackson’s music videos including Billie Jean and Beat It were instrumental in getting music videos by African American artists played on MTV, which were rarely played previously 1984- MTV launched the MTV Video Music Awards (VMA’s), rewarding The Beatles and David Bowie with the “Video Vanguard Award” for their work in pioneering the music video 1985- Dire Straits’ Money For Nothing music video made pioneering use of computer animation at the time, ironically considering the song itself was a comment on the music-video phenomenon, showing a deliveryman appalled with the outlandish images and personalities that appeared on MTV 1974-1980 Michael Jackson’s Thriller Dire Straits’ Money For Nothing
- 7. 1992- MTV began listing directors with an artist and song credits, reflecting that music videos had become an auteur’s medium- Chris Cunningham, Michel Gondry, Spike Jonze, Floria Sigismondi, Stephane Sednaoui, Mark Romanek and Hype Williams all got their start around this time, with Gondry, Jonze and Sigismondi going on to direct feature films 1995- Romanek directed two of the three most expensive music videos of all time to date- Michael and Janet Jackson’s Scream (the most expensive music video at $7million) and Madonna’s Bedtime Story ($5million) 2005- YouTube was launched, which made the viewing of online video much faster and easier, going on to inspire Facebook, Myspace, Google Videos and Yahoo! Video. The band OK Go may be the poster for the trend that began with YouTube in regards to the effect on the viewing of music videos as the videos for their songs A Million Ways and Here It Goes Again both became well known online 2009- Thirty Seconds to Mars uploaded the video to Kings and Queens on the day of it’s release, which then became featured as the iTunes Store video of the week. Kings and Queens was one of the most downloaded videos ever to be featured. The video already received four nominations at the 2010 MTV VMA’s, making the most nominated rock artist in the history of the VMAs for 1 year 1992-2004
Editor's Notes
- Marquee with 3-D perspective rotation (Intermediate) To reproduce the effects on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: In the Shape Height box, enter 3.12”. In the Shape Width box, enter 7.67”. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, and then click No Fill. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline. Right-click the rectangle, and then click Edit Text. Enter text in the text box, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Franklin Gothic Medium from the Font list, enter 50 in the Font Size box, and then click Bold. On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Center to center the text in the text box. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the WordArt Styles group, click the arrow next to Text Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Text Effects dialog box, click Text Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Text Fill pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left). In the Angle box, enter 90°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until three stops appear in the drop-down list. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 80, Green: 80, Blue: 80. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 49%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 89, Green: 89, Blue: 89. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 50%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Also in the Format Text Effects dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane. In the Shadow pane, click the button next to Presets, and then under Outer click Offset Center (second row, second option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rounded Rectangle (second option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rounded rectangle. Select the rounded rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: In the Shape Height box, enter 3.12”. In the Shape Width box, enter 7.67”. Drag the yellow diamond adjustment handle at the top of the rounded rectangle to adjust the amount of rounding on the corners. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Right (first row, fourth option from the left). In the Angle box, enter 0°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider.  Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1, Darker 25% (fourth row, first option from the left). Also in the Format Shape Effects dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane. In the Line Color pane, select No line. Select the rounded rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow to the right of Copy, and then click Duplicate. Select the duplicate rounded rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, and then click No Fill. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, point to Weight, and then click More Lines. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Style in the left pane, and then do the following in the Line Style pane: In the Width box enter 10 pt. Click the button next to Dash type, and then click Round Dot (second option from the top). In the Cap type list, select Round. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shape Effects, point to Glow, and then do the following: Under Glow Variations, click Accent color 1, 11 pt glow (third row, first option from the left). Point to More Glow Colors, and then click More Colors. In the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 255, Green: 233, Blue: 33. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: In the Shape Height box, enter 3.53”. In the Shape Width box, enter 8.05”. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Lines click Line (first option from the left). Press and hold SHIFT to constrain to a straight, horizontal line, and then drag to draw a horizontal line on the slide. Select the line. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, in the Shape Width box, enter 7.67”. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then do the following: Under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1, Lighter 50% (second row, second option from the left). Point to Weight, and then click 1 1/2 pt. Select the line. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow to the right of Copy, and then click Duplicate. Repeat the process for a total of eight straight lines. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the first rectangle that contains text. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then click Bring to Front. Also in the Selection and Visibility pane, press and hold CTRL and select all three rectangle objects. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Center. Click Align Middle. Drag each of the straight lines onto the gradient-filled rectangle, spacing them vertically as evenly as possible. In the Selection and Visibility pane, press and hold CTRL and select all eight straight connector objects (the lines). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align Selected Objects. Click Distribute Vertically. Click Align Center. Press CTRL+A to select all of the objects on the slide. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then click Group. Select the group. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shape Effects, point to 3-D Rotation, and then under Perspective click Perspective Right (first row, third option from the left). Drag the group slightly to the right on the slide to position it in the center.    To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Dark Blue, Text 2 (first row, fourth option from the left). Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 15%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left). Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 85%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left). Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Dark Blue, Text 2 (first row, fourth option from the left).