The Government Expectations Through The Cafe Standards On...

The Government Expectations Through The Cafe Standards On...
The government expectations through the CAFE standards on consumer cost benefit analysis on
purchasing an eco–friendlier car is not realistic to what consumers truly value. If this were the case,
then why wouldn't everyone be purchasing a more economical vehicle? The problem with these
governmental standards is that they do not efficiently satisfy the needs of both the consumers and
manufacturers within the automobile industry. Although the data suggests that the net benefits
certainly outweigh the costs in the long run, what is not seen are the costs incurred to manufacturers
over time. Using the economic theories of the Keynesian Model, from "That which is seen, and that
which is not seen", and supply and demand, we will discuss the implications of these imposed
standards and suggest our own recommendations for solving this problem. Supply and demand is
the most basic principle of economics. Supply and demand have an inverse relationship to each
other for very simple reasons. When demand increases, people buy more of an item, thus lowering
supply. If supply increases, then items demand of an item is decreased unless the price is lowered.
The way that this case is affected by supply and demand is when the CAFÉ standards are enacted
the price of vehicles will go up due to the increased costs of production. The increase in the price
will lower the demand of new cars and increase the supply sitting in dealerships. Also the increase in
price of new fuel efficient
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Alternative Fuels And Its Impact On The Global Economy Essay
Alternative Fuels & Vehicle Krutarth Arora | kva002 | 903902329 PREFACE The vehicle of the
future will be significantly different than what we have seen since the advent of motorized vehicles;
technology shrinking the size of components, increased power requirements, improved fuel
economy, lower carbon emissions, exploring alternate forms of fuel, improving convenience and
importantly keeping the cost of transportation low. A lot of effort is being pumped into developing
practical options for alternate fuels which in our utopian world would reach ideal properties that we
desire. In this report, we will discuss some of these options for fuels, issues associated with them
and their impact on the global economy. CONTENT Preface 1 Content 2 Trends, Opportunities and
Issues 3 Gadgets 3 Sensors 3 Automation 6 Paints and Coatings 9 Keys 9 Lights 12 Fuels 14
Materials in future cars 19 Body Design 22 Globalization and the future of vehicles 24 Summary 27
References 29 CHOICES FOR ALTERNATE FUELS Gasoline dominates in today's industry and
has a significant impact on the face of the earth in terms of climate change and economy. Some of
the important and practical alternatives to current option – fossil fuels–primarily gasoline and diesel,
and the Issues related to them are discussed in the following text. Biodiesel Concept: Continued use
of

Fuel Economy Regulations
Fuel Economy Regulations are Crushing the Economy In 1975, the United States' government
passed the first round of regulations on fuel economy for private passenger vehicles. The corporate
average fuel economy (CAFE) standards were intended to gradually increase the average fuel
economy of consumer vehicles in an attempt to reduce the release of the global warming gas carbon
dioxide, as well as reduce the United States dependence on foreign oil reserves. This action
originally seemed to be very effective at slowly improving the efficiency of cars and light trucks, but
the bill's period of usefulness has since expired. When President of the United States, Barack Obama
raised the fuel economy mandates via executive order to 54.5 miles per gallon ... Show more content
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The sale of many cars that help companies comply with efficiency standards have remained very
minimal, because consumers do not want these less functional or comfortable products. In January
of 2015, the General Motors Company sold only 542 all electric Chevy Volts, out of 1.5 million total
sales (Matthews). As vehicles are forced to achieve higher fuel standards, many cars are forced to
get smaller, which sacrifices areas such as comfort and utility in many of America's cars, and
consumers simply are not buying this. This lack of desire for fuel efficient vehicles shows that the
government, with its fuel efficiency mandates, working against the majority opinion of the people.
Also, over the years since CAFE standards were first put in place, the sales of large cars and SUVs
has risen dramatically, reaching 2.9 million of 4.9 million total car sales in 2011 (Gardner). These
large, heavy, high fuel consumption vehicles make it much more difficult for auto companies to
comply with the minimum fuel economy. Even though this increase in the sale of low efficiency
vehicles, average fuel economy has gone dramatically up, and has, for all years, been somewhat
higher than CAFE minimums (ANWYL). This shows that there is still consumer desire to have fuel
efficient vehicles, but it is not a top concern

Elio Motors : An American Automotive Company
Elio Motors is an American automotive company founded by Paul Elio in 2009. Currently, Elio
Motors is producing a low cost personal transportation vehicle called an Elio, named after the
company and its founder. This automotive is a three wheeled, 84 mile per gallon, $6,800 vehicle that
is inexpensive and fuel efficient compared to those in this economy with high costing vehicles and
soaring fuel prices. Elio Motors is hoping to begin distribution of the product in late 2016. In terms
of organizational environment, Elio Motors has ranging factors of general environment. As stated
before, the company founded its organization on an economic factor. Seeing as American society
struggled with the prices of both personal transportation and fueling, the company structured their
product to fit the needs of their customers. Despite the market for IPO's falling, Elio Motors
managed to raise over $16 million. As prices for fuel and vehicles continue to rise, demand for the
product will increase. With technology advancing every day, Elio Motors has decided to design their
product with no new technology; by doing so, the company avoids any technological risk associated
with unfamiliar technology. Elio Motors has altered their product to fit different sociocultural
characteristics. The product is fit to accommodate most people who would like to buy the Elio. It is
designed to be suitable for a person of 6'1" 220 pounds, but has fit up as tall as 6'8", and as large as
365 pounds, as the

How Technology Changed Cars Changed Over Time?
How has technology in cars evolved over time?
Technology in cars is important because cars are driven by all kinds of people throughout most of
their lives. People use their cars to travel near or far distances. You basically use your car to go
where ever you want, so wouldn't you want the technology in them to improve? There are three
main features when it comes to cars that I think are most important to consumers. Those features are
safety, performance, and comfort. All three of these come together to provide a better driving
experience.
Even though a balance of all of those things are important, some people look for different things
when they are trying to purchase a car. Some consumers want a car that has great performance, so
they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Later on in the early 1900's, the first steel body was invented. This was made for increased
durability and safety, and was also more efficient to use. In 1908 ford made the model T. It could be
purchased for a price of $825, which would roughly equal $8,000 dollars now. That's still considered
extremely cheap for a brand new car. Now a days to get a brand new car, you would need at least
around $13k, and that's for very low models. However, even having a car back then was an extreme
luxury. The model–T had a 4–cylinder engine which produced about 20hp and could hit a top speed
of 40mph. That is actually really fast for those days. Even though it's barely faster than a horse, it's
obviously more comfortable.
When it comes to transmission, the model T had a 3 speed. It was really 2 speeds, and one of the
gears was used for reverse. The model T was a real–wheel–drive vehicle, which means that the
engine sends all the power to the rear wheels using the drive shaft which connects to the rear axle.
This wasn't always the best because a lot of the weight was in front of the car due to the engine. This
means the rear wheels wouldn't always have the best traction if the road was wet. Nowadays there
are rear–wheel–drive cars with 50/50 weight distribution and different types of traction control to
prevent the rear wheels to lose traction.
The suspension for the Model–t allowed a great deal of wheel movement to cope with the dirt roads
of the time. The suspension

Tom Boney Case Study
Fuel economy standards are changing. Tom Boney runs an automotive business for Novelis, which
is an aluminum. He seeing more people migrate to the lightweight metal. If Tom is disappointed that
Jeep did not select aluminum for the whole body of the next–generation Wrangler, then he is
certainly not showing it. He also does not seem concerned that Toyota, Ram, GMC and Chevrolet
are still selecting steel for most of their pickups. In 2025, the government will be setting a fuel
economy standard of 54.5 miles per gallon. Tom believes that more manufacturers will be turning to
aluminum so that they can meet that goal. Ford did something drastic to make the switch. They
spent over $1 billion tearing down plants so that they could convert from steel to silver. Tom
understands that not every company is able to do what Ford did. He will be happy if the body of the
car is made out of steel, but the doors, trunk lids and hoods are made out of aluminum. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finding the right combination of elements is similar to baking a cake. Aluminum has two major
obstacles if it wants to replace steel. Aluminum will have to be stronger and thinner in the future. It
will also have to become more formable so that it is able to shape vehicles that come out in the
future. The steel industry suffered when Ford decided to use aluminum for the F–150. However, the
steel industry still has a variety of lightweight products. It also has a lot of advantages. Almost every
automaker manufacturing system is designed to be welded with steel. One of the first vehicles to
made out of a combination of aluminum and steel was the CT6. The combination of the metals
helped improve the fuel economy. It is estimated that 65 percent of the CT6's body is made out of
aluminum. The rest of it was made out of

Wasted Green on Going Green Essay
The amount of energy it takes to produce a car can actually offset the amount of emissions emitted
throughout a car's lifetime. When thinking about energy efficiency, the ultimate "green car", the
Prius, is actually one of the sources of the worse pollution in North America! (Demorro). The Toyota
Prius, known as the most iconic "green" car, earns itself the most miles per gallon with the
efficiency of using two engines, one of them being an electric. Controversially, the electric engine
heavily relies on the use of "rare earth elements" which production comes almost exclusively from
China. Alongside with China's hazardous mining techniques and careless refining practices, the top
two rare earth elements used for hybrids are seen also as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Pooling together all of the accumulated energy it takes to drive and build a Toyota Prius, the head
honcho of the green movement, the Hummer H1 takes fifty percent less energy to manufacture and
maintain (Demorro). Adding onto the Hummer H1's durability, the added production costs, and
maintenance, the Toyota Prius is nonexistent in the green efficiency standards. The fragility of the
Toyota Prius, in comparison, reveals that the technology for hybrid cars are still in the infant stages,
requiring attention to detail on the "efficient" electric engine. Hybrid cars, such as the Toyota Prius
and the Honda Insight, offer two engines instead of one, a fuel efficient gas engine and an electric
engine that produces no emissions. "Hybrids are the most gasoline efficient of all cars–they typically
get 48 to 60 miles per gallon (claimed). Not bad, but only about twenty to thirty–five percent better
than a fuel efficient gasoline powered vehicle–like the Honda Civic, for example, that gets 36 miles
per gallon" (Dunn). In comparison to regular gasoline fueled vehicles, hybrid cars only boast a
measly twenty–five percent increase in fuel economy with the standard Honda Civics cutting the
closest with an average thirty–six miles per gallon. Although manufacture's miles per gallon boasts
great numbers, the actual claimed mileage by drivers is reduced roughly ten

American Auto Industry And The Environment Essay
American Auto Industry & The Environment
The American auto industry has faced several challenges in the recent years. GM was the world
leader in car sales for years. However in 2007, Toyota passed GM in market share to become the
automotive industry global leader. ("Toyota Passes General Motors to Become
World 's Top Auto Seller | Fox News", 2007) This was the start of issues for the American auto
industry. The start of the issues emerged with a sharp rise in gas prices. The rise of gas prices caused
the revenues of the American companies, who were heavily focused on trucks and
SUVs, to plummet. In addition, the high gas prices made consumer's focus shift to fuel efficient
cars. After years of poor sales, the federal government took over GM and Chrysler in March
2009. (Amadeo & Amadeo, 2016) Although gas prices fell, consumers continued to demand high
mpg cars and trucks. The most recent issues involve the environment. Global warming has created a
shift in global concern for the environment. This started the environmental issues for the auto
industry
Fuel Efficiency
In 1975, the United States government passed the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE).
The CAFE standard set fuel economy standards. In 2011, these standards were upgraded to force
automakers to improve fuel economy. The average fuel economy for cars must improve from the
current 27.5 mpg, where it has been since 1990, to 37.8 mpg by 2016. The truck standard has to rise
from 23.5 mpg to 28.8. ("How Automakers

Ethics of SUVs Essay example
Ethics of SUVs
We have all seen them rumbling around the highways of America, blocking the view of the road and
pounding the ground with their enormous engines. Sport Utility Vehicles (SUVs) have become a
part of our culture, as cars did before them and hoarse and buggies before that. Transportation has
always been a part of society's development as it continues to change and adapt to our needs as well
as our technology. In the beginning transportation was needed for making war on other villages, or
for getting between towns, but these same animals of old were also used to till the lands and to
cultivate crops. Automobiles on the other hand have changed this entire picture as they are used
primarily for transportation. However, as this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2700 were built by Bantam and then from 1941–1945 700,000 Ford and Willy Jeeps were built.(1)
It should be noted that four wheel drive technology has been around since the turn of the twentieth
century. From the 1940's to the 1980's these primitive SUVs changed little as they were rough
riding, back country vehicles used by the armies, campers, and hunters of the world to move easily
under the toughest of conditions.
In the early 1980's changes in the SUVs began to occur as family sizes grew, gasoline prices
dropped, and more people wanted to head out into the country on weekend excursions. The growth
of sales gradually increased until the end of the 1980's when a sudden change in car markets
occurred. People no longer wished to drive the family station wagons of days past, nevertheless they
still needed vehicles that could transport many people, but with a new style. The car market found
satisfaction in the sport utility vehicles. Though they were rough and not nearly as refined when
compared to car standards people like the concept. The idea of being able to go anywhere anytime
appealed to many as they began to drop thousands of dollars into these new vehicles.
Before 1980 SUV design as well as production had always been behind cars, however, it did not
take long for the car manufacturers such as GM and Ford to begin mass production of SUVs. With
the jump in sales of SUVs the demands of buyers became more and more upscale. No longer were
these

Are Hybrid Cars Really More Cost Effective?
If you listen to the car companies, hybrid cars are the best invention since sliced bread. While there
are many reasons to buy a hybrid car, including a new tax incentive for US owners, it doesn 't hurt to
have a good understanding of how they work. This article explores the myths, benefits and
drawbacks of owning one of these new "green" vehicles. Are hybrid cars really more cost effective?
What is a hybrid car? Basically, it 's a normal, fuel efficient car that has two motors – an electric
motor and a gasoline powered motor. It also uses a special system to store braking energy in an
onboard battery. But why buy a hybrid? Why not buy a traditional gas or electric powered car? Keep
in mind, one of the basic rules of science is the more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
US car makers still are known for SUVs and trucks – Ford has even introduced a hybrid version of
its popular Escape SUV. Industry analysts say US hybrids are just token models, not a legitimate
attempt to get into the market. The reason for hybrid introduction has to do with Corporate Average
Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations. Current standards say that average mileage of the fleet of cars
sold by an automaker should be 27.5 mpg. This means that if an automaker sells one hybrid car that
gets 60 mpg, it can then sell four less efficient cars, like SUVs and trucks that only get a poor 20
mpg. To offset perceived reliability problems, companies are offering strong guarantees: The Honda
Insight has an eight–year/80,000–mile warranty on most of the power train, including batteries, and
a three–year/36,000–mile warranty on the rest of the car. The Toyota Prius has an eight–
year/100,000–mile warranty on the battery and hybrid systems and a three–year/36,000–mile
warranty on everything else. The motors and batteries in these cars do not require maintenance over
the life of the vehicle. The engine in a hybrid doesn 't even need any more maintenance than in any
other car. Due to the fact that hybrids have regenerative braking, brake pads may also last longer
than those of a normal car. So what 's a smart car buyer to do? Are the savings in gas worth the extra
headaches and

Chevrolet Case Study
Evaluate the diversity of vehicle types and sizes that are sold under the Chevrolet brand name. What
strengths and weaknesses are evident in Chevy's product mix?
The Chevrolet product mix offers the company numerous strengths. First, it offers cars of different
sizes and price ranges that can cater to their customers' needs. Cars such as the Sonic, Spark, and
Cruze are smaller in size, but offer new styling and great gas mileage. The Malibu and Impala offer
a roomier interior and an iconic style. The Corvette and Camaro are sports cars that have both speed
and beauty. In the ever popular SUV market, Chevy offers the Equinox, Traverse, Tahoe, and
Suburban. It also offers the electric car, the Volt, and a solid line of trucks and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The company aspired to become a part of American culture and pushed its brand in that direction by
having a large presence with American sporting events. In particular, it is highly associated with
NASCAR and is currently driven by many famous sporting figures. Chevy's goal of being
synonymous with American culture can be seen with such slogans as "America's Best Seller,
America's Best Buy," and "Baseball, hot dogs, apple pie and Chevrolet." The company today
continues the same strategy that it has used for years by continuing to have strong roots and
marketing in America.
The corporation does have some opportunities and threats concerning its future. One opportunity is
the growing demand for fuel efficient cars. If Chevy can build cars that are superior to its
competitors and have sleek designs that customers want, then it can place itself in a very good
position. Also, the world now is a global economy. Where Chevy's America based marketing
worked well and still may work well in America, it needs to come up with campaigns to target its
growth in foreign markets. This is a huge opportunity considering the world's population is many
times what it is in America.
Chevrolet faces threats as well. These threat some from direct competition from companies such as
Ford, Toyota, and Honda. Also, the company faces the huge threat from recovering from its
bankruptcy. GM ended up discontinuing

Fossil Fuel And Its Effects On The World Economy
In the current era, fossil fuel is a necessity in our everyday life, for not only it is used as an energy
source, but also due to the high rate of dependability on the fuel itself. The recent drop in oil prices
caused an enormous impact on the world economy, especially to the countries that are highly
dependent on the fuel industry. The United States also are affected by this situation. One suggestion
and a major change, in order to reduce the high dependency on the fossil fuel and to overcome the
problems related to the usage of fossil fuel, is to start the wide use of biofuel as the fossil fuel
replacement. The impact of this change, and also a huge improvement, not only will help to stabilize
the economy, but also can help in reducing the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Biofuel is a fuel
produced from any fats sources, obtained from either animals or plants, and is a renewable and
environmental friendly source of energy. How can we say the biofuel is environmental friendly?
According to Vasudevan, Palligarnai T and Michael Briggs:
Since biodiesel is made entirely from vegetable oil or animal fats, it is renewable and biodegradable.
Biodiesel also contains very little sulfur, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and metals. Petroleum–
derived diesel fuels can contain up to 20% polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. For an equivalent
number of carbon atoms, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are up to three orders of magnitude
more soluble in water than straight chain aliphatics.

The Chevy Silverado
There are three different generations of the silverado that have been built. The Chevy Silverado has
many options to the look and the features that the truck has. Some of the things that have changed
are the design of the body and the interior, the fuel economy and the power of the Silverado are
continuing to increase. The newer trucks have many standard safety features including daytime
running lights, up to six airbags, stability control and also traction control. The Chevy Silverado has
developed many new features in the last twenty years and it is still improving. The Chevrolet
Silverado is one of the industry's most capable and most efficient trucks. There are many
combinations of vortec engines and six speed transmissions that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They will deliver a five percent increase in EPA estimated highway fuel economy and more than
seven percent improved city fuel mileage. The aero enhancements gave Silverado XFE, the pickups
join the tahoe hybrid and yukon hybrid as the most aerodynamic full size SUVs. The new extra fuel
economy models reflect GM's quick adaption to an evolving market that remains a very important
segment. They are available on two wheel drive vehicles equipped with the 5.3 liter V8 and the six
speed transmission. They get an average of fifteen miles per gallon in the city and twenty one miles
per gallon on the highway,while the non–XFE models are at fourteen miles per gallon in the city and
twenty miles per gallon on the highway. The Silverado and Sierra increase their towing rates form
6,600 pounds to 7,000 pounds due to their new six speed transmissions and high capacity cooling
package. They are trying to make the truck work for both the people who need the room like an suv
and the capability of the truck and its ability to tow. These trucks and suvs are the fuel economy
leaders of their segments.All trucks offer the XFE brand in the LT trim for Silverado and LS and LT
trims for tahoe. GM already offers hybrid versions of the tahoe and the yukon and they achieve up to
a fifty percent improvement in the city fuel economy and about a twenty five percent increase in the
overall fuel economy. The more

Suv And Crossover Vehicles Of Cars
SUV and Crossover vehicles are starting to take over the US car market. 2016 is the year of the
SUV and pickup truck. Each month the car sales share of the market slips a bit (NPR, 2016). This
means that sales of your average car are starting to slip. If you pay attention while driving down the
road you may notice this. I believe there are several reasons why this is starting to be the case. SUVs
and Crossover vehicles sit higher than an average commuter or luxury car. They tend to have more
space inside for passengers and cargo. They are starting to rival the fuel economy of cars. Four
wheel drive is a feature available to all of them. Now before I get started I said SUVs and
Crossovers. While these two types of vehicles are broadly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This is especially true if a person has to commute long distances to work. A new study by
TrueCar.com finds tooling around in a small SUV is no longer that wasteful. The sales–weighted
fuel economy average is only 2 miles per gallon apart (26.83 mpg SUV vs. 28.84 mpg sedan) SUV
owners typically will pay only another $3 more tankful to fill up their SUV compared to a sedan.
(USA Today, 2015). Granted those numbers are for a Crossover, However manufactures like Nissan
and RAM Trucks are starting to place small diesel engines in half ton trucks in order to gain fuel
economy without sacrificing payload capability. RAM is claiming to make up to 29 MPG with their
small diesel (I was not able to find fuel economy numbers for the Nissan engine). So it is likely fair
to assume that it is only a matter of time before traditional SUVs get engines of that type. Height is
also an apparent factor in the purchase of these vehicles. People reportedly like the fact that they sit
higher than an average car. It gives people the feeling that they have "command of the road". As
someone that drives a full size truck I can confirm that being able to see over the car(s) in front of
you does give you a certain commanding feeling. Driving a low sitting sedan just feels like you are
dragging your backside across the pavement. However I think there may be more to the height
factor.
As an individual that has long legs and knees that are not so great, getting in and

Average Fuel Economy
. In 2012, President Obama signed into law a drastic Corporate Average Fuel Economy (C.A.F.E.)
standard whereas all new passenger cars and trucks must increase fuel economy to 54.5 miles per
gallon (MPG) by 2025. This new law touts that it will save American consumers more than $8,000
in gas over the life of the vehicle, reduce oil consumption by 2 million barrels of oil per day, and cut
harmful greenhouse gases by 6 billion metric tons over the life of the program (The White House).
On the surface, these statistics appear to benefit both the consumer, and the earth. However, when
one looks at the bigger picture and statistics, it does very little to benefit either the earth or even less
the consumer. If the administration really wanted to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When adjusted for inflation, the cost of gasoline was $1.81 in 1975 (or 0.53¢ non adjusted). It has
since steadily risen to $3.53 in 2013 (XXXX) and has fluctuated since 2013. While the CAFE
standards have remained unchanged in years past, consumer demand has been more than adequate
in developing more fuel efficient vehicles, due to the higher gas prices. In 2002, The National
Academies: Committee on The Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy
(CAFE) Standards

Can Hybrid Cars Can Improve Fuel Efficiency And Save The...
Can hybrid cars can improve fuel efficiency and save the environment? A debate has recently arisen;
are hybrid automobiles that much more fuel efficient than the average car, and is the higher sticker
price worth the investment? Questions have also been asked about the hope of reducing
environmental pollution. Are government rebates and dealer incentives worth the additional
investment of purchasing these higher priced cars? What is the adoption rate among consumers to
these automobiles? Gas mileage can be defined as: how many miles a car or truck can travel on one
gallon of gasoline (Marland & English, 2015). As fossil fuels continue to be depleted, our
civilization must look at cost–efficient ways to accomplish daily tasks. Hybrid cars use a
combination of the gasoline engine with electronic motors to achieve a number of objectives. This
differs from the new totally electricity powered cars that run on charged batteries. According to
www.fueleconomy.gov; a vehicle that gets 30 MPG will cost you $545 less to fuel each year than
one that gets 20 MPG, assuming 15000 miles of driving annually and a fuel cost of $2.18 ("Save
Money", 2015). Over time this can lead to huge savings in fuel costs to the average consumer. As oil
prices continue to rise and fall, a more fuel efficient car could provide some comfort to the
financially stressed customer. A person must take into consideration if the savings in fuel costs are
worth the higher investment price of a hybrid. On average,

Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards
Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards
Lionell C. Henderson
Northwood University
MBA 644: External Environment
Richard DeVos Graduate School of Management
Fall 2015 Evening – Cedar Hill, Texas
Professor James Latham
Acknowledge a Problem Exist
In 1973, the United States plummeted into a huge energy emergency, as a result of the Arab oil
embargo. From October 1973 to March 1974, the United States oil supply from members of the
Arab's Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries became cut off in revenge for the U.S.
military aid to Israel during the Arab–Israeli war. The ban led to an unprecedented fuel scarcity
nationwide, noticeable by extremely high fuel cost and lengthy rows of vehicles sitting at gas
stations. In 1975, Congress passed the Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards. Its motivation is
to lower energy use by improving the fuel savings of cars and light trucks, raise the opportunity to
create different fuel automobiles, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by assisting to reduce
climate change and raise air standards.
Define the Problem
CAFÉ standards are averages that all automobile manufacturers must attain yearly, for the
production of their vehicles, as of 1978. The elevation of these standards forces auto manufacturers
to react by producing more fuel–efficient vehicles, which enhances the country's energy protection
and reduces refueling cost, thus retaining the consumers cash. This, in turn, lowers the greenhouse
gas discharge

A Framework Of An Action Plan
Literature Review
This section addresses various case studies regarding the importance role of education, policies,
incentive programs in motivating sustainable consumption all over the world. The aim of this paper
is to design a framework of an action plan to promote and motivate sustainable consumption in
Saudi Arabia. Also, the current study focuses on the role of education, incentives, and policies that
help in changing the current unsustainable consumption patterns. The United Nations Secretary
General's High–Level Panel on Global Sustainability recently wrote that "sustainable development
is not a destination, but a dynamic process of adaptation, learning and action. It is about recognising,
understanding and acting on inter– ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, the survey results show that the three crucial environmental issues in Saudi are: the
congestion problem and transportation systems, solid waste, and inefficient use of water and energy.
2. A Portuguese Case Study in Ownership and Regulation
According to a study conducted in the Portuguese region of Madeira, the study aims to find out to
what extent water bills service is educating and encouraging consumers about the importance of
consuming water sustainably and inform them with water shortage issues. A questionnaire was
distributed to 386 households in the Madeira Region. The results show that water bills are lack of
educational information. Also, the results suggest that redesigning the water bills may have a
positive change in the consumption behaviour. The majority of domestic users have an incomplete
perception about the items included in the bills. On the other hand, a small group of the participants
is aware of the amount of water they are consuming and how much money they are paying for the
service. This small group is more conscious in adopting environmentally–friendly behaviour and
more sustainable consumption.
3. Rural Residents in China
The study aims to discover the factors that affect the rural residents, environmental knowledge,
environmental responsibility, perceived behavioural control, response efficacy, environmental
sensitivity and also the contextual factors. The study

Car Mpg Standards In The United States
CAR MPG STANDARDS THAT DONALD TRUMP WANTS TO OVERTURN
The car mpg standards that wants to be overturned by the sitting American president Donald Trump
includes the manufacture of vehicles that are fuel economy. This policies was put into action by the
incumbent president Mr. Barrack Obama in 2011. This move has been viewed as a few of the steps
that Donald Trump is taking to rewrite a few of the multitude policies that were enacted during the
era of Barack Obama. During the enacting of this car mpg standards policies, the president wanted
the Americans using the automobiles on a daily basis to reduce on the total costs incurred in the
purchase of energy, petroleum products. The car mpg standard aimed at acquisition of manufactured
vehicles that would consume averagely 36 miles per gallon unlike the previous vehicles that had a
consumption rate of 25 miles per gallon.
These fuel efficiency automobiles would aid the nation to save on the total energy consumed by the
citizens and also reduce on the energy expenses thus fostering growth through the transfer of
resources to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The policy was at that time commonly referred to as the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ)
standards. The policy during its enactment by the American Congress in 1975, aimed at facilitating
the use of average fuel economy vehicles within America such as cars and light trucks. This policy
majorly targeted the automobile producers within America so as to facilitate purchase of
automobiles produced within the nation rather than importing from other automobile producing
nations yet they had adequate technology and vast available resources for effective and efficient
utilization. This aimed at ensuring that the automobile acquisition industry was not majorly
infiltrated by foreign automobiles. This would help boost the national economy as the balance of
trade would be fostered due to less importations and more

The Automobile and the Economy Essay
The Automobile and the Economy
The effects the automobile has had on the economy of the world are tremendous.
The major effects have came in many ways and include sales of the automobile, jobs provided to
sell and manufacture the automobile, gas/oil sales to run the automobile, and the start of auto racing
sport. The revolution of the automobile was the start of the most popular and successful industry in
the world.
The Effect of Gas/Oil
There is a great effect on the economy due to the sale of gas. The major effect of how much gas is
sold is how efficient the particular automobile uses gas and what automobile the people choose to
buy. Since the start of production of the automobile fuel efficiency has ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The current Fuel Economy Standards are as follows... ..................Model
Year..................Passengercars M.P.G......... 1978 18.0 1979 19.0 1980 20.0 1981 22.0 1982 24.0
1983 26.0 1984 27.0 1985 and future 27.5
(http//www.cnie.org/nle/air–10.html#summ 4)
The only problem with this chart is the lack of increase after 1985. This is due to several reasons
especially the 90's new kick with sport utilities vehicles which usually have a lower fuel efficiency.
Americans are also behind the rest of the world in fuel efficiency as the following chart shows new
car fleet fuel economy comparing federal standards, domestic fleet, import fleet, and the total fleet.
(http//www.cnie.org/nle/air–10.html#summ 5)
Some disagree that government regulations increase fuel efficiency. For example,
Michael Sykuta's report concluded that federal fuel regulations do not have a significant effect on
miles per gallons in automobiles. Production

Economic Impact Essay examples
The Economic Impact of SUVs "The SUV (Sports Utility Vehicle) is one of the most popular types
of vehicle to both own and drive. Last year, SUVs and minivans outsold conventional cars for the
first time. However, the SUV is increasingly coming under attack for its fuel economy, emissions
standards and safety record. Vehicle fuel efficiency across the US is now at its lowest level since
1980. However, former California governor Gray Davis signed legislation requiring the California
Air Resources Board to develop regulations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from passenger
vehicles. This includes SUVs. California accounts for 13 percent of the nation's auto market, so
manufacturers of cars, SUVs and trucks are sure to comply with the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
SUV drivers are also more likely to be drunk. And SUV drivers are less likely to wear their
seatbelts. The Insurance Institute monitors actual driver deaths for Highway Safety, and as you can
see, the average driver death rates were lower in large vehicles but there was a significance overlap
between vehicles categories (Status, 2007).
|Model of Vehicle |# Of Models |# Of Fatalities (per million) |
|Small 4 door cars |14 |45–191 |
|Mid–size 4 door cars |17 |14–130 |
|Lrge 4 door cars |11 |57–118 |
|Md–size luxury |8 |11–54 |
|Lrge luxury |11 |14–85 |
|Lrge mini–vans |5 |36–97 |
|Vry large mini–vans

Kia Soul Advantages And Disadvantages
With all the advantages that comes with the Kia Soul, there are a few advantages that the company
should consider before making the purchase. The Kia Soul has a below–average fuel rating. It gets
24 mpg in the city and 30 mpg on the highway, which is not good fuel efficient for a car of its size
or when compared to the competition. The car only comes in front–wheel drive only, which can
make it hard to drive during the winter in Chicago. Finally, when it comes to the engine
performance, it comes with 1.6–liter four cylinder that puts out 130 horsepower, which can make it
feel weak for some driving situations. Below is the 2017 Kia Soul with some of its features. Hybrid
Vehicles Many consumers are becoming more environmentally conscious about the kind of vehicles
they drive and how they impact the environment, as a result, hybrid cars are becoming more
popular. Hybrid vehicles conserves fuel and produces less carbon oxide emissions, as a result, many
cities in the United States are switching their public transportation and other service vehicles to
hybrid cars. In addition to being environmentally friendly, hybrid vehicles have less dependence on
fossil fuels, has a regenerative braking system, they are built from light material, they have high
resale value, and they are financial benefits of having a hybrid vehicle. There are disadvantages to
owning a fleet of hybrid vehicles. They have less power, because the electric motor is low

How Fuel Costs Affect The Economy Essay
Richard Santos
BUS 530 Managerial Economics
OCT 2016 FT
Dr. John Gaze
SLP 2
How Fuel Costs Affect the Economy
Managerial economics is about theory meeting practice in the real world. There are many factors to
consider when making managerial decisions. Some of those variables include the relationships
between total cost, total output, and the price of labor and capital. Investor Words (2016) defines
total cost as "the sum of fixed costs, variable costs, and semi–variable costs." In this paper I will
explain how total cost, total output, and the price of labor and capital affect the airline industry.
Total cost is not something limited to business, however. There are many times when the consumer
must should consider total cost when making purchasing decisions. For example, when purchasing
an automobile, there are many numerous costs associated with owning that vehicle. In addition to
the sticker price, owners need to consider the cost of registering, insuring, and maintenance on the
vehicle. Those costs, which factor in the price of the automobile (fixed cost), insurance (fixed costs)
and maintenance (semi–variable) are the total cost of ownership.
Total output, which is also known as aggregate supply, according to Business Dictionary (2016)
total output is the total supply of goods and services produced within an economy at a given overall
price level in a given time period." When demand increases and supply stays constant, buyers
compete and pay

Economics On The Fuel Economy
I have researched the economics on the fuel economy in the United States. Supply and demand are
key topics that will be touched dealing with the fuel economy. Since there has been an increase and
decrease in price, I will further investigate the reasoning for this. Also, I will examine the overall
number economic impacts relating to oil spills and the overall oil producing economy. The United
States economy is highly dependent upon fuel. Fuel is a major source that come from fossil fuels
from all around the world. Fossil fuels are used to fuel cars and airplanes, power electricity plants,
and heat our homes. So this lies around the question, where does fuel come from? There are 3 forms
of fuel, coal, oil, and natural gas. Coal is found in many of the lower 48 states of United States and
throughout the rest of the world. Oil and natural gas is located under porous rock deep within the
earth's surface. Oil was formed millions of years ago. It is mined from the ground and is not as easy
to find as coal. There is also as a higher demand of fossil fuels. Due to the high demand, oil is
transported by pipelines and trains from around the world. In the Middle East, there are new
discoveries of natural gas that is also known as Methane. After the process of crude oil has been
refined into gasoline or other products, they are then distributed to the consumer. The gasoline is
transported through pipelines, which then, delivery trucks are able to get the gasoline from the
storage

Hybrid Vehicles : Are They As Good As People Think They Are?
Hybrid vehicles: Are they as good as people think they are? The hybrid vehicle is a popular choice
for many buyers when purchasing a new vehicle because of all the positives effects, but what buyers
don't think about when purchasing these vehicles is the negatives effects they have. Over the last
twenty years, manufactures have made hybrid vehicles look spectacular, but the truth is not what it
seems. The emissions of the vehicles are not as good as advertised, the initial cost is significantly
more than a normal vehicle, and the performance is compromised to compensate for better fuel
economy. The emissions of a hybrid vehicle are suppose to be low and better for the environment
than a normal gas vehicle, but the pollution created by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reason these materials take more energy to create is because they need to be lighter materials to
keep the weight of the vehicle down to make it a effective hybrid. Hybrid vehicles can be effective
Another reason not to purchase a hybrid vehicle is the cost, most people know a hybrid vehicle will
cost them more money. In 2012 a brand new ford fusion base model would cost you $20,705 base
price and the hybrid base model costing significantly more at $28,775 roughly an $8,000 price
increase (George & Hall–Geiser). The difference in cost per year is only $450 if you take the
difference in price and divide it by the $450 it shows that it will take you roughly 17 years to
recuperate the difference in price of a hybrid vs. a gas powered model (Find and Compare Cars).
With the hybrid and gas powered vehicle having the same size gas tank and the cost to fill both
vehicles the gas the same, sill the hybrid has an average 41 miles per gallon in the city with the same
gas powered model averaging 22 miles per gallon which is a huge difference (Find and Compare
Cars). The average mileage per gallon on the highway is 30 miles per gallon in the gas powered
model and the hybrid model averaging 36 miles per gallon, which would show little difference in
distance where it

Adjusting to the Policy of Energy Efficiency: Hybrid Cars...
New technology has been emerging to help the environment. There have been many different
inventions created in order to help protect our planet and to help people be more efficient with using
energy. A popular invention is hybrid cars. The question is should consumers invest in buying one?
Many people know about hybrid cars, but many people don't know exactly how they work, therefore
they find no interest in investing to buy one. Hybrid cars are extremely different than a gasoline car.
Gasoline cars run off only gasoline, which produces more pollution that goes into the air. A
gasoline–electric car, which uses both systems of gasoline powered and electric powered cars, emits
less pollution into the air (Nice). Many people find it to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Hybrid cars are built with a smaller body for a reason. Due to aerodynamic drag, (which is the work
the engine does pushing through the air) the body of the car is smaller, which doesn't make the
engine work as hard to move (Ajava). The tires of hybrid cars are designed to create less of a drag
on the road, making a smoother and more fuel efficient ride (Nice). When purchasing a hybrid car,
there are two different types of hybrids. One is a parallel hybrid, and the other is a series hybrid. A
parallel hybrid's fuel tank and gasoline engine are connected to the transmission. In the parallel
hybrid the electric motor and gasoline engine adds more force power. The difference with a series
hybrid is the engine is not connected to the drive train of the car. The engine in a series hybrid
doesn't turn the wheels when one pushes on the gas; instead it stores energy into the batteries which
the electric motor uses (Ajava). Although there are many advantages in purchasing a hybrid car,
many people can also find hybrid cars to be more dangerous. With the car being made out of lighter
materials, if ever in an accident, a person can be severely injured. Even though hybrid cars have
smaller tires, during bad weather conditions it can be harder to control the vehicle. Another major
concern consumers may have is to trust that by using alternative energy in cars, it will help them
save money. Energy

The Nissan Rogue : A Compact Crossover Sport Utility...
Fully redesigned for 2014, the Nissan Rogue is a compact crossover sport utility vehicle with
standard seating for five or available seating for seven. Now in its second generation, the Rogue
offers standard front–wheel drive with available all–wheel drive and can be had in one of three trim
levels. Product Overview, Test Model Nissan arrived late to the compact SUV market, having
jumped in as far more established models such as the Honda CR–V and Ford Escape dominated the
segment. But its late entry and subsequent update have made this model a strong competitor. It is
also a model offering an optional third row seat as part of a SV edition family package ($540)
upgrade that brings in run–flat tires as well. Right off, I can't recommend the package for the two
reasons given as the third row offers only token room and the run flats mean there is no spare tire to
be had. Indeed, it was an SV edition with that package and front–wheel drive that served as my
weekly driver. Priced from $24,490, upgrades such as roof rail cross bars ($290) and an SV
premium package ($1,500) put this 2015 model's final price at $28,170. Shop for a 2016 edition and
you'll find the Rogue S priced from $23,140, the SV from $24,590, and the SL priced from $28,540.
Add $1,350 to the price if you choose all–wheel drive. By the Numbers The Nissan Rogue sits on a
106.5–inch wheelbase and measures 182.3 inches long by 72.4 inches wide by 66.3 inches tall. In
the Nissan line up, the Rogue sits

The Fuel And The Economy
Fuel and the economy, the effect it has on the general public. The present gas costs have a bigger
effect on purchaser spending, however less on the percent of fuel bought, after all individuals still
need to drive themselves places. (buyer psychologist.com) A significant increment in expense will
be important to decrease the amount requested. Fuel is too expensive and unsafe to the economy and
the earth in this manner society needs to discover option fills, which best serve, the general public.
Fuel and nature, it adds to contamination noticeable all around and different impacts it has on
individuals. Gas utilization adds to Air and Water Contamination, thusly individuals need to figure
out how to decrease contamination in their social ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(independencepolice.org) It respects evade snappy begins and stops, they can diminish mileage as
much as five percent. (independencepolice.org) It is a smart thought to leave windows down when
driving around town as opposed to utilizing the aeration and cooling system.
(independencepolice.org) Mr. Johnny expressed "that the less weight you pack around in your
vehicle the better gas mileage it will get." There are various sorts of option energizes. Ethanol is
gotten locally from corn and different harvests it makes less nursery gas discharges than ordinary
fills. (fueleconomy.gov) Bio diesel is created from oils which are from vegetables likewise some
creature fats; it will undoubtedly make less air toxins than petroleum based powers do in the earth.
(fueleconomy.gov) Common Gas is a fossil fuel that delivers less air toxins and nursery gasses than
most different energizes do. (fueleconomy.gov) "Hydrogen may be created locally from fossil fills,
for example, coal, atomic force, or different things like renewable assets, for example, hydro force;
power module vehicles which are fueled by immaculate hydrogen don 't have a tendency to make
any unsafe toxins in the earth." (fueleconomy.gov) The expense of option fills, Ethanol (E85) is by
and large around 2.75 dollars every gallon. (afdc.energy.gov) Biodiesel (B20) is more or less 3.50
dollars every gallon. ( afdc.energy.gov) Biodiesel (B99–B100) is around4.05 dollars every gallon.
(afdc.energy.gov) Packed

Environmental Impact Of Automobiles
The environmental impact of automobiles is becoming a major topic for the manufacturers. New
regulations have been created in order to enforce manufacturers to make automobiles that cause less
of an impact. These regulations resulted in an increased price for the manufacturers and the
consumers. The strict standards have resulted in higher priced automobiles than one would expect
(Furth, 2016). With the enhancements made in technology, one would expect the price of
automobiles to decrease, yet this is not the case due to the impact of the regulations. The
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) states that automobiles made after 2009 will have a higher
price than previous automobiles because of the new regulations that were put in place (Furth, 2016).
However, this belief has led to conflicts between academic critics and the EPA (Furth, 2016).
Further research is required to determine if the higher costs of automobiles is solely caused by the
regulations that are being imposed or if there is another cause. Either way, the price of automobiles
has increased in the last several years and this can be problematic for any company in the
automobile industry, but especially for newer competitors like Tesla.
The price of fuel is one reason why consumers are considering purchasing a smaller and more
environmentally friendly car. According to a Consumer Reports Survey, fuel economy was the main
consideration in purchasing a new automobiles to 37% of those surveyed (Consumers

Why The Internet Is The Fuel For The Global Economy
If the Internet is the fuel for the global economy, the midmarket is the engine that makes it work
from a growth, stability, and innovation perspective. Traditional enterprises have typically built and
deployed enterprise systems that are used exclusively by employees, with a focus on internal
processes, improving efficiencies, decreasing costs across all functional business areas. With
proliferation of the Cloud and The Internet of Things (IoT), businesses have been forced to deploy
solutions that focus on business models that revolve around interactions with a myriad of disparate
constituents from; customers, suppliers, partners, employees, and now remote assets/devices.
Enterprise software companies like:
Traditional Enterprise Applications Vendors: IFS, Infor, Microsoft Corporation, Oracle Corporation,
PTC, QAD, Sage, SAP, Syspro, Totvs (Brazil), and Yonyou (China);
Born–in–the–cloud Applications Vendors: Acumatica, Epicor, Kenandy, NetSuite, Ramco, Syspro,
and Workday;
Each of these companies have been developing midmarket solutions to help their customers take
advantage of these new market realities.
In today 's hypercompetitive marketplace, the midmarket has many of the same complications and
challenges the Fortune 500 takes on every day. Each company has its own and unique supply chain,
their own business processes, scare resources, and the need to drive ROI and TCO from their
enterprise systems. Five years ago, ERP systems were, in many cases, a very expensive

How Does Fossil Fuels Affect The Economy
U.S dependency on fossil fuels adversely affects the environment and the economy. The dependency
the U.S has with oil has been going on for a long time. In fact, the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) found that fossil fuels were responsible 79% of greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 (Dorsey).
Moreover, dependency on fossil fuel is expensive; governments are still spending up to $88 billion
every year supporting fossil fuel exploration (Rowell). Stopping U.S dependency on fossil fuel will
not only help the economy but the environment as well. It is a known fact that fossil fuels are
detrimental to the environment. The gases made from extracting and producing the fossil fuels
insulate the planet, which can potentially lead to catastrophic ... Show more content on
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However, there are several reasons that the change from fossil fuel to alternative fuel has not
happened. A huge reason that has caused the change to alternative fuel has not happened is money.
There are a lot of powerful people who make their livings off of the U.S dependency on fossil fuel,
and that would be financially devastated should the switch to alternative fuel be made. However, it
not only the powerful people who make their livings off of the way things are currently done that
would be effected; Anyone involved in the mining, shipping, pumping, transport, sale, and
refinement of coal that depend on fossil fuels for their livelihood . That makes it considerably harder
for the U.S make the change from fossil

What Does It Strike The Right Balance?
In my opinion I believe that CCAP does indeed strike the right balance. With any plan as extensive
as this one, there needs to be a certain degree of regulation. With the implementation and revision of
many new policies, I think it will create a new standard for businesses and residents to live by. One
example is the strengthening of climate change policies in the municipal land–use planning process
through consulting on and proposing amendments to the Municipal Act and the City of Toronto,
which requires electric vehicle charging in surface lots. Another, example is setting lower–carbon
standards for new buildings which will be accomplished through the update of the Building Code.
Its clear to see that the government needs to set regulations in order for any change to take place. In
other words, they are the initiators that set an example for society. These changes may not happen
overnight, but with each person following these standards, it will produce long–term sustainable
benefits, which can then spur on more people to invest in sustainability in their own lives. I think
this plan does a realistic job at initiating but also facilitating and improving where possible. For
example, things such as home garages with the proper voltage outlets for car charging or retrofitting
residential buildings are great ideas to make part of new practices. Soon these modifications will
become the new normal until something better is developed. New and existing businesses will be
more

Hybrid Vehicle Research Paper
Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Their Advantages
'The HEV [Hybrid Electric Vehicle] concept goes back to 1905. On November 23 of that year,
American engineer H. Piper filed for a patent on a hybrid vehicle. Piper's design called for an
electric motor to augment a gasoline engine'(1, pg 2) and thus, the HEV was born. Hybrid Electric
Vehicles, otherwise known as HEVs are vehicles that 'combine the internal combustion engine of a
conventional vehicle with the battery and electric motor of an electric vehicle'(2).
In this day and age car manufactures are trying to out–compete one another in terms of car features
and sales. Technology has come a long way since 1905 but the principle is still the same: to produce
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those who may doubt the potential for HEVs may ask: ?Why HEVs?? The Office of Transportation
Technologies makes the following points about HEVs:
?The practical benefits of HEVs include improved fuel economy and lower emissions compared to
conventional vehicles?Hybrids will never be true zero–emission vehicles, however, because of their
internal combustion engine. But the first hybrids on the market will cut emissions of global warming
pollutants by a third to a half, and later models may cut emissions by even more?(2).
Although hybrid vehicles are not zero emission vehicles, they are a very good alternative to the
conventional vehicles that are on the road today. With the capability to have a higher fuel economy
and emit lower amounts of pollution, hybrids are strong contenders against such vehicles as SUVs
(sports utility vehicles).
Another advantage that HEVs have is that they are competitively priced with other vehicles on the
market today.
?The HEVs available for sale are very cost competitive with similar conventional vehicles. Any cost
premium that may be associated with HEVs of the future can be off–set by overall fuel savings and
possible incentives?(2).
As a result of not having a very high price tag, in comparison with standard vehicles, HEVs are

Essay on Why Hybrid Cars Should Not Be Purchased
As the gas price is rising up to 140 cents per litre in Canada, many people switch their vehicle to
gasoline–electric hybrid car to gain savings from the better fuel efficiency. Many potential
consumers for hybrid vehicle and hybrid vehicle owners think that the hybrid system is worth the
extra penny due to better fuel economy. However, the realistic is that it has higher maintenance
despite of its outstanding fuel economy figures. In fact, the hybrids cause more environmental
damage than conventional petro powered vehicles and there are better alternatives. Therefore,
hybrids should not be on consumers' shopping list due to a numerous negative facts that consumers
are unaware of.
Many Automobile manufactures want consumers to believe ... Show more content on
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As a result, consumer is forced to pay for the battery pack which costs around $4,000 from their
pocket, not manufactures'. When the battery pack is replaced, despite of good fuel economy, it costs
more to own hybrid than conventional vehicle.
Many people buy hybrid cars because they have been told that hybrids are much more eco–friendly
than any other vehicles out on the market and they feel proud for supporting the Mother Nature.
Surprisingly, it is a fact that a recent report announced that the Toyota Prius has a higher life time
energy cost than Hummer H1 SUV (kentlaw.edu). It also states, "There are, however, environmental
costs to mining and smelting (in Canada) 1,000 tons a year of zinc for the battery–powered second
motor, and the shipping of the zinc 10,000 miles – trailing a cloud of carbon – to Wales for refining
and then to China for turning it into the component that goes to a battery factory in Japan"
(kentlaw.edu). In other words, the hybrids emit less carbon dioxide and other gases but it releases far
more energies and toxic gases into atmosphere at production and disposal stage.
In addition, consumer must be aware that there are better alternatives to hybrids on market. Thanks
to advancing technology, many petro powered and diesel powered vehicle get similar EPA fuel
economy on highway. From German automotive manufacture, they have developed Clean Diesel
such as Blue Tec from Mercedes–Benz and TDI from Volkswagen which

Corporate Average Fuel Economy ( Cafe ) Standards Proposed...
Introduction
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ) standards proposed for vehicles produced between 2017
and 2025 were promulgated through the joint efforts of the National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration (NHTSA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) utilizing regulatory
powers granted in their charters allowing them to regulate carbon dioxide emissions from vehicles
and other greenhouse gas producing sources. (Nichols, 2012) The essence of the proposal was that
by 2025 vehicle manufactures would be offering for sale cars and light trucks that averaged almost
50mpg. This level of fuel economy would result in a projected reduction in national dependencies
on almost 4 billion barrels of oil and close to 2 billion tons of greenhouse gases namely carbon
dioxide over the life of the new more efficient vehicles. (Nichols, 2012) Cost analysis of the
proposal focused on fuel savings to the consumer and moderate environmental benefits offsetting
the industries technologic costs of meeting the standards at an overwhelming 4:1 ratio netting over
323 billion dollars of consumer savings over the life of the regulated vehicles.
Economic Analysis
The variables in this analysis include the consumers with their demand for vehicles and their
demand elasticity when it comes to both the cost of fuel and the cost of vehicles shaping their
demand, the suppliers and their ability to navigate the legislation to maximize their investor returns,
the oil producer's ability to maintain

Potential Environmental Impacts of Utilization of...
Potential Environmental Impacts of Utilization of ConocoPhillips Fuel Efficient High Performance
(FEHP) Lubricant Applications in the Automotive Industry
In some shape or form, nearly all aspects of American life contribute to unnecessary exploitation of
natural resources. The automobile is a staple of American life and culture, and perhaps best
exemplifies Americans' dependence on gross quantities of raw materials. On any given day, over
235 million vehicles travel 11 billion miles on U.S. highways, consuming nearly 20 million barrels
of oil daily 1,2,3. Worldwide, oil consumption has reached a 16–year high of 80.6 million barrels
per day 17. Most important of all, proven oil reserves around the world only provide roughly 40 ...
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Various serious environmental catastrophes may result from continued global warming, one of
which is rising sea levels due to the melting of polar ice caps. For the most part however, the global
climate system is far too complex to make accurate predictions, but this does not mean that such
issues should be ignored. Rather, we should proceed with caution.
Furthermore, rising consumer popularity and low fuel efficiency make for a lethal combination with
regards to SUV's and light trucks. In 1975, SUV's and trucks accounted for only about 13% of
vehicles purchased. The EPA has estimated that SUV's and trucks will make up nearly 4 times that
much in 2004 – 48% of total vehicle sales. Trucks and SUV's are less fuel–efficient than other
automobiles, getting an average of 17 miles per gallon compared to about 25 miles per gallon
attained by passenger cars 6. According to these fuel economy and consumer trends, fuel
consumption in the United States is only going to increase in the near future. In turn, global climate
change will likely grow accordingly with increased CO2 emissions from added gasoline
consumption.
Consumer demand for gasoline is an incredibly strong market force, strong enough that many
consumers continue to buy the fuel regardless of market price. As of May 10, 2004, average
gasoline prices are at an all–time high of $1.941 per gallon across the nation, and up to $2.21 in
California 7. Yet

A Report On The 2015 Ford F 150 Lt Fx4 Edition
The 2015 Ford F–150 LT FX4 Edition is a truck that can run various off road terrains, tow like a
heavy duty truck, and still be able to be stylish and affordable. The LT FX4 edition is a special
model of the F150 that has four wheel drive and will apply to more off road and towing needs. This
review of the 2015 Ford F–150 FX4 Edition will go over the specs of the vehicle, the rugged special
exterior features, and the stylish interior features that separates this truck from the rest. The 2015
Ford F–150 LT FX4 is build will a 3.5–liter V6 ecoboost engine able to run 365 horsepower and 420
lb. per foot of torque. There is also the option to choose a 2.7–liter V6 engine which will top at 320
horsepower and 375 lb per foot of torque, and the last option is the 5.0–liter V8 engine which gives
390 horsepower and 440 lb. per foot of torque. People will choose what they feel is necessary for the
use of their truck. If someone drives the truck to get to and from places, a fuel efficient 3.5–liter
ecoboost will be the option. On the contrary, a powerful 5.0–liter V8 engine will give the power for
towing capability and driving in rough terrain. The F–150 has the gas mileage of 19 miles per gallon
in the city and 26 miles per gallon on the highway. It has the towing capacity of pulling 10,700 lbs.
These specifications are for the FX4 edition with the 3.5–liter ecoboost engine only and different
specification will result in different F–150 setups. The exterior of the F–150 is loaded

Environmental Challenges Of The Auto Industry
"The US auto industry directly employs 1.55 million Americans and impacting a total of 7.25
million US jobs, generates $500 billion in annual compensation." (1) With such a large industry
looming in the economy, it is inevitable that it will face environmental challenges. Environmental
challenges can be hard to control and are essential to the success of a company. The challenges that
the auto industry must contend with are many and complex, such as; global competition, consumer
opinions, and new technology, a difficult fight lies ahead. The globalization of the world has made
business markets even more competitive. The auto industry in The United States has not escaped
this. "Global competition resulted in less market share for U.S. car manufacturers and threatened
company profits as more foreign brands entered the U.S. market. The total market share of General
Motors fell from 28.2% in 2000 to 17.6% by 2014. The other two of the Big Three car
manufacturers also lost U.S. market share during this same period. Ford fell from 24.1% to 14.7%.
Fiat–owned Chrysler now holds only 12.7% after having 15.7% of the market in 2000." (2) It is
undeniable that a global market has infiltrated the US auto industry. There are many factors that
make a foreign car appealing to US consumers such as: new and unique products, brand appeal, new
technology (fuel efficient engines), safety features, allegiance to birth country, product quality and
reputation, reliability, cost, and the list goes

Standard Of 2025 Pros And Cons
The unrealistic C.A.F.E. standard of 2025 is not beneficial and ignores more realistic, alternative
solutions. In 2012, President Obama signed into law a drastic Corporate Average Fuel Economy
(C.A.F.E.) standard whereas all new passenger cars and trucks must increase fuel economy to 54.5
miles per gallon (MPG) by 2025. This new law touts that it will save American consumers more
than $8,000 in gas over the life of the vehicle, reduce oil consumption by 2 million barrels of oil per
day, and cut harmful greenhouse gases by 6 billion metric tons over the life of the program (The
White House). On the surface, these statistics appear to benefit both the consumer, and the earth.
However, when one looks at the bigger picture and statistics, it does ... Show more content on
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Automakers are preparing for the standards and are struggling to meet even the 2017 34 MPG
standard, slowly ceasing production of V8 powered vehicles. Popular muscle cars such as the
Camaro, Mustang, and even the Corvette are being produced with smaller engines or are being
considered for retirement all together. With so many other problems facing Americans today, at the
moment, the CAFE standard gets very little attention outside of car enthusiasts. The impact of this
law may not even fully be seen until 2025, further reducing any chance of replacing this

The Government Expectations Through The Cafe Standards On...

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