Ethiopian Economics Association and the Econometric Society. 19th Annual Conference of the African Region Chapter of the Econometric Society. 12th International Conference on the Ethiopian Economy. July 16-19, 2014. Addis Ababa
Youth is launching its colorful Spring 2014 jewelry collection at Nordstrom the week of February 3rd, 2014. The launch event will be held at Nordstrom's BP department on the third floor on February 3rd at 11am, where the public can get a first look at Youth's spring pieces and meet the designer. Youth was founded in 2013 by designer Morgan Bush and features statement jewelry pieces that have been beautifully crafted. Nordstrom is one of the nation's leading fashion retailers with over 230 stores nationwide.
The document outlines the judging schedule for a barbecue competition taking place on Saturday and Sunday. On Saturday, brisket, chicken, sauces, pork, and ribs will be judged from 12:00pm to 4:15pm. On Sunday, chicken, sauces, brisket, ribs, and pork will be judged from 12:00am to 4:00pm, followed by a winner's cook-off round at 4:45pm. The second part of the document provides information about the Simpson Youth Center, a local organization that offers after-school programs, tutoring, work training, counseling, and summer and winter camps for over 450 boys and girls.
A cook-off competition will be held on November 19th in Bellingham, Washington to raise money for the Local Charity Society who supports schools, youth organizations, counseling and summer camps. Over 20 cooking teams from multiple states will participate in the preliminaries on Saturday, competing in categories like brisket, chicken, sauces, pork and ribs. The top teams will advance to compete in chicken for the finals on Sunday.
This document discusses nutrition and eating disorders in adolescence. It recommends that teenagers have diets with sufficient calories, iron, calcium and vitamins depending on age and sex. Teenage boys generally have higher calorie needs than girls. Three eating disorders - anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and compulsive eating - are described along with their physical and psychological effects if left untreated. The document also provides food pyramid guidelines and encourages regular exercise for adolescents.
The document summarizes several theories about media representations of youth:
- Giroux, Acland, Hebdige, and Cohen argue that media representations of youth are constructed by adults and do not accurately reflect the realities of being a teenager. This leads to stereotypes and moral panics around youth behavior.
- Gramsci's theory suggests media representations always align with the values of the middle class, portraying other social groups negatively.
- Philo's theory says contemporary films link the working class with hoodies and crime, fueling middle class anxiety.
- Gerbner's cultivation theory proposes that excessive TV watching shapes perceptions, with media often depicting youth as criminals and influencing views of
1) A study examined how exposing rural Ethiopians to documentaries about successful people impacted their aspirations and behavior.
2) In the experiment, individuals watched either documentaries about role models or a local TV show. Those who watched the role model documentaries had small increases in their aspirations.
3) Six months later, those who watched the documentaries still had slightly higher aspirations and made some small improvements in forward-looking behavior like children's school enrollment, but effects were modest and not all findings were robust.
The document summarizes research on aspirations and poverty in rural Ethiopia. It finds that poorer individuals and those in poorer communities tend to have lower aspirations. The researchers conducted a field experiment randomly assigning Ethiopian farmers to view documentaries about successful role models or a control. It found that viewing the documentaries led to small improvements in farmers' aspirations immediately and 6 months later. It also found small improvements in savings, credit use, school enrollment and spending, suggesting aspirations may influence behaviors. The results indicate aspirations could be a factor in poverty and that interventions may help raise aspirations and behaviors.
Youth is launching its colorful Spring 2014 jewelry collection at Nordstrom the week of February 3rd, 2014. The launch event will be held at Nordstrom's BP department on the third floor on February 3rd at 11am, where the public can get a first look at Youth's spring pieces and meet the designer. Youth was founded in 2013 by designer Morgan Bush and features statement jewelry pieces that have been beautifully crafted. Nordstrom is one of the nation's leading fashion retailers with over 230 stores nationwide.
The document outlines the judging schedule for a barbecue competition taking place on Saturday and Sunday. On Saturday, brisket, chicken, sauces, pork, and ribs will be judged from 12:00pm to 4:15pm. On Sunday, chicken, sauces, brisket, ribs, and pork will be judged from 12:00am to 4:00pm, followed by a winner's cook-off round at 4:45pm. The second part of the document provides information about the Simpson Youth Center, a local organization that offers after-school programs, tutoring, work training, counseling, and summer and winter camps for over 450 boys and girls.
A cook-off competition will be held on November 19th in Bellingham, Washington to raise money for the Local Charity Society who supports schools, youth organizations, counseling and summer camps. Over 20 cooking teams from multiple states will participate in the preliminaries on Saturday, competing in categories like brisket, chicken, sauces, pork and ribs. The top teams will advance to compete in chicken for the finals on Sunday.
This document discusses nutrition and eating disorders in adolescence. It recommends that teenagers have diets with sufficient calories, iron, calcium and vitamins depending on age and sex. Teenage boys generally have higher calorie needs than girls. Three eating disorders - anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and compulsive eating - are described along with their physical and psychological effects if left untreated. The document also provides food pyramid guidelines and encourages regular exercise for adolescents.
The document summarizes several theories about media representations of youth:
- Giroux, Acland, Hebdige, and Cohen argue that media representations of youth are constructed by adults and do not accurately reflect the realities of being a teenager. This leads to stereotypes and moral panics around youth behavior.
- Gramsci's theory suggests media representations always align with the values of the middle class, portraying other social groups negatively.
- Philo's theory says contemporary films link the working class with hoodies and crime, fueling middle class anxiety.
- Gerbner's cultivation theory proposes that excessive TV watching shapes perceptions, with media often depicting youth as criminals and influencing views of
1) A study examined how exposing rural Ethiopians to documentaries about successful people impacted their aspirations and behavior.
2) In the experiment, individuals watched either documentaries about role models or a local TV show. Those who watched the role model documentaries had small increases in their aspirations.
3) Six months later, those who watched the documentaries still had slightly higher aspirations and made some small improvements in forward-looking behavior like children's school enrollment, but effects were modest and not all findings were robust.
The document summarizes research on aspirations and poverty in rural Ethiopia. It finds that poorer individuals and those in poorer communities tend to have lower aspirations. The researchers conducted a field experiment randomly assigning Ethiopian farmers to view documentaries about successful role models or a control. It found that viewing the documentaries led to small improvements in farmers' aspirations immediately and 6 months later. It also found small improvements in savings, credit use, school enrollment and spending, suggesting aspirations may influence behaviors. The results indicate aspirations could be a factor in poverty and that interventions may help raise aspirations and behaviors.
Learning with Others - A Randomized Field Experiment on the Formation of Aspi...essp2
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) in collaboration with Ethiopian Economics Association. Eleventh Conference on Ethiopian Economy, July 18-20, 2013
The Future in Mind: Aspirations and Forward-Looking Behaviour in Rural Ethiopiaessp2
Africa Meeting of the Econometric Society
June 29 – July 1, 2017
Ecole Supérieure de Banque, Algiers
Tanguy Bernard (Bordeaux/IFPRI) Stefan Dercon (Oxford)
Kate Orkin (Oxford) Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse (IFPRI)
Parental aspirations for children's education essp2
1) The document summarizes an experimental study that examined whether exposing rural Ethiopian parents to "role model" documentaries could positively impact their educational and financial aspirations, especially for girls.
2) The study found that while the documentaries increased overall parental aspirations and investments in children's education, it did not reduce the pre-existing gender gap in aspirations and investments, which were on average lower for girls compared to boys.
3) Five years after the screenings, the positive impacts on aspirations and investments in education remained, but again the gender differences were not significantly impacted.
Pathways Less Explored – Locus of Control and Technology Adoptionessp2
This document summarizes research on the relationship between locus of control and technology adoption in Ethiopian agriculture. The key points are:
1) Poorer individuals in Ethiopia tend to have a more external locus of control (believing outcomes are determined by outside forces) and less internal locus of control (believing they control their own outcomes) compared to wealthier individuals.
2) Having a more external locus of control is associated with lower adoption rates of modern farm inputs like fertilizers and improved seeds among farmers in Ethiopia, according to several surveys.
3) This relationship between locus of control and technology adoption, if confirmed, could help explain persistent poverty in Ethiopian agriculture by discouraging investment and adoption of
Pathways Less Explored – Aspirations, Locus of Control, and Agricultural Tran...essp2
This document discusses how psychological and social factors like aspirations and locus of control can influence agricultural transformation in Ethiopia. It presents two key concepts - aspirations, which refer to goals or preferred future states, and locus of control, which is a person's belief about what causes events in their life. The document hypothesizes that poorer individuals have lower internal and higher external locus of control, and this could form a feedback loop that discourages investment and perpetuates poverty. Empirical analysis of survey data from Ethiopia finds that individuals with higher internal locus of control are more likely to adopt modern farm inputs, while those with higher chance locus of control are less likely, even after controlling for socioeconomic characteristics.
Measuring employment and consumption in household surveys: Reflections from t...IFPRI-PIM
Webinar organized the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets, led by IFPRI, on July 13, 2021.
Presentations:
- Are we done yet? Response fatigue and rural livelihoods (Sylvan Herskowitz, Research Fellow, IFPRI)
- Assessing response fatigue in phone survey: Experimental evidence on dietary diversity in Ethiopia (Kibrom Abay, Research Fellow, IFPRI)
- Telescoping causes overstatement in recalled food consumption: Evidence from a survey experiment in Ethiopia (Kalle Hirvonen, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI)
Discussant: Andrew Dillon, Clinical Associate Professor of Development Economics within Kellogg's Public-Private Interface Initiative (KPPI); Director of Research Methods Cluster in the Global Poverty Research Lab, Northwestern University.
Moderator: Kate Ambler, Research Fellow, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
More info and full recording: https://bit.ly/2TrpaNF
1) An experiment in Zambia found that a government cash transfer program that provided $12 per month to households with children under 5 years old did not increase fertility over 4 years.
2) The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare fertility outcomes of over 2,500 households that received the cash transfer to those that did not. It found no significant impacts on several measures of fertility.
3) This adds to evidence from other developing countries that unconditional cash transfers generally do not increase fertility, as they empower people to make their own decisions rather than feeling obligated to have more children due to the transfer.
Join the winners of the National Collaborating Centre for Public Health (NCCPH) Knowledge Translation (KT) Student Awards and get a first-hand look at their crucial work in bridging the gap between research and practice. These students and recent graduates are leading innovative knowledge translation strategies. This session highlights their academic excellence and features unique and transferable strategies to address today’s public health priorities.
Jorden Hendry, University of British Columbia – Instructions have been provided: Understanding and implementing Foundational Commitments to Indigenous Peoples in the BC Office of the Provincial Health Officer.
Karen Wong, University of British Columbia – Description of how academic work implements public health knowledge translation strategies.
Leah Taylor, Western University – Everyone Can Play: A Knowledge Translation Resource to Promote Physical Activity Participation of Children with Disabilities in London, Ontario.
Outcome Findings of Canada’s At Home / Chez Soi Housing First Demonstration P...FEANTSA
Presentation given by Tim Aubry and Geoffrey Nelson, CAN at the Ninth European Research Conference on Homelessness, "Homelessness in Times of Crisis", Warsaw, September 2014
http://feantsaresearch.org/spip.php?article222&lang=en
Video Key PointsYou will need to have a good understanding o.docxjessiehampson
Video Key Points
You will need to have a good understanding of the key concepts from the three assigned videos in order to effectively complete the assignment.
So it would be a good idea to view the videos more than once, if you feel you need to, and to take notes on key points from each video.
Don't just focus on the answers to the questions that I have given you...each video has a lot of information that is relevant to this course. They all deal with socio/cultural issues, economic issues and environmental issues.
Also try and consider which of the United Nations 17 Sustainable Development Goals would be relevant in each video.
When viewing the videos consider some of the concepts that we have covered in class:
Socio/Cultural - acculturation, commodification, standardization, etc.
Capacity - social, physical, environmental, etc.
Video One - Case Study of Golf Course Development in Hainan China
Video Two - Case Study of the Mosuo Tribe in China
Video Three - The Economics of Happines
Deforestation in China for the Golfing Industry
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/apr/23/endangered-habitats-china
The Mosuo Tribe - China's Last Matriarchy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eoTrARDa8BU
The Economics of Happiness
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyQaUDLW6ts
· The questions pertain to the videos that you watched - The Mosuo Tribe, The Gold Course in Hainan China and The Economics of Happiness. You will also be expected to incorporate any relevant ideas and topics from the entire course, as you feel appropriate. And/or the question may pertain to the content of the Sustainable Management PowerPoint/class
· You will be asked in three of the questions to refer to those UN Sustainable Development Goals that you feel are relevant to the questions/your answers..
· The report should be no more than five pages long.
· Use the RUBRIC to guide you when answering.
· Cite all sources - as per APA standards. Do NOT just put a list of website addresses on the back page. Citing sources involves LINKING the source to the relevant text. If you are using information from our classes, PowerPoints, etc. you do not, for this assignment, need to cite the source APA style. You can simply say "as discussed in our class about Socio/Cultural Impacts".
Please put some thought into this paper. I want to hear your fact based opinions. I also want to see that you have watched and understood the videos and that you are able to connect their content to the theory that we discussed in our classes.
You will upload it into TURNITIN...as well as upload it into the Assignment Page in BlackBoard. As usual, the due date/time also applies to TurnitIN.
NOTE: PLAGIARISM includes cutting and pasting sentences and paragraphs from other sources. Even if you cite that source, using other people's work as the body of your work is not acceptable. You need to read, discuss concepts with each other and then put your OWN ideas into your paper. As usual, plagiaris ...
The document discusses a study on the formation of aspirations among individuals in Ethiopia. It presents evidence that an individual's aspirations are shaped by their current wealth level, neighbors' wealth, exposure to economic opportunities, and experiences of shocks. The study uses survey data from Ethiopia to estimate the relationship between these factors and individuals' reported level of wealth they would like to achieve. Preliminary results suggest that poorer individuals and those with less wealthy neighbors have lower aspirations, which could perpetuate poverty and inequality over time by limiting efforts to improve economic conditions. The researchers plan to conduct further analysis using a threshold model and impact evaluations.
Can unconditional cash transfers graduate households out of poverty?The Transfer Project
Ashua Handa (UNC) presented long-term evidence of the impact of cash transfers in Zambia at Oxford’s Center for the Study of African Economies Conference in March 2019.
This document discusses strategies for breaking down taboos around discussing death, money, and legacy fundraising. It explores using humor, social norming by showing many others participate in legacy giving, telling stories of living donors, sharing a vision of the future impact of a gift, appealing to symbolic immortality and a donor's desire to continue their impact after death. Research is presented showing that providing social information on others' participation can increase intentions to leave a legacy gift. Overall, the document examines how charities can overcome emotional and conversational prohibitions to have more open and impactful conversations about legacy fundraising.
Old and new welfare: their relative effect on child nutritionFAO
Presentación de Julieta Trias, The Institute for Fiscal Studies and the University College London, durante el Tercer Seminario de Transferencias Condicionadas de Ingresos, realizado en Santiago de Chile el 01 y 02 de Diciembre de 2008.
This document discusses constrained multiplier analysis by relaxing the assumption of unlimited factor resources. It introduces the concept of constraining some sectors' production levels to model resource constraints in agriculture, mining, and government services. The constrained multiplier formula is derived, distinguishing between supply-unconstrained and constrained sectors. A matrix format is used to represent the formula, with the constrained multiplier calculated as the inverse of the identity matrix minus an adjusted coefficient matrix, multiplied by the exogenous components matrix. Readers are directed to a worksheet exercise to calculate constrained multipliers using the mathematical equations and Excel functions.
This document provides an introduction to multiplier analysis using social accounting matrices (SAM). It outlines how economic linkages transmit the effects of exogenous demand shocks through an economy. The direct and indirect effects are explained, with indirect effects including consumption and production linkages. An unconstrained SAM multiplier model is presented, with formulas derived to calculate economy-wide output, income, and sectoral responses to exogenous changes in demand. Exercises are provided to build a multiplier model in Excel and calculate multipliers.
More Related Content
Similar to The future in mind aspirations and forward-looking behaviour in rural ethiopia
Learning with Others - A Randomized Field Experiment on the Formation of Aspi...essp2
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) in collaboration with Ethiopian Economics Association. Eleventh Conference on Ethiopian Economy, July 18-20, 2013
The Future in Mind: Aspirations and Forward-Looking Behaviour in Rural Ethiopiaessp2
Africa Meeting of the Econometric Society
June 29 – July 1, 2017
Ecole Supérieure de Banque, Algiers
Tanguy Bernard (Bordeaux/IFPRI) Stefan Dercon (Oxford)
Kate Orkin (Oxford) Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse (IFPRI)
Parental aspirations for children's education essp2
1) The document summarizes an experimental study that examined whether exposing rural Ethiopian parents to "role model" documentaries could positively impact their educational and financial aspirations, especially for girls.
2) The study found that while the documentaries increased overall parental aspirations and investments in children's education, it did not reduce the pre-existing gender gap in aspirations and investments, which were on average lower for girls compared to boys.
3) Five years after the screenings, the positive impacts on aspirations and investments in education remained, but again the gender differences were not significantly impacted.
Pathways Less Explored – Locus of Control and Technology Adoptionessp2
This document summarizes research on the relationship between locus of control and technology adoption in Ethiopian agriculture. The key points are:
1) Poorer individuals in Ethiopia tend to have a more external locus of control (believing outcomes are determined by outside forces) and less internal locus of control (believing they control their own outcomes) compared to wealthier individuals.
2) Having a more external locus of control is associated with lower adoption rates of modern farm inputs like fertilizers and improved seeds among farmers in Ethiopia, according to several surveys.
3) This relationship between locus of control and technology adoption, if confirmed, could help explain persistent poverty in Ethiopian agriculture by discouraging investment and adoption of
Pathways Less Explored – Aspirations, Locus of Control, and Agricultural Tran...essp2
This document discusses how psychological and social factors like aspirations and locus of control can influence agricultural transformation in Ethiopia. It presents two key concepts - aspirations, which refer to goals or preferred future states, and locus of control, which is a person's belief about what causes events in their life. The document hypothesizes that poorer individuals have lower internal and higher external locus of control, and this could form a feedback loop that discourages investment and perpetuates poverty. Empirical analysis of survey data from Ethiopia finds that individuals with higher internal locus of control are more likely to adopt modern farm inputs, while those with higher chance locus of control are less likely, even after controlling for socioeconomic characteristics.
Measuring employment and consumption in household surveys: Reflections from t...IFPRI-PIM
Webinar organized the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets, led by IFPRI, on July 13, 2021.
Presentations:
- Are we done yet? Response fatigue and rural livelihoods (Sylvan Herskowitz, Research Fellow, IFPRI)
- Assessing response fatigue in phone survey: Experimental evidence on dietary diversity in Ethiopia (Kibrom Abay, Research Fellow, IFPRI)
- Telescoping causes overstatement in recalled food consumption: Evidence from a survey experiment in Ethiopia (Kalle Hirvonen, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI)
Discussant: Andrew Dillon, Clinical Associate Professor of Development Economics within Kellogg's Public-Private Interface Initiative (KPPI); Director of Research Methods Cluster in the Global Poverty Research Lab, Northwestern University.
Moderator: Kate Ambler, Research Fellow, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
More info and full recording: https://bit.ly/2TrpaNF
1) An experiment in Zambia found that a government cash transfer program that provided $12 per month to households with children under 5 years old did not increase fertility over 4 years.
2) The study used a randomized controlled trial to compare fertility outcomes of over 2,500 households that received the cash transfer to those that did not. It found no significant impacts on several measures of fertility.
3) This adds to evidence from other developing countries that unconditional cash transfers generally do not increase fertility, as they empower people to make their own decisions rather than feeling obligated to have more children due to the transfer.
Join the winners of the National Collaborating Centre for Public Health (NCCPH) Knowledge Translation (KT) Student Awards and get a first-hand look at their crucial work in bridging the gap between research and practice. These students and recent graduates are leading innovative knowledge translation strategies. This session highlights their academic excellence and features unique and transferable strategies to address today’s public health priorities.
Jorden Hendry, University of British Columbia – Instructions have been provided: Understanding and implementing Foundational Commitments to Indigenous Peoples in the BC Office of the Provincial Health Officer.
Karen Wong, University of British Columbia – Description of how academic work implements public health knowledge translation strategies.
Leah Taylor, Western University – Everyone Can Play: A Knowledge Translation Resource to Promote Physical Activity Participation of Children with Disabilities in London, Ontario.
Outcome Findings of Canada’s At Home / Chez Soi Housing First Demonstration P...FEANTSA
Presentation given by Tim Aubry and Geoffrey Nelson, CAN at the Ninth European Research Conference on Homelessness, "Homelessness in Times of Crisis", Warsaw, September 2014
http://feantsaresearch.org/spip.php?article222&lang=en
Video Key PointsYou will need to have a good understanding o.docxjessiehampson
Video Key Points
You will need to have a good understanding of the key concepts from the three assigned videos in order to effectively complete the assignment.
So it would be a good idea to view the videos more than once, if you feel you need to, and to take notes on key points from each video.
Don't just focus on the answers to the questions that I have given you...each video has a lot of information that is relevant to this course. They all deal with socio/cultural issues, economic issues and environmental issues.
Also try and consider which of the United Nations 17 Sustainable Development Goals would be relevant in each video.
When viewing the videos consider some of the concepts that we have covered in class:
Socio/Cultural - acculturation, commodification, standardization, etc.
Capacity - social, physical, environmental, etc.
Video One - Case Study of Golf Course Development in Hainan China
Video Two - Case Study of the Mosuo Tribe in China
Video Three - The Economics of Happines
Deforestation in China for the Golfing Industry
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/apr/23/endangered-habitats-china
The Mosuo Tribe - China's Last Matriarchy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eoTrARDa8BU
The Economics of Happiness
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyQaUDLW6ts
· The questions pertain to the videos that you watched - The Mosuo Tribe, The Gold Course in Hainan China and The Economics of Happiness. You will also be expected to incorporate any relevant ideas and topics from the entire course, as you feel appropriate. And/or the question may pertain to the content of the Sustainable Management PowerPoint/class
· You will be asked in three of the questions to refer to those UN Sustainable Development Goals that you feel are relevant to the questions/your answers..
· The report should be no more than five pages long.
· Use the RUBRIC to guide you when answering.
· Cite all sources - as per APA standards. Do NOT just put a list of website addresses on the back page. Citing sources involves LINKING the source to the relevant text. If you are using information from our classes, PowerPoints, etc. you do not, for this assignment, need to cite the source APA style. You can simply say "as discussed in our class about Socio/Cultural Impacts".
Please put some thought into this paper. I want to hear your fact based opinions. I also want to see that you have watched and understood the videos and that you are able to connect their content to the theory that we discussed in our classes.
You will upload it into TURNITIN...as well as upload it into the Assignment Page in BlackBoard. As usual, the due date/time also applies to TurnitIN.
NOTE: PLAGIARISM includes cutting and pasting sentences and paragraphs from other sources. Even if you cite that source, using other people's work as the body of your work is not acceptable. You need to read, discuss concepts with each other and then put your OWN ideas into your paper. As usual, plagiaris ...
The document discusses a study on the formation of aspirations among individuals in Ethiopia. It presents evidence that an individual's aspirations are shaped by their current wealth level, neighbors' wealth, exposure to economic opportunities, and experiences of shocks. The study uses survey data from Ethiopia to estimate the relationship between these factors and individuals' reported level of wealth they would like to achieve. Preliminary results suggest that poorer individuals and those with less wealthy neighbors have lower aspirations, which could perpetuate poverty and inequality over time by limiting efforts to improve economic conditions. The researchers plan to conduct further analysis using a threshold model and impact evaluations.
Can unconditional cash transfers graduate households out of poverty?The Transfer Project
Ashua Handa (UNC) presented long-term evidence of the impact of cash transfers in Zambia at Oxford’s Center for the Study of African Economies Conference in March 2019.
This document discusses strategies for breaking down taboos around discussing death, money, and legacy fundraising. It explores using humor, social norming by showing many others participate in legacy giving, telling stories of living donors, sharing a vision of the future impact of a gift, appealing to symbolic immortality and a donor's desire to continue their impact after death. Research is presented showing that providing social information on others' participation can increase intentions to leave a legacy gift. Overall, the document examines how charities can overcome emotional and conversational prohibitions to have more open and impactful conversations about legacy fundraising.
Old and new welfare: their relative effect on child nutritionFAO
Presentación de Julieta Trias, The Institute for Fiscal Studies and the University College London, durante el Tercer Seminario de Transferencias Condicionadas de Ingresos, realizado en Santiago de Chile el 01 y 02 de Diciembre de 2008.
Similar to The future in mind aspirations and forward-looking behaviour in rural ethiopia (20)
This document discusses constrained multiplier analysis by relaxing the assumption of unlimited factor resources. It introduces the concept of constraining some sectors' production levels to model resource constraints in agriculture, mining, and government services. The constrained multiplier formula is derived, distinguishing between supply-unconstrained and constrained sectors. A matrix format is used to represent the formula, with the constrained multiplier calculated as the inverse of the identity matrix minus an adjusted coefficient matrix, multiplied by the exogenous components matrix. Readers are directed to a worksheet exercise to calculate constrained multipliers using the mathematical equations and Excel functions.
This document provides an introduction to multiplier analysis using social accounting matrices (SAM). It outlines how economic linkages transmit the effects of exogenous demand shocks through an economy. The direct and indirect effects are explained, with indirect effects including consumption and production linkages. An unconstrained SAM multiplier model is presented, with formulas derived to calculate economy-wide output, income, and sectoral responses to exogenous changes in demand. Exercises are provided to build a multiplier model in Excel and calculate multipliers.
The document provides an introduction to social accounting matrices (SAM) and economywide analysis. It discusses key concepts such as:
- SAMs capture the circular flow of income and expenditures between households, firms, government, and the rest of the world.
- Economywide analysis considers how changes in one sector can impact other sectors through economic linkages.
- A SAM shows payments by columns and receipts by rows to ensure double-entry bookkeeping and macroeconomic consistency.
- Building a SAM requires data from various sources like national accounts and household surveys, which are reconciled using statistical techniques.
Panel on ‘Statistical Data for Policy Decision Making in Ethiopia’, African Statistics Day Workshop organized by the Ethiopian Statistics Service (ESS). 17-Nov-22.
This document discusses sustainable food systems. It defines a food system as encompassing all actors and activities involved in food production, processing, distribution, consumption and disposal. A sustainable food system is one that provides food security and nutrition for current and future generations without compromising economic, social or environmental sustainability. It must be economically viable, socially equitable, and have neutral or positive environmental impacts. The food system is driven by biophysical, demographic, technological, political, economic and socio-cultural factors.
The document summarizes Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP), a large social protection program that aims to smooth food consumption and protect assets for chronically food insecure communities. Key points:
- The PSNP provides direct transfers and public works projects to build community assets like roads and irrigation. It supports up to 8 million beneficiaries with a budget of $0.5 billion annually.
- Independent evaluations show the PSNP improved household food security and dietary diversity but had little impact on child nutrition outcomes. It did not reduce labor supply or crowd out private transfers.
- While the PSNP enhanced resilience, graduation remains a challenge. Targeting in lowland areas also proved difficult. Ensuring timely payments
Some Welfare Consequences of COVID-19 in Ethiopiaessp2
1) The study examines the impacts of COVID-19 on food marketing margins in Ethiopia using phone surveys of farmers, wholesalers, and retailers conducted in February 2020 and May 2020.
2) The surveys found that over 50% of farmers reported receiving less income in May compared to usual times, though most planned to continue vegetable production. Wholesalers reported decreased transport options and client numbers but stable or lower costs, while most retailers saw lower client numbers but stable or lower costs and losses.
3) Retail prices for the main vegetables remained quite stable between February and May, suggesting marketing margins absorbed most impacts of COVID-19 disruptions on vegetable supply chains in Ethiopia during the
Improving evidence for better policy making in Ethiopia’s livestock sector essp2
1. The document discusses Ethiopia's evolving livestock sector and improving evidence for better policy making.
2. While livestock contributed little to GDP growth, there is considerable potential for growth given Ethiopia's large livestock populations and rising demand for animal-sourced foods.
3. Factors like education, household size, extension services, and herd size are positively associated with adoption of improved practices and inputs like vaccination and cross-breeding.
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This document summarizes the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on food security in Ethiopia. It finds that the pandemic is likely to have large short-term negative economic effects through impacts on exports, imports, remittances and domestic lockdown measures. This will reduce GDP, household incomes, employment and agricultural market functioning. Many households are already experiencing income losses, higher food prices and shifts away from nutritious foods. Recommendations include continuing the government's response, addressing misinformation, expanding social safety nets and implementing selective lockdowns.
COVID-19 and its impact on Ethiopia’s agri-food system, food security, and nu...essp2
The document summarizes the effects of COVID-19 on agricultural value chains in Ethiopia. It discusses how measures taken to prevent spread of the virus, such as closing land borders and restricting movement between regional states, have reduced economic activity. It then outlines an assessment of local rural-urban value chains to understand how the pandemic is impacting farmers' incomes, market access, and food security. The assessment will focus on commodities like potatoes, onions, and tomatoes that rely on transportation between rural and urban areas. Recommendations will be made on how to minimize disruptions to the agricultural sector during this crisis.
This short document does not contain any clear topics, details, or essential information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It only includes line numbers without any accompanying text.
AFFORDABILITY OF Nutritious foods IN ETHIOPIAessp2
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Sustainable Undernutrition Reduction in Ethiopia (SURE): Evaluation studies essp2
The SURE program is a government-led multisectoral intervention in Ethiopia that aims to reduce undernutrition through a package of interventions like joint household visits, cooking demonstrations, and media campaigns. Evaluation studies of SURE used a quasi-experimental design and found that children's dietary diversity is positively associated with reduced stunting, and that household production of fruits and vegetables was linked to increased child dietary diversity and reduced stunting. However, the studies also found variability in the delivery of nutrition messages across households and limited awareness of nutrition guidelines among local officials.
Policies and Programs on food and Nutrition in Ethiopiaessp2
This document outlines policies and programs on food and nutrition in Ethiopia. It discusses nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions, and the pathways through which nutrition-sensitive interventions can affect diet and food systems. It then provides an overview of Ethiopia's policy landscape on food and nutrition, outlining various strategies and policies that aim to improve nutrition, including the Food, Nutrition and Policy, Agriculture Growth Program Phase II, Productive Safety Net Program, and National Nutrition Program. The document concludes that Ethiopia has a favorable policy environment for improving diets and nutrition, but effective implementation, coordination, evidence-based scaling up of interventions, and strong monitoring and evaluation are still needed.
1) Access to nutritious foods is challenging for many households in Ethiopia, especially low-income households, due to high costs and an inability to afford animal-source proteins, zinc, iron, and other micronutrients that are critical for young children's development.
2) A study found that households in Ethiopia spend around 25,000 birr per year on food, with 14,535 birr from purchases and 11,000 birr from own production, but still struggle to meet half of nutritional requirements for children under two.
3) Factors like religious fasting practices and lack of separate feeding plates for children can negatively impact children's diet diversity in Ethiopia. Increased investment in small and
Kaleab Baye presented on diets and stunting in Ethiopia. Stunting rates have declined overall but inequalities persist, with the lowest wealth quintile having the highest rates. Complementary foods in Ethiopia are often low in quantity, diversity, and quality. Improving maternal and child nutrition requires interventions across food systems to increase availability, accessibility, and affordability of nutrient-dense foods as well as improving caregiver feeding practices and maternal health. Comprehensive measures are needed to assess diet quality and reduce consumption of unhealthy foods and risks to food safety.
This document discusses the linkages between irrigation and nutrition in Ethiopia. It notes that Ethiopia's Food and Nutrition Policy and Nutrition Sensitive Agricultural Strategy recognize the role of irrigation in improving nutritional outcomes. There are several pathways through which irrigation can impact nutrition, such as increasing food production, household income, access to water, and women's empowerment. Studies show that children and women in irrigating households in Ethiopia have better dietary diversity and nutrient intake, as well as reduced stunting and wasting, compared to non-irrigating households. Therefore, promoting irrigation can help improve nutrition in addition to increasing income and agricultural yields.
Access to health and agricultural extension services essp2
The document summarizes research on access to health and agricultural extension services in rural Ethiopia. It finds that the most remote rural households have less exposure and access to these important services. Remote farmers and those in remote villages are less likely to be visited by Development Agents and receive advice on agriculture. While Health Extension Workers do not vary as much by remoteness of villages, the most remote households within villages have less contact with HEWs. The research concludes that remoteness negatively impacts both nutritional outcomes and delivery of services, suggesting investments in rural roads and incentives for extension agents in remote areas could help address this challenge.
Carrer goals.pptx and their importance in real lifeartemacademy2
Career goals serve as a roadmap for individuals, guiding them toward achieving long-term professional aspirations and personal fulfillment. Establishing clear career goals enables professionals to focus their efforts on developing specific skills, gaining relevant experience, and making strategic decisions that align with their desired career trajectory. By setting both short-term and long-term objectives, individuals can systematically track their progress, make necessary adjustments, and stay motivated. Short-term goals often include acquiring new qualifications, mastering particular competencies, or securing a specific role, while long-term goals might encompass reaching executive positions, becoming industry experts, or launching entrepreneurial ventures.
Moreover, having well-defined career goals fosters a sense of purpose and direction, enhancing job satisfaction and overall productivity. It encourages continuous learning and adaptation, as professionals remain attuned to industry trends and evolving job market demands. Career goals also facilitate better time management and resource allocation, as individuals prioritize tasks and opportunities that advance their professional growth. In addition, articulating career goals can aid in networking and mentorship, as it allows individuals to communicate their aspirations clearly to potential mentors, colleagues, and employers, thereby opening doors to valuable guidance and support. Ultimately, career goals are integral to personal and professional development, driving individuals toward sustained success and fulfillment in their chosen fields.
Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity • a micro report by Rosie WellsRosie Wells
Insight: In a landscape where traditional narrative structures are giving way to fragmented and non-linear forms of storytelling, there lies immense potential for creativity and exploration.
'Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity' is a micro report from Rosie Wells.
Rosie Wells is an Arts & Cultural Strategist uniquely positioned at the intersection of grassroots and mainstream storytelling.
Their work is focused on developing meaningful and lasting connections that can drive social change.
Please download this presentation to enjoy the hyperlinks!
This presentation by Nathaniel Lane, Associate Professor in Economics at Oxford University, was made during the discussion “Pro-competitive Industrial Policy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/pcip.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Pro-competitive Industrial Policy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/pcip.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Professor Alex Robson, Deputy Chair of Australia’s Productivity Commission, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Yong Lim, Professor of Economic Law at Seoul National University School of Law, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Juraj Čorba, Chair of OECD Working Party on Artificial Intelligence Governance (AIGO), was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Thibault Schrepel, Associate Professor of Law at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam University, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Suzanne Lagerweij - Influence Without Power - Why Empathy is Your Best Friend...Suzanne Lagerweij
This is a workshop about communication and collaboration. We will experience how we can analyze the reasons for resistance to change (exercise 1) and practice how to improve our conversation style and be more in control and effective in the way we communicate (exercise 2).
This session will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
Abstract:
Let’s talk about powerful conversations! We all know how to lead a constructive conversation, right? Then why is it so difficult to have those conversations with people at work, especially those in powerful positions that show resistance to change?
Learning to control and direct conversations takes understanding and practice.
We can combine our innate empathy with our analytical skills to gain a deeper understanding of complex situations at work. Join this session to learn how to prepare for difficult conversations and how to improve our agile conversations in order to be more influential without power. We will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
In the session you will experience how preparing and reflecting on your conversation can help you be more influential at work. You will learn how to communicate more effectively with the people needed to achieve positive change. You will leave with a self-revised version of a difficult conversation and a practical model to use when you get back to work.
Come learn more on how to become a real influencer!
XP 2024 presentation: A New Look to Leadershipsamililja
Presentation slides from XP2024 conference, Bolzano IT. The slides describe a new view to leadership and combines it with anthro-complexity (aka cynefin).
The future in mind aspirations and forward-looking behaviour in rural ethiopia
1. The Future in Mind: Aspirations and Forward-
Looking Behaviour in Rural Ethiopia
Tanguy Bernard (LAREFI/IFPRI)
Stefan Dercon (Oxford/DFID)
Kate Orkin (Cambridge)
Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse (IFPRI)
July 17, 2014
The 19th Annual Conference of the Africa Region Chapter of the Econometric Society
Ethiopian Economic Association (EEA) Multi-purpose Building, EEA
16/10/2014 1
2. Do people’s aspirations – an aspect of their mental models concerning
their opportunities and whether and how they can achieve them –
affect whether they invest?
Randomly assign Ethiopian farmers to receive a ‘vicarious experience’
of the lives of four role models.
Treatment = one hour of documentaries.
No other intervention.
Key findings:
Improvements in aspirations after screening and after six months.
Changes in related psychosocial concepts, but not risk aversion or
time preferences.
Small improvements in savings, credit, demand for credit,
children’s school enrolment and spending on schooling 6 months
after screening.
,
Summary
16/10/2014 2
3. Outline
Motivation
Aspirations
Field experiment – design and findings
16/10/2014 3
4. Motivation – why do poor people underinvest?
Conceptual – ‘opportunities’
Focus 1 - ‘external circumstances’ and ‘opportunities’.
Low returns to investments;
Unexploited opportunities due to lack of information or
knowledge;
Social constraints;
Focus 2 - constraints associated with the manifested attributes of
decision makers
Identity issues: sense of self;
Psychological issues: impatience, commitment, and psychological
barriers
Aspirations failure perspective
16/10/2014 4
5. What are Aspirations?
Aspirations:
are goals or boundary-states sought after with respect to a relevant domain
of choice (future-oriented);
Aspirations and expectations – preferences vs. beliefs;
Aspirations are important for analysing and/or addressing
poverty:
Condition individual behaviour and well-being (motivators )
Aspirations are context-dependent and changing
Are distributed unevenly within communities.
Specific Question:
Is it possible to alter poor people’s understanding of the opportunities they face by
actively trying to change their aspirations using an experimental design in a real-world
setting?
16/10/2014 5
6. Specific Question
Is it possible to alter poor individuals’ understanding of the
opportunities they face by actively trying to change their
aspirations using an experimental design in a real-world
setting?
16/10/2014 6
7. Experimental design: individual treatment
64 villages. Random selection of 6 treatment HH, 6 placebo HH, 6
control HH. Head and spouse treated.
3 arms:
Treatment: ticket to view mini-documentaries about similar people who were
successful in small business or agriculture.
o No other intervention.
o 4 x 15 minute documentaries (2 men, 2 women) = 1 hour in Oromiffa
o Examples on CSAE Oxford YouTube channel
Placebo: local Ethiopian TV show in 15 minute segments.
Control: surveyed at their home.
3 rounds of data collection:
baseline (Sept-Dec 2010),
aspirations immediately after treatment,
follow-up six months later (Mar-May 2011).
16/10/2014 7
9. Measures of aspirations
Four dimensions:
Annual income in cash
Assets: house, furniture, consumer goods, vehicles
Social status: do villagers ask advice
Level of education of oldest child
Aspirations vs. Expectations:
What is the level of ___ that you would like to achieve?
What is the level of ___ that you think you will reach within ten years?
Overall aspiration index:
퐴푖 =
푘
푘 − 휇푘
휎푘
푘 푎푖
w푖
푘 = individual 푖’s aspiration response to dimension 푘.
푤푖
푎푖
푘 = weight individual 푖 assigned to dimension 푘.
휇푘 , 휎푘 = village sample mean and standard deviation for dimension 푘.
16/10/2014 9
10. Results
Small effects on aspiration immediately.
After screening (t=1)
Aspirations Expectations
Treated individual 0.13* 0.13* 0.12* 0.12** 0.12** 0.11**
0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05
Placebo individual 0 0 0 0.02 0.03 0.03
0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03
Village F.E. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Lagged outcome No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Controls No No Yes No No Yes
Respondents 1959 1957 1957 1959 1954 1954
16/10/2014 10
11. Results
Small effects on aspiration after 6 months
After six months (t=2)
Aspirations Expectations
Treated individual 0.04* 0.04* 0.03* 0.06*** 0.06*** 0.05**
0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Placebo individual 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03
0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Village F.E. Y es Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Lagged outcome No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Controls No No Yes No No Yes
Respondents 2063 2058 2058 2062 2054 2054
16/10/2014 11
12. Elements of the Aspirations Perspective
After screening (t=1)
Aspirations Expectations
Treated individual 0.13* 0.13* 0.12* 0.12** 0.12** 0.11**
-0.07 -0.07 -0.06 -0.06 -0.05 -0.05
Placebo individual 0 0 0 0.02 0.03 0.03
-0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.04 -0.04 -0.03
Village F.E. Y es Y es Y es Y es Y es Y es
Lagged outcome No Y es Y es No Y es Y es
Controls No No Y es No No Y es
Respondents 1959 1957 1957 1959 1954 1954
After six months (t=2)
Aspirations Expectations
Treated individual 0.04* 0.04* 0.03* 0.06*** 0.06*** 0.05**
-0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02
Placebo individual 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03
-0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02
Village F.E. Y es Y es Y es Y es Y es Y es
Lagged outcome No Y es Y es No Y es Y es
Respondents 2063 2058 2058 2062 2054 2054
16/10/2014 12
13. Observations
• Watching documentaries about role models improves
aspirations compared to a control group and, in some
cases, compared to a placebo group.
– Driven by those with above-median aspirations at baseline.
– No changes in risk aversion or time preferences.
– Also improvements in individuals’ sense that they control their lives.
• Small effects on ’forward-looking behaviour’ - children’s
school enrolment, spending on schooling, hypothetical
desire for credit - that are robust to multiple testing.
– Effects on savings, credit aren’t robust to multiple testing.
• Suggestive evidence that peer effects may reinforce
individual effects.
16/10/2014 13
16. Field Experiment – Design
16 Screening sites, 4 villages/screening site (2 Intense Treatment, 2 Intense
Treatment village Placebo village
Surveyed : Treatment, 6 households (12 individuals) in every village
Placebo, 6 households (12 individuals) in every village
Control, 6 households (12 individuals) in every village
Non-Surveyed : Treatment, 18 households (36 individuals)/ intense treatment
village
Placebo, 18 households (36 individuals)/ intense placebo village
Placebo),
36 households/village (18 households surveyed, 18 households not surveyed)
16/10/2014 16
17. Field Experiment – Baseline Correlates of
Aspirations
Income
aspiration
Wealth
aspiration
Education
aspiration
Social status
aspiration
Aspiration
index
Age -0.000 0.001 0.002 0.006 0.003
(0.000) (0.002) (0.003) (0.003)** (0.001)**
Age² 0.000 -0.000 -0.000* -0.000* -0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)***
Gender (Male=1) 0.008 0.062 0.258 0.096 0.104
(0.002)*** (0.036)* (0.051)*** (0.049)** (0.021)***
Education (Read/write=1) -0.000 0.068 0.333 0.312 0.152
(0.002) (0.070) (0.051)*** (0.073)*** (0.027)***
R2 0.03 0.01 0.08 0.04 0.07
N 1,964 1,967 1,932 1,957 1,865
* p<0.1; ** p<0.05; *** p<0.01; Screening site fixed effects included but not reported; Robust standard errors in
parentheses
16/10/2014 17
18. Balance
All
Treatment
(T)
% compliance by treatment status 95 93.8 96.2 100
Age
(complete
d years)
Baseline Standarized ---- Aspiration
Income Wealth
0.02 0.32 0 0.84 0.15 0.86 0.1 0.14 0.03 0.35 0.05 0.43 0.09 0.08* 0.04 0.12
0.02 0.32 0 0.93 0.05 0.94 0 0.89 0.05 0.15 0.01 0.83 0.04 0.55 0.01 0.5
* p<0.1; ** p<0.05; *** p<0.01
Placebo
(P)
Education
(Read/write
=1)
Gender
(% male)
Children's
Education
Social
Status
Difference:
T-C, p-value
Difference:
P-C, p-value
Sample balanced on gender, literacy, age and most outcomes
Control
(C)
Aggregate
16/10/2014 18
19. Field Experiment - Compliance and Potency of Treatment
Assessment of Documentaries and Placebo
Treatment
(standard
error)
Placebo
(standard
error)
Difference
(p-value)
Liked a lot what I saw?
0.95 0.73 0.22
(0.02) (0.01) (0.00)***
Discussed it a lot with my neighbours
0.87 0.71 0.15
(0.01) (0.02) (0.00)***
Discussed it at least once with neighbours
over the past two weeks
0.32 0.21 0.11
(0.02) (0.02) (0.00)***
Content generated a lot of discussion
within community
0.92 0.72 0.20
(0.01) (0.02) (0.00)***
* p<0.1; ** p<0.05; *** p<0.01
16/10/2014 19
20. Field Experiment - Compliance and Potency of Treatment
Table 5 – Relevance of documentaries
How does his/her present condition
fares compared to yours today?
He/she is
worse off
We’re about
the same
He/she is
better off
How did his/her
initial condition
fared compared
to yours five years
ago?
He/she was worse off 9.35 1.40 40.19
We were about the same 4.83 2.49 12.15
He/she was better off 6.70 1.71 21.18
Cell proportions are reported. The totals of all cells add up to 100. N=642
16/10/2014 20
24. Treatment and Placebo Effects on Future-Oriented
Behaviour
Treatment effects on time allocation - work
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Treatment
-3.33 -3.83
(12.61) (12.67)
Placebo
-8.46 -8.85
(16.91) (16.865)
# peers w/treatment
18.48 24.91
(7.97)** (10.6)**
# peers w/placebo
-9.63 -9.47
(8.49) (6.73)
Baseline time
allocation -Work
0.69 0.61 0.70 0.60
(0.02)*** (0.03)*** (0.02)*** (0.03)***
Constant
138.1 167.7 156.0 141.7
(79.4)* (81.8)** (87.2)* (74.9)*
R2 0.3 0.18 0.3 0.18
N 1,280 1,317 1,280 1,317
* p<0.1; ** p<0.05; *** p<0.01; Screening site fixed effects not reported; Robust standard errors in parenthesis
16/10/2014 24
25. Treatment and Placebo Effects on Future-Oriented
Behaviour
Treatment effects on time allocation - leisure
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Treatment
19.97 19.84
(12.93) (13.04)
Placebo
26.39 26.83
(12.79)** (13.01)**
# peers w/treatment
-0.74 -10.87
(6.60) (6.28)*
# peers w/placebo
1.79 3.35
(6.52) (5.71)
Baseline time
allocation -Work
0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31
(0.03)*** (0.03)*** (0.03)*** (0.03)***
Constant
522.6 549.2 519.8 560.2
(34.2)*** (33.3)*** (34.9)*** (33.8)***
R2 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
N 1,284 1,322 1,284 1,322
* p<0.1; ** p<0.05; *** p<0.01; Screening site fixed effects not reported; Robust standard errors in parenthesis
16/10/2014 25
26. Treatment and Placebo Effects on Future-Oriented
Behaviour
Table 10 – Treatment effects on savings behaviour
Savings Savings Deposits Deposits Withdrawals Withdrawals
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Treatment
186.9 63.5 33.7
(106.4)* (22.3)*** (17.2)*
Placebo
126.1 17.9 4.6
(95.1) (20.6) (9.3)
# peers with treatment
34.3 -37.1 -5.4
(85.9) (11.9)*** (6.7)
# peers with placebo
-28.2 -7.0 7.7
(46.9) (10.5) (6.2)
Baseline savings
0.741 0.658 -0.011 0.137 0.004 0.016
(0.578) (0.513) (0.011) (0.198) (0.017) (0.019)
Constant
-105.3 -24.9 80.9 24.1 55.2 32.7
(314.9) (271.4) (47.9)* (21.8) (108.1) (16.4)**
R2 0.16 0.29 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02
N 1,258 1,288 1,258 1,288 1,258 1,288
* p<0.1; ** p<0.05; *** p<0.01; Screening site fixed effects and controls for age, age², gender and education not
reported; Robust standard errors in parenthesis
16/10/2014 26
27. Treatment and Placebo Effects on Future-Oriented
Behaviour
Table A1 - Direct and indirect treatment effect on Locus of Control
LOC
others
LOC others LOC internal LOC
internal
LOC chance LOC
chance
Treatment
-0.027 0.083 -0.030
(0.051) (0.038)** (0.044)
Placebo -0.015 -0.027 -0.028
(0.050) (0.039) (0.043)
# peers w/treatment
-0.056 -0.016 -0.059
(0.028)** (0.020) (0.023)**
# peers w/placebo
-0.002 -0.018 0.023
(0.028) (0.023) (0.025)
Baseline LOC
0.196 0.212 0.089 0.098 0.166 0.144
(0.031)*** (0.030)*** (0.030)*** (0.030)*** (0.027)*** (0.025)***
Constant
1.720 1.736 2.726 2.684 1.900 1.911
(0.120)*** (0.127)*** (0.124)*** (0.123)*** (0.105)*** (0.104)***
R2 0.05 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.05
N 1,341 1,372 1,342 1,373 1,341 1,374
* p<0.1; ** p<0.05; *** p<0.01; Screening site fixed effects not reported; Robust standard errors in parenthesis
16/10/2014 27
28. Treatment and Placebo Effects on Future-Oriented
Behaviour
Table A2 - Direct and indirect treatment effect on Perception of Poverty
Poverty due to Fate Poverty Structural Poverty Individual
Treatment
-0.108 0.033 0.088
(0.048)** (0.038) (0.042)**
Placebo
-0.005 0.058 0.072
(0.048) (0.037) (0.042)*
# peers
w/treatment
-0.048 -0.046 -0.011
(0.027)* (0.021)** (0.024)
# peers
w/placebo
0.008 -0.012 -0.005
(0.029) (0.023) (0.025)
Baseline
percept poverty
0.060 0.028 0.111 0.052 0.058 0.083
(0.031)* (0.031) (0.033)*** (0.030) (0.032)* (0.030)***
Constant
2.397 2.506 2.465 2.723 2.907 2.869
(0.116)*** (0.120)*** (0.120)*** (0.114)*** (0.124)*** (0.119)***
R2 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03
N 1,339 1,368 1,337 1,368 1,339 1,370
* p<0.1; ** p<0.05; *** p<0.01; Screening site fixed effects not reported; Robust standard errors in parenthesis
16/10/2014 28
29. Observations
"Weak" treatment, but:
Documentaries affected aspirations, expectations, time
allocation, savings behaviour, and perceptions more
than the placebo even 6 months after treatment;
Direct and, even more visible, indirect (group) effects
are detected – more of an aspiration window story
rather than a role model one;
It is not obvious why some effects are direct (savings)
while others are indirect (time allocation);
Further analysis;
Expanding coverage – Malawi, Pakistan via IFPRI;
16/10/2014 29
Ethiopian households’ average expenditure pattern – stimulants vs. human capital - 2-4 times (HICE of 1995/96, 1999/2000, and 2004/05);
Fatalism
General - lack of proactive and systematic effort to better one’s own life (consistent with the language of the poor);
Economic perspective - making the ‘investments to better one's life’.