This document outlines the development of a research design for studying how competition and cooperation among tourism stakeholders influences sustainability on small oceanic islands. It will use a qualitative embedded multiple case study approach with three data sources per case. The research questions examine how World Heritage listing, cultural/socioeconomic contexts, and other factors shape stakeholder interactions and sustainability. Case sites will be natural or mixed World Heritage-listed, small, inhabited oceanic islands that successfully conserve natural heritage. Challenges include overcoming mainland biases and allowing an inductive process.

1. 1
PART
5
–
DEVELOPING
A
RESEARCH
DESIGN
LEONARDO
NOGUEIRA
DE
MORAES

2. Framework
for
the
Research
Focus
• Vision
• Drivers
and
Inhibitors
• Strategy
• Intervening
Condi5ons
• Context
LEONARDO
NOGUEIRA
DE
MORAES

3. CompeDDon
and
CooperaDon
The
control
of
a
complex
• Complex
Adap5ve
Systems
(Waldrop,
adapDve
system
tends
to
be
1992)
highly
dispersed.
(…)
If
there
is
to
be
any
coherent
• Economic
Clustering
Theory
(Porter,
behaviour
in
the
system,
it
1998)
has
to
arise
from
• Tourism
Micro-­‐Clusters
and
Networks
compeDDon
and
cooperaDon
among
the
(Michael,
2007)
agents
themselves
(Waldrop,
1992,
p.
145).
LEONARDO
NOGUEIRA
DE
MORAES

4. Degrees
of
Sustainability
Considering
sustainability
infers
a
strong
vision
for
the
future
and
that
the
future
poses
a
lot
of
uncertainty,
it
is
preferable
to
suggest
that
a
certain
pathway
seems
more
or
less
sustainable
according
to
scenarios
that
are
projected,
but
s5ll
uncertain,
rather
than
simply
sustainable
or
unsustainable.
Classifying
pathways
as
sustainable
or
unsustainable
is
only
possible
when
analysing
the
past
for
present
consequences
are
known,
but
never
the
future
as
it
is
s5ll
to
be
seen.
LEONARDO
NOGUEIRA
DE
MORAES

5. World
Heritage
Enlistment
Interna5onal
Conven5on
Concerning
the
Protec5on
of
the
World
Cultural
and
Natural
Heritage
(UNESCO,
1972).
The
inscripDon
of
a
site
on
the
World
Heritage
List
brings
an
inevitable
and
welcomed
awareness
and
curiosity
about
the
site
and
its
outstanding
values
(UNESCO
World
Heritage
Centre,
2008).
LEONARDO
NOGUEIRA
DE
MORAES

6. World
Heritage
Enlistment
If
a
site
loses
the
characterisDcs
which
determined
its
inscrip5on
on
the
World
Heritage
List,
the
World
Heritage
CommiOee
may
decide
to
delete
the
property
from
both
the
List
of
World
Heritage
in
Danger
and
the
World
Heritage
List
(UNESCO
World
Heritage
Centre,
2008).
LEONARDO
NOGUEIRA
DE
MORAES

7. Research
Focus
• Sustainability
Degrees
• Compe55on
and
Coopera5on
• World
Heritage
Enlistment
• Small
Oceanic
Islands
• Development
Contexts
LEONARDO
NOGUEIRA
DE
MORAES

8. Research
QuesDons
Primary
Ques5on:
1. How
do
different
types
of
compeDDon
and
cooperaDon
among
tourism
stakeholders
of
natural
World
Heritage
enlisted
small
oceanic
island
des5na5ons
influence
the
sustainability
of
their
tourism
development?
Secondary
Ques5ons:
1. How
does
UNESCO’s
World
Heritage
enlistment
program
influence
compeDDon
and
cooperaDon
among
tourism
stakeholders
of
enlisted
small
oceanic
island
des5na5ons?
2. How
do
the
cultural,
socio-­‐economic
and
regulatory
contexts
of
such
des5na5ons
influence
these
relaDonships?
3. Which
other
significant
factors
currently
affect
the
way
such
stakeholders
compete
and
cooperate
and
how?
LEONARDO
NOGUEIRA
DE
MORAES

9. Overarching
Research
Framework
Sustainability and Tourism
Research Topic Development
Socio-Ecological Complex
Research Object Adaptive Systems
Holistic and Inductive-
Research Approach Deductive
Embedded Multiple
Research Design Qualitative
Case Study
Social and
Multiple Organisations
Data Collection Sources
Tourist Destinations Organisational
and People
Networks
Structure Agency
Grounded Sustainability and
Data Analysis Theory Tourism Development
(Competition and (Competition and
Coop.) Coop.)
LEONARDO
NOGUEIRA
DE
MORAES

10. Research
Methodology
• Qualita5ve
Embedded
Mul5ple
Case
Study
• Three
Sources
of
Data
and
Evidence
per
Case
(Yin,
2009)
and
Data
Triangula5on
(Pa`on,
2002,
p.
247)
• Two
Stages
of
Field
Data
Collec5on
• Data
Analysis
using
a
Grounded
Theory
Approach
(Glaser
1967)
LEONARDO
NOGUEIRA
DE
MORAES

11. Small
Oceanic
Islands
• Size
• Coastal
Areas
(Climate
Change)
• Isola5on
• Amplifica5on
of
condi5ons
and
consequences
• Scarcity
of
resources
• Sense
of
Limits
LEONARDO
NOGUEIRA
DE
MORAES

12. Challenges
• Overcome
my
own
mainland
mindset
• Be
able
to
use
a
NISSOLOGY
approach,
or
to
study
the
island
and
their
inhabitants
on
their
own
terms
• Induc5ve
research
requires
a
lot
of
decision-­‐making
not
beforehand,
but
throughout
the
process
(non-­‐linear
kind
of
research)
LEONARDO
NOGUEIRA
DE
MORAES

13. Cases
SelecDon
Process
Reason(s)
to
Natural
Heritage
and
Mixed
Small
Oceanic
Year
of
Disconsider
as
a
Case
Country Criteria
Island
Sites Inscription Study
Uninhabited
/
No
Heard
and
M cDonald
Islands Australia 1197 viii;ix
permanent
Population
• Small
oceanic
islands
Lord
Howe
I sland
Group Australia 1982 vii;
x No
reason
Filter
1
Uninhabited
/
No
Macquarie
Island Australia 1997 vii;
v iii
permanent
Population
Brazilian
Atlantic
I slands:
Fernando
de
Noronha
No
reason
for
FEN;
No
• Succesfully
conserve
their
natural
Brazil 2001 vii;
ix;
x
(FEN)
and
Atol
das
Rocas
Reserves
(ADR) tourists
allowed
in
ADR
heritage
and
are
enlisted
by
UNESCO
Filter
2
Malpelo
Fauna
and
Flora
Sanctuary Colombia 2006 vii;
ix
Uninhabited
/
No
permanent
Population
Uninhabited
/
No
Cocos
Island
National
Park Costa
Rica 1997 ix;
x
• Tourism
des5na5ons
that
are
visited
permanent
Population
by
tourists
which
stay
inland
vii;
v iii;
Enlisted
as
in
danger
Galápagos
Islands Equator 1978
Filter
3
overnight
ix;
x property
New
Uninhabited
/
No
New
Zealand
Sub-­‐Antarctic
Islands 1998 ix;
x
Zealand permanent
Population
• Existence
of
permanent
popula5on
Russian
Uninhabited
/
No
Natural
System
of
Wrangel
Island
Reserve 2004 ix;
x
Federation permanent
Population
that
is
involved
with
tourism
Filter
4
Uninhabited
/
No
Aldabra
Atoll Sychelles 1982 vii;
ix;
x
permanent
Population
United
Uninhabited
/
No
Gough
and
Inaccessible
Islands 1995 vii;
x
Kingdom permanent
Population
United
Uninhabited
/
No
Henderson
Island 1988 vii;
x
Kingdom permanent
Population
LEONARDO
NOGUEIRA
DE
MORAES

14. MulDple
Case
Study
Site
SelecDon
FERNANDO
DE
NORONHA
ARCHIPELAGO
LORD
HOWE
ISLANDS
LEONARDO
NOGUEIRA
DE
MORAES

15. Lord
Howe
Island
Group
LEONARDO
NOGUEIRA
DE
MORAES

16. Fernando
de
Noronha
Archipelago
LEONARDO
NOGUEIRA
DE
MORAES

17. Sites
CharacterisDcs
Island Name Fernando de Noronha Lord Howe Island
Country Name Brazil Australia
Country Population 191,429,828 21,844,831
Country Area 8,511,965 sq km 7,692,024 sq km
Country Density 22.4 per sq km 2.8 per sq km
State PE NSW
Island Population 2,321 364
Island Area 16.99 sq km 15.2 sq km
Island Density 136.6 per sq km 23.9 per sq km
Visitors Limit 450 400
Distance from Connecting Airport 545 km 700 km
Part of National Marine Park Yes Yes
World Heritage Enlisted by UNESCO 2001 1982
LEONARDO
NOGUEIRA
DE
MORAES

18. Fernando
de
Noronha
Flying
In
and
Out
LEONARDO
NOGUEIRA
DE
MORAES

19. Fernando
de
Noronha
Port
LEONARDO
NOGUEIRA
DE
MORAES

20. Fernando
de
Noronha
Birds
LEONARDO
NOGUEIRA
DE
MORAES

21. Fernando
de
Noronha
Birds
LEONARDO
NOGUEIRA
DE
MORAES

22. Fernando
de
Noronha
Birds
LEONARDO
NOGUEIRA
DE
MORAES

23. Fernando
de
Noronha
Marine
Life
LEONARDO
NOGUEIRA
DE
MORAES