International trade

1. Course Title: Bangladesh in International
Business

2. Economic Geography of
Bangladesh
Lecture 1

3. What is Geography?
• The study of the physical features of the earth and its
atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is
affected by these, including the distribution of populations
and resources and political and economic activities.

4. What is Geography? Cont…
oGeography is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features,
inhabitants, and phenomena of the Earth and planets. Geography is an all-
encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of Earth and its human
and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but also how they
have changed and come to be.

5. What is Geography? Cont…
oGeography is often defined in terms of two branches: Physical geography and Human
geography.
o Physical geography deals with the study of processes and patterns in the natural
environment like the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere.
o Human geography deals with the study of people and their communities, cultures,
economies, and interactions with the environment by studying their relations with and
across space and place.

6. What is Economic Geography?
• Economic geography is a discipline that studies the location,
distribution, and spatial organization of economic activities
across the world

7. What is Economic Geography? Cont…
• Economic geography has been defined by the geographers as the study of
human's economic activities under varying sets of conditions which are
associated with the production, location, distribution, consumption, exchange of
resources, and spatial organization of economic activities across the world. It
represents a traditional subfield of the discipline of geography. However, many
economists have also approached the field in ways more typical of the discipline
of economics.
• Economic geography has taken a variety of approaches to many different subject
matters, including the location of industries, economies of agglomeration (also
known as "linkages"), transportation, international trade, development, real
estate, gentrification, ethnic economies, gendered economies, core-periphery
theory, the economics of urban form, the relationship between the environment
and the economy (tying into a long history of geographers studying culture-
environment interaction), and globalization.

8. Relationship between Geography and
Economic Geography?
• This subject is a linkage between the geography and economics.
• The focus area of this lecture is to identify what trade and investment
opportunities offer by economic geography of Bangladesh.

9. Branches of Economic Geography
• Geography of Agriculture
✔This is the first branch which investigates the earth surface that has been
transformed by human activities which its main focus is on structures and
agricultural landscape. [Agriculture, Animal Farming, Forestry, Fishing].
• Geography of Industry
✔This branch entails the position or location of a particular industry, raw
materials, products, and distribution and how it affects its productivity.
[Manufacturing, Construction, Utilities].
• Geography of International Trade
✔International trade is trade done across international borders. The geography of
international trade studies both the patterns and theories used.

10. Branches of Economic Geography (cont…)
• Geography of Resources
✔This is another important branch which helps in the determining the location of
natural resources, its availability, and how it will satisfy human needs and wants.
[Mining and Quarrying].
• Geography of Transport and Communication
✔This branch investigates the movement and connection of people and goods
while trying to give an understanding of the complex transportation modes
available on earth’s surface.
• Geography of Finance
✔This branch mainly studies the geographic patterns of finance globally and focuses on
the creation of new financial centres in the world. It also studies how various factors such
as sovereignty and culture affects financial distribution.

11. Branches of Economic Geography
o Others
✔Housing services
✔Public Administration and services
✔Professional and miscellaneous services
✔International Transfers
✔Regional Features
✔Some socio-economic and environmental issues

12. Relevance And Practical Application
• Economic geography is a broad discipline and an essential element to both
geographers as well as economists.
• New economic geography takes into account all aspects to do with social,
cultural, and institutional factors.
• Therefore it is an important factor when understood and properly used, it is very
beneficial for productivity.

13. Economic Activity and National Income
Accounts
• Geography helps to understand the economic activities of a country.
National Income accounts show the record of economic activities of a
country.

14. Economic Activity and National Income
Accounts
• Agriculture 13.82% (Crop 7.68%, Fish 3.14%)
• Industry 30.18% (Manufacturing 18.99%)
• Service 56% (Real estate 7%, Retail 13.15%, Transport 9.61%,
Communication 11.11%)

15. Economic Sectors
• Agriculture-Crops
• Animal Farming (Livestock)
• Forestry
• Fisheries
• Mining and Quarrying
• Industries
• Construction
• Utilities (Electricity, Gas and Water)
• Transport
• Trade
• Housing Services
• Public Administration and services
• Banking and Insurance
• Professional and miscellaneous
services
• International Transfers
• Regional Features
• Some socio economic and
enviromental issues

16. Economic Sectors
• Agriculture - products:
• rice, jute, tea, wheat, sugarcane, potatoes, tobacco, pulses, oilseeds, spices, fruit; beef, milk,
poultry
• Industries:
• jute, cotton, garments, paper, leather, fertilizer, iron and steel, cement, petroleum products,
tobacco, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, tea, salt, sugar, edible oils, soap and detergent,
fabricated metal products, electricity, natural gas
• Industrial production growth rate:
• 9% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 20
• Labour force: 78.62 million (country comparison to the world: 7 )
• note: extensive export of labour to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Qatar, and Malaysia;
workers' remittances were $10.9 billion in FY09/10 (2013 est.)
• Labour force - by occupation:
• agriculture: 47%
• industry: 13%

17. Economic Activity and National Income
Accounts
• Business Implications
• Policy Implications

18. Bangladesh: Brief History

19. Geographical Features

20. Geographical Features
o BANGLADESH is a South-Asian small country. It's total area is about 1,47,570 sq
kilometres.
o The West Bengal of INDIA is situated in the West side of BANGLADESH. Meghalaya is to
the North, Assam, Tripura, and Mizoram is to the East of BANGLADESH.
o Three sides of BANGLADESH are covered with INDIA and South-East side is covered with
MYANMAR. BAY OF BENGAL is situated in the South side of BANGLADESH. Bangladesh
has open access to open ocean named 'The Bay Of Bengal’.
o So, BANGLADESH is enclose with India largely. More details? Click here

23. Major Natural Assets of Bangladesh
1. Bay of Bengal
2. The tropical climate.
3. The abundance of good soil.
4. Adequate of rainfall.
5. River flow.
6. Geographical location.
7. Large population

24. Bay of Bengal
• Bangladesh is known as a riverine country. We should try to emerge
as an oceanic country.
• Correlation between economic growth and geographical setting of a
country. [Few exceptions e.g. Austria and Switzerland]
• Bangladesh has tremendous opportunities due to the existence of
open access to the Bay of Bengal.
We have failed to utilize the
opportunity. [Myanmar and
Bangladesh Case]

25. Bay of Bengal
• When countries have open access to the ocean, they are naturally entitled
to many advantages:
• It faces less logistical, mercantile and geo-political problems like Afghanistan, Nepal,
Laos.
• Easy connectivity
• Access to natural resources [fish, salt, petroleum, other minerals]
• Few negative sides arise from having open access to the ocean
• Prone to natural calamity
• No spillover effects
• Oceanic countries have more GDP. Unfortunately, Bangladesh has failed to
capture its share.

26. What an ocean has to offer?
▪ 72% water and 28% land.
▪ 95% of Biosphere
▪ Produce oxygen, absorb carbon dioxide, recycle global nutrients and
regulate cilmate and temperature, source of protein.
▪ Food, livelihood, 80% of transport of trade, resources and blue energy.
▪ Healthy oceans are important for food security and economic growth.
▪ Food security for 9 billion people [2050] [ Food security means availability,
stability, access and utilization.]

27. What an ocean has to offer?
▪ Fisheries
▪ Acquaculture
▪ Tourism
▪ Ship building
▪ Port facilities
▪ Energy
▪ Biotenchnology
▪ Submarining mining
▪ Seaports
▪ Parmaceuticals
▪ Food
▪ Raw materials for many industries
▪ Seaweed, petroleum, gas, sand.

28. Bay of Bengal
• Marine dispute with Myanmar (2012)
and India (2014)
• Territorial Sea - 12 NM
• Contiguous Zone – 12 NM
• Exclusive Economic Zone – 200 NM
• Continental Shelf – 354 NM
• 1,18,813 sq. Km. – Total marine area.
• BD total resource – 81% (under sea)
and 19% (on land)
• 500 types fish [besides snails, shell fish,
crabs, sharks, octopus, 0ther animals]
• Available fish 8 million tons and we
catch 0.8 million tons
• SDG 14
• National Income [Indonesia and
Australia]
• Seaweed cultivation in Teknaf

29. Bay of Bengal
• Business Implications
• Policy Implications

30. Geographical Position
• Must utilize the opportunity to be near China and India.
• Should focus on BCIM economic corridor.
• Other land and port connectivity.
• Rohingya crisis.
• Manufacturing hub, transport hub, etc.

31. Geographical Position
• Business Implications
• Policy Implications

32. Population and Demographic Profile

33. Population and Demographic Profile
• Estimates of the Bangladeshi population vary, but UN data suggests 161,376,708
(162.9 million) in 2017.The 2011 census estimated 142.3 million, much less than
2007–2010 estimates of Bangladesh's population (150–170 million). Bangladesh
is the world's eighth-most-populous nation and the most densely-populated
large country in the world, ranking 7th in population density even when small
countries and city-states are included.
• The country's population-growth rate was among the highest in the world in the
1960s and 1970s, when its population grew from 65 to 110 million. With the
promotion of birth control in the 1980s, Bangladesh's growth rate began to slow.
Its total fertility rate is now 2.05, lower than India's (2.58) and Pakistan's (3.07).
The population is relatively young, with 34 percent aged 15 or younger and five
percent 65 or older. Life expectancy at birth was estimated at 72.49 years in
2016. According to the World Bank, as of 2016 14.8% of the country lives below
the international poverty line on less than $1.90 per day.
• Bengalis are 98 percent of the population. Of Bengalis, Muslims are the majority,
followed by Hindus, Christians and Buddhists.

34. Population and Demographic Profile
• The Adivasi population includes the Chakma, Marma, Tanchangya, Tripuri, Kuki,
Khiang, Khumi, Murang, Mru, Chak, Lushei, Bawm, Bishnupriya
Manipuri, Khasi, Jaintia, Garo, Santal, Munda and Oraon tribes. The Chittagong
Hill Tracts region experienced unrest and an insurgency from 1975 to 1997 in an
autonomy movement by its indigenous people. Although a peace accord was
signed in 1997, the region remains militarised.
• Bangladesh is home to a significant Ismaili community. It hosts many Urdu-
speaking immigrants, who migrated there after the partition of India. Stranded
Pakistanis were given citizenship by the Supreme Court in 2008.
• Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh number at around 1 million, making Bangladesh
one of the countries with the largest refugee populations in the world.

35. Population Indicators for Bangladesh (‘000s)

36. Population (Population
census 2011)
Census date
census
population
adjusted
population
(thousands) (thousands)
1901 28 928
1911 31 555
1921 33 255
1931 35 602
1941 41 997
1951 41 932
1961 50 840
1974 71 479 76 398
1981 87 120 89 912
1991 106 313 111 455
2001 124 355 130 523
15-Mar-11 142 319 152 518
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 72 109 796 71 933 901 144 043 697 100
0-4 7 638 523 7 423 447 15 061 970 10.46
05-09 9 322 514 8 850 715 18 173 229 12.62
10-14 8 614 889 8 031 726 16 646 615 11.56
15-19 6 509 492 6 352 398 12 861 890 8.93
20-24 5 777 370 7 522 419 13 299 789 9.23
25-29 6 225 252 7 254 256 13 479 508 9.36
30-34 5 079 106 5 420 659 10 499 765 7.29
35-39 4 697 349 4 859 079 9 556 428 6.63
40-44 4 280 923 3 980 739 8 261 662 5.74
45-49 3 363 273 3 016 800 6 380 073 4.43
50-54 2 952 596 2 599 675 5 552 271 3.85
55-59 1 923 534 1 577 463 3 500 997 2.43
60-64 2 081 306 1 852 708 3 934 014 2.73
65-69 1 149 569 963 921 2 113 490 1.47
70-74 1 206 398 1 025 314 2 231 712 1.55
75-79 488 338 386 389 874 727 0.61
80-84 443 239 436 840 880 079 0.61
85-89 138 268 124 343 262 611 0.18
90-94 116 916 133 273 250 189 0.17
95+ 100 941 121 737 222 678 0.15

37. Births and deaths
Period
Live births
per year
Deaths per
year
Natural
change per
year
CBR1 CDR1 NC1 TFR1 IMR1
1950-1955 1 963 000 852 000 1 111 000 48.3 20.9 27.4 6.36 165
1955-1960 2 252 000 921 000 1 332 000 48.2 19.7 28.5 6.62 156.5
1960-1965 2 560 000 994 000 1 566 000 47.5 18.4 29.1 6.8 151.2
1965-1970 2 950 000 1 090 000 1 860 000 47.3 17.5 29.8 6.91 144.4
1970-1975 3 193 000 1 847 000 1 346 000 46.5 26.9 19.6 6.91 175.6
1975-1980 3 381 000 1 153 000 2 229 000 44.7 15.2 29.5 6.65 138.3
1980-1985 3 670 000 1 151 000 2 519 000 42.4 13.3 29.1 5.99 122.5
1985-1990 3 767 000 1 115 000 2 652 000 38.1 11.3 26.8 5.02 104.4
1990-1995 3 709 000 1 057 000 2 653 000 33.3 9.5 23.8 4.1 90.6
1995-2000 3 598 000 986 000 2 612 000 29.1 8 21.1 3.41 73.8
2000-2005 3 432 000 934 000 2 498 000 25.4 6.9 18.5 2.87 59.3
2005-2010 3 107 000 905 000 2 202 000 21.5 6.3 15.2 2.38 49
1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total
fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

38. Demographic Dividends
• The demographic dividend can be defined as the potential economic
benefit offered by changes in the age structure of the population
during the demographic transition, when there is an increase in
working age population and an associated decline in the dependent
age population.
• Population trends in Bangladesh show that Bangladesh is well into third
phase of demographic transition, having shifted from a high mortality-high
fertility regime to a low mortality-low fertility one.
• As a result of declining population growth and consequent changes in age
structure, the proportion of working age population is increasing in
Bangladesh, offering a window of economic opportunity.

39. Benefits of Demographic Dividend
• Four interconnected mechanisms responsible for demographic
dividend resulting in economic return - Labour Supply, Savings,
Human Capital, Domestic market expansion.
Factors that lead to Demographic Dividend
• Health
• Education
• Economics
• Governance

40. The country which was a ‘basket case’, now,
being termed as the new ‘Asian Tiger’. This
country is now ‘out of the basket’.

41. Tropical Climate
• A large part of Bangladesh lies in Torrid Zone. So, Bangladesh is
having a tropical climate.
• High heat and high Rainfall.
• Oct –March (Winter); March – June (Summer); Jun – Oct (Monsoon)
• Coldest month – January (Average: below 100 C); Hottest month –
April (Around 300 -400 C)

42. Tropical Climate
• Business Implications
• Policy Implications

43. Abundance of Good Soil
• 1/10 is hilly land.
• 4/5 land is suitable for intensive agriculture.
• We have pressure for production due to the population size.
• Farmers are using more chemical fertilizers. They should be
encouraged to use organic fertilizer.

44. Abundance of Good Soil
• Business Implications
• Policy Implications

45. Adequate Rainfall
• At least 2000 mm of rainfall per year in most of the regions.
• Rajshahi area – average below 1600 mm
• 80% rainfall in monsoon time.
• Himalayan side receives more rainfall (more than 4000 mm per year)
• At Sylhet the rainfall average is 4180 mm, near the foot of the abrupt
Meghalaya Plateau at Sunamganj it is 5330 mm, and at Lalakhal 6400
mm, the highest in Bangladesh.

46. https://bit.ly/35HGS3b

47. Adequate Rainfall
• Business Implications
• Policy Implications

48. River Flow
• River connectivity must be developed.

49. River Flow
• Business Implications
• Policy Implications

50. Politics and Government

51. Education

52. Education
Bangladesh has a literacy rate of 72.9 percent as of 2018: 75.7% for males and 70.09% for females. The country's
educational system is three-tiered and heavily subsidised, with the government operating many schools at the primary,
secondary and higher-secondary levels and subsidising many private schools. In the tertiary-education sector, the
Bangladeshi government funds over 45 state universities through the University Grants Commission.

53. Language
Today, the Bengali language standard is prescribed by the Bangla Academy in
Bangladesh. More than 98 percent of people in Bangladesh speak Bengali as
their native language

54. Religion

55. Culture

56. Health

57. Sports

58. Economic Development
• The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Bangladesh expanded 6.51 percent in 2015
from the previous year. GDP Growth Rate in Bangladesh averaged 5.66 percent
from 1994 until 2015, reaching an all time high of 6.63 percent in 2006 and a
record low of 4.08 percent in 1994. GDP Growth Rate in Bangladesh is reported
by the Bangladesh Bank.
• Bangladesh is considered as a developing economy.
• Almost one-third of Bangladesh’s 160m people live in extreme poverty. In the
last decade, the country has recorded GDP growth rates above 5 percent due to
development of microcredit and garment industry.
• Although three fifths of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector,
three quarters of exports revenues come from producing ready-made garments.
• The biggest obstacles to sustainable development in Bangladesh are
overpopulation, poor infrastructure, corruption, political instability and a slow
implementation of economic reforms.
http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/057b0f3b_a9e8_4fde_b3a6_6daec3
853586/F2_GDP_2017_18.pdf

59. Economic Development
Bangladesh has the world's 39th largest economy in terms of market exchange
rates and 29th largest in terms of purchasing power parity, which ranks second
in South Asia after India. Bangladesh is also one of the world's fastest-growing
economies and one of the fastest growing middle-income countries.
The country has a market-based mixed economy. A developing nation, Bangladesh is
one of the Next Eleven emerging markets. According to the IMF, its per-capita income
was US$1,906 in 2019, with a GDP of $317 billion. Bangladesh has the second-
highest foreign-exchange reserves in South Asia (after India).
The Bangladeshi diaspora contributed $15.31 billion in remittances in
2015. Bangladesh's largest trading partners are the European Union, the United States,
Japan, India, Australia, China and ASEAN. Expat workers in the Middle East and
Southeast Asia send back a large chunk of remittances. The economy is driven by
strong domestic demand.

60. Bangladesh GDP

62. GDP Growth
The Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) in Bangladesh
expanded 7.11 percent in
2016 from the previous year.
This indicator has been
discontinued and replaced
by Bangladesh GDP Annual
Growth Rate. GDP Growth
Rate in Bangladesh
averaged 5.69 percent from
1994 until 2016, reaching an
all time high of 7.11 percent
in 2016 and a record low of
4.08 percent in 1994.

63. GDP Comparison
https://tradingeconomics.com
• GDP in Bangladesh is expected to be 267.00 USD Billion by the end of June
2019 quarter, according to Trading Economics global macro models and
analysts' expectations. In the long-term, the Bangladesh GDP is projected
to trend around 305.00 USD Billion in 2020, according to our econometric
models.
• GDP in Pakistan is expected to be 315.00 USD Billion by the end of June
2019 quarter, according to Trading Economics global macro models and
analysts' expectations. In the long-term, the Pakistan GDP is projected to
trend around 360.00 USD Billion in 2020, according to our econometric
models.
• The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in India was worth 2600.82 billion US
dollars in 2017.

68. GDP From Agriculture in Bangladesh increased to 9922.80 BDT Million in 2016 from 9748 BDT
Million in 2015. GDP From Agriculture in Bangladesh averaged 8622.84 BDT Million from 2006 until
2016, reaching an all time high of 9922.80 BDT Million in 2016 and a record low of 7017.10 BDT
Million in 2006.

69. GDP From Manufacturing in Bangladesh increased to 17600.10 BDT Million in 2016 from 15956.80
BDT Million in 2015. GDP From Manufacturing in Bangladesh averaged 11632.78 BDT Million from
2006 until 2016, reaching an all time high of 17600.10 BDT Million in 2016 and a record low of
7383.40 BDT Million in 2006.

70. • The Gross Domestic Product per capita in Bangladesh was last recorded at 1029.60 US dollars in 2016. The GDP per
Capita in Bangladesh is equivalent to 8 percent of the world's average. GDP per capita in Bangladesh averaged 487.18
USD from 1960 until 2016, reaching an all time high of 1029.60 USD in 2016 and a record low of 317.70 USD in 1972.
The Gross Domestic Product per capita in Bangladesh was last recorded at 3319.40 US dollars in 2016, when adjusted by
purchasing power parity (PPP). The GDP per Capita, in Bangladesh, when adjusted by Purchasing Power Parity is
equivalent to 19 percent of the world's average. GDP per capita PPP in Bangladesh averaged 1985.74 USD from 1990 until
2016, reaching an all time high of 3319.40 USD in 2016 and a record low of 1287.90 USD in 1990.

71. Gross Fixed Capital Formation in Bangladesh increased to 2829687 BDT Billion in 2016 from 2598219 BDT
Billion in 2015. Gross Fixed Capital Formation in Bangladesh averaged 2515352.25 BDT Million from 2013 until
2016, reaching an all time high of 2829687.00 BDT Million in 2016 and a record low of 2207954.00 BDT Million
in 2013.

73. Bangladesh Consumer Price Index (CPI)
• Consumer Price Index CPI in Bangladesh increased to 226.57 Index Points in August from 224.13 Index
Points in July of 2016. Consumer Price Index CPI in Bangladesh averaged 114.82 Index Points from 1993 until
2016, reaching an all time high of 226.57 Index Points in August of 2016 and a record low of 51.99 Index
Points in July of 1993. Consumer Price Index CPI in Bangladesh is reported by the Bangladesh Bureau of
Statistics.
• In Bangladesh, the Consumer Price Index or CPI measures changes in the prices paid by consumers for a
basket of goods and services. Bangladesh Consumer Price Index (CPI) - actual values, historical data,
forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news. Bangladesh Consumer Price Index (CPI) - actual data,
historical chart and calendar of releases - was last updated on September of 2016.
Bangladesh Prices Last Previous Highest Lowest Unit
Inflation Rate 5.37 5.4 16 -0.03 percent
Consumer Price Index CPI 226.57 224.13 226.57 51.99 Index Points
GDP Deflator 174.42 174.42 224.46 126.35 percent
Producer Prices 2180 2082 2180 1233 Index Points
Export Prices 182.34 172.09 182.34 78.9 Index Points
Import Prices 211.9 200.37 211.9 89.9 Index Points
Inflation Rate Mom 1.54 0.27 2.08 -1.44 percent
Food Inflation 4.35 4.23 9.09 3.77 percent
Cpi Transportation 207.56 207.41 207.56 131.01 Index Points

74. Bangladesh Consumer Spending
• Consumer Spending in Bangladesh increased to 11760.15 BDT Billion in 2015 from 10344.30 BDT Billion in
2014. Consumer Spending in Bangladesh averaged 5718.81 BDT Billion from 2003 until 2015, reaching an all
time high of 11760.15 BDT Billion in 2015 and a record low of 1742.40 BDT Billion in 2003. Consumer
Spending in Bangladesh is reported by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
• Bangladesh Consumer Spending - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar
and news. Bangladesh Consumer Spending - actual data, historical chart and calendar of releases - was last
updated on September of 2016.
Bangladesh Consumer Last Previous Highest Lowest Unit
Consumer Spending 11760.15 10344.3 11760.15 1742.4 BDT Billion
Disposable Personal Income 52321.01 53026.23 53026.23 6808 BDT THO
Personal Savings 3375.8 3164.9 3375.8 177.4 BDT Billion
Private Sector Credit 6493.75 6342.38 6493.75 498.27 BDT Billion
Consumer Credit 8000.11 7732.1 8000.11 220.17 BDT Billion

75. Bangladesh Disposable Personal Income
• Disposable Personal Income in
Bangladesh decreased to 52321.01
BDT THO in 2015 from 53026.23 BDT
THO in 2014. Disposable Personal
Income in Bangladesh averaged
21464.28 BDT THO from 1990 until
2015, reaching an all time high of
53026.23 BDT THO in 2014 and a
record low of 6808 BDT THO in 1990.
• Bangladesh Disposable Personal
Income - actual values, historical
data, forecast, chart, statistics,
economic calendar and news.
Bangladesh Disposable Personal
Income - actual data, historical chart
and calendar of releases - was last
updated on September of 2016.

76. Utilities (Electricity, Gas and Water)

77. Electricity
Electricity Production in Bangladesh decreased to 4339
Gigawatt-hour in December from 4712 Gigawatt-hour in
November of 2018. Electricity Production in Bangladesh
averaged 4201.90 Gigawatt-hour from 2013 until 2018,
reaching an all time high of 6534 Gigawatt-hour in
September of 2018 and a record low of 2457 Gigawatt-
hour in January of 2013.

78. Transport System

79. Transport System
Transport is a major sector of the economy. Aviation has grown rapidly, and is dominated by the flag
carrier Biman Bangladesh Airlines and other privately owned airlines. Bangladesh has a number of
airports including three international and several domestic STOL (short takeoff and landing) airports. The
busiest, Shahjalal International Airport connects Dhaka with major destinations.
Bangladesh has a 2,706-kilometre (1,681-mile) long rail network operated by the state-owned Bangladesh
Railway. The total length of the country's road and highway network is nearly 21,000 kilometers (13,000 miles).
With 8,046 kilometres (5,000 miles) of navigable waters, Bangladesh has one of the largest
inland waterway networks in the world. The southeastern port of Chittagong is its busiest seaport, handling
over $60 billion in annual trade (more than 80 percent of the country's export-import commerce). The second-
busiest seaport is Mongla. Bangladesh has three seaports and 22 river ports.

81. Foreign Policy of Bangladesh
• The Foreign Policy of Bangladesh emanates from the following provisions
of the Bangladesh Constitution.
1. The State shall base its international relations on the principles of respect for
national sovereignty and equality, non-interference in the internal affairs of other
countries, peaceful settlements of international disputes, and respect for
international law and the principles enunciated in the United Nations Charter, and
on the basis of those principles shall-
a) Strive for the renunciation of the use of force in international relations and for general and
complete disarmament;
b) Uphold the right of every people freely to determine and build up its own social, economic
and political system by ways and means of its own free choice; and
c) Support oppressed peoples throughout the world waging a just struggle against
imperialism, colonialism or racialism.
2. The state shall endeavour to consolidate, preserve and strengthen fraternal
relations among Muslim countries based on Islamic solidarity.

82. Some Changes after Liberation
• Contribution to the GDP – shifted to the Service sector from the
Agriculture sector.
• Agriculture method has been changed.
• Food security has been confirmed. Boro production hampers the fisheries
industry.
• Communication system – still poor
• Growth of RMG hampers the export of Jute products in the early 1980s

83. Some Changes after Liberation
• Women empowerment leads to more economic growth.
• Pioneer to women empowerment – RMG and NGOs
• Electricity production depends on natural gas
• Rural to urban ratio has been increased.
• Migration to the middle east after the liberation war

84. Growth Statement
• There is no doubt that Bangladesh is having continuous economic growth,
but the speed of growth is not at the highest potential level.
• Economic growth that could have been achieved by 20 years took almost
fifty years.
• We are developing every day. Soon, Bangladesh is going to be graduated
under a lower middle-income country. Bangladesh is an untapped market
for the world. Every year many people are entering into the middle class.
So, investment in this country will come automatically.

85. Sustainable Development
1. Best use of land (Connectivity, Economic Corridor)
1. Best use of River/Ocean (Blue Economy)
1. Best use of People [reaping potentiality of Demographic dividend]

86. China
• China is vacating a large world market share in the labor-intensive
area. Bangladesh must take prompt action to capture the vacated
position as much as possible. To capture the vacated position, we
should focus on:
• Developing transport system
• Developing infrastructure
• And skilled human pools

87. Japan

88. Reading
https://bit.ly/3hAsxrP
https://bit.ly/3cfmRCF
https://bit.ly/2FELZX2
https://bit.ly/2E6aTOZ
https://bit.ly/3mp3U4V
https://bit.ly/2E4Pzt2
https://bit.ly/2FDO0D1
https://bit.ly/35GMmLJ
https://bit.ly/3kn1emr
https://bit.ly/3hDbaqh
https://bit.ly/3iAZuWn
https://bit.ly/3c3vrnA
https://bit.ly/2FrS3CJ
https://bit.ly/33zWl2Q
https://bit.ly/2FKNfIo

89. Reading
• https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/economics/blue-economy-are-we-
ready-it-1575823
• https://bit.ly/3kwSOcm
• https://bit.ly/3hMKuU0
• https://bit.ly/3ceLCyJ
• https://bit.ly/3hSrXFL
• https://bit.ly/3chhRNR

90. Reading
• https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/2020/08/22/op-ed-talking-
about-a-revolution
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23295854_Population_Challen
ges_for_Bangladesh_in_the_Coming_Decades
• https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/demographic-dividend-a-
roadmap-to-progress-1600268169
• https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/opinions/realising-full-potential-
of-demographic-dividend-1585757824
• https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/increase-investments-in-human-
capital-to-utilise-bangladeshs-demographic-dividend-seminar/42058

91. Reading
• https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/politics-climate-
change/news/capturing-the-demographic-dividend-while-tackling-climate-
change-1863514
• https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/perspective/news/demographic-
dividend-could-turn-demographic-disaster-1709272
• https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/opinions/realising-full-potential-
of-demographic-dividend-1585757824
• https://bea-bd.org/site/images/pdf/40.pdf
• https://cpd.org.bd/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PB-16-Harnessing-
Demographic-Dividend-Dynamics-of-Youth-Labour-in-Bangladesh.pdf

92. Reading
• https://globaljournals.org/GJHSS_Volume16/2-Reaping-Demographic-
Dividend.pdf
• https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/regional-blocs-the-benefit-of-
banding-together-1599242117
• https://tbsnews.net/economy/tipu-enhancing-regional-connectivity-
achieve-sdg-target-122107
• https://www.daily-
sun.com/printversion/details/500843/%E2%80%98Regional-connectivity-
must-for-attaining-SDGs%E2%80%99

93. Homework