The cosmological argument
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This document outlines the cosmological argument and various philosophical perspectives on it. The cosmological argument proposes that the universe must have an explanation for its existence, and that God provides the best explanation as something that requires no further explanation. Thinkers like Aquinas, Leibniz, and Copleston proposed versions of the argument. More recently, the Kalam cosmological argument posits that the universe could not be past eternal and therefore requires a cause. The document also discusses strengths like its logical coherence, and weaknesses such as whether the first premise that the universe requires an explanation can be assumed. It concludes by mentioning skeptical philosophies of Hume and Kant regarding causality and the limits of human knowledge.
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Aristotle & the cosmological argument
This document provides an overview of the cosmological argument for the existence of God. It discusses how the argument seeks to prove God's existence based on observing the universe and concluding that it must have been created by a first cause or prime mover. It outlines Aristotle's view of an "unmoved mover" as the prime source responsible for beginning the chain of causes and effects in the world. For Aristotle, this prime mover was God, though Aristotle's God differs from the classical theistic view of God as an eternal, omnipotent creator separate from the universe.
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2. Thomas Aquinas proposed five ways to demonstrate God's existence through an unmoved mover, an uncaused cause, possibility and necessity, degrees of quality, and design.
3. David Hume and Bertrand Russell objected that we cannot infer a cause for the universe since we have not observed its creation and it may be eternal and self-existent.
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If you found this useful, please make sure to give it a like!
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Umar Ibn Al-Khattab (رضي الله عنه) His Life and Times By Ali Muhammad Sallaabee.
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In the Name of Allâh, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful
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Biography of Abu Bakr As-Siddeeq (رضي الله عنه) By Ali Muhammad Sallaabee.
---
From the day he embraced Islam until the day he died, Abu Bakr As-Siddique (Radhi Allahu Anhu - May Allah be Pleased with Him) was the ideal Muslim, surpassing all other Companions in every sphere of life. During the Prophet's lifetime, Abu Bakr was an exemplary soldier on the battlefield; upon the Prophet's death, Abu Bakr (R) remained steadfast and, through the help of Allah, held this nation together. When others suggested keeping Usaamah's army back, Abu Bakr insisted - and correctly so - that the army should continue the mission which the Prophet (S) had in mind. When people refused to pay Zakaat, and when the apostates threatened the stability of the Muslim nation, Abu Bakr was the one who remained firm and took decisive action against them. These are just some of the examples of Abu Bakr's many wonderful achievements throughout his life. I have endeavored to describe all of the above in a clear and organized manner. But more so than anything else, I have tried to show how Abu Bakr's methodology as a Muslim and as a ruler helped establish the foundations of a strong, stable, and prosperous country - one that began in Al-Madeenah, extended throughout the Arabian Peninsula, and then reached far-off lands outside of Arabia.
Throughout the brief period of his caliphate (about 2 years), Abu Bakr As-Siddiq (R) faced both internal and external challenges; the former mainly involved quelling the apostate factions of Arabia and establishing justice and peace among the citizens of the Muslim nation; and the latter mainly involved expanding the borders of the Muslim nation by spreading the message of Islam to foreign nations and conquering those nations that stood in the way of the propagation of Islam.
During the era of his caliphate, Khalifah Abu Bakr As Siddeeq (R) sent out armies that achieved important conquests; for example, under the command of Khaalid ibn Al-Waleed (R) the Muslim army gained an important victory in Iraq. And the Muslim army achieved other important victories under the commands of Al-Muthannah ibn Haarithah (R) and Al-Qa'qaa ibn 'Amr (R). In short, the victories achieved during the era of Abu Bakr's Caliphate paved the way for victories that later took place after Abu Bakr's death. I have tried to analyze the above-mentioned conquests and to break down the reasons why they were such monumental successes. I particularly pointed out Abu Bakr's contributions to those conquests: His military strategy, the leaders he chose, the letters through which he communicated with them, and so on.
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Aristotle Revision Summary
For AS Level Philosophy, however, again like my other uploads, it is useful for A2 Philosophy because understanding of Aristotle's concepts is crucial to be able to hold an argument in A2 essays so this is just a brief revision summary.
If you found this useful, please make sure to give it a like!
Thank you !!!
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Umar Ibn Al-Khattab (رضي الله عنه) His Life and Times By Ali Muhammad Sallaabee.
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The second caliph of Islam, ‘Umar ibn al-Khattâb faced more struggles than any other Muslim leader in the early onset of Islam. His life began in a time of ignorance and ended during the Golden Age of Islam. Under his leadership, the Muslim world was witnessing some of its most notable conquests in the history of Islam. The strength and resilience of Islam’s leaders were being tested, and ‘Umar ibn al-Khattâb’s true commitment to Allah shone to reveal an Islamic spirit unlike that found in any other Muslim leader. The standards by which he lived can teach us a lot about determination, hardship, and success.
This book was translated into English by Nasiruddin al-Khattab. From the Translator:
For those who would be leaders, this book offers the model of an ideal Muslim leader, one who felt responsible before Allah for the well being of all those under his rule, including his troops, women, infants, non-Muslim subjects and even animals. ‘Umar was a 'hands on' leader who kept himself informed and consulted scholars and experts before every major decision.
For the rest of us, this book offers a window into an exciting and important period of Islamic history, and it also reminds of an important lesson, that our strength comes not from wealth or money or status, but from our submission to Allah and our commitment to the path of Islam.
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In the Name of Allâh, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful
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Biography of Abu Bakr As-Siddeeq (رضي الله عنه) By Ali Muhammad Sallaabee.
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From the day he embraced Islam until the day he died, Abu Bakr As-Siddique (Radhi Allahu Anhu - May Allah be Pleased with Him) was the ideal Muslim, surpassing all other Companions in every sphere of life. During the Prophet's lifetime, Abu Bakr was an exemplary soldier on the battlefield; upon the Prophet's death, Abu Bakr (R) remained steadfast and, through the help of Allah, held this nation together. When others suggested keeping Usaamah's army back, Abu Bakr insisted - and correctly so - that the army should continue the mission which the Prophet (S) had in mind. When people refused to pay Zakaat, and when the apostates threatened the stability of the Muslim nation, Abu Bakr was the one who remained firm and took decisive action against them. These are just some of the examples of Abu Bakr's many wonderful achievements throughout his life. I have endeavored to describe all of the above in a clear and organized manner. But more so than anything else, I have tried to show how Abu Bakr's methodology as a Muslim and as a ruler helped establish the foundations of a strong, stable, and prosperous country - one that began in Al-Madeenah, extended throughout the Arabian Peninsula, and then reached far-off lands outside of Arabia.
Throughout the brief period of his caliphate (about 2 years), Abu Bakr As-Siddiq (R) faced both internal and external challenges; the former mainly involved quelling the apostate factions of Arabia and establishing justice and peace among the citizens of the Muslim nation; and the latter mainly involved expanding the borders of the Muslim nation by spreading the message of Islam to foreign nations and conquering those nations that stood in the way of the propagation of Islam.
During the era of his caliphate, Khalifah Abu Bakr As Siddeeq (R) sent out armies that achieved important conquests; for example, under the command of Khaalid ibn Al-Waleed (R) the Muslim army gained an important victory in Iraq. And the Muslim army achieved other important victories under the commands of Al-Muthannah ibn Haarithah (R) and Al-Qa'qaa ibn 'Amr (R). In short, the victories achieved during the era of Abu Bakr's Caliphate paved the way for victories that later took place after Abu Bakr's death. I have tried to analyze the above-mentioned conquests and to break down the reasons why they were such monumental successes. I particularly pointed out Abu Bakr's contributions to those conquests: His military strategy, the leaders he chose, the letters through which he communicated with them, and so on.
صـلاة بشائر الخيرات للشيخ عبد القادر الجيلاني┇Salat al-Bashair al-Khairat Sha...
صـلاة بشائر الخيرات للشيخ عبد القادر الجيلاني┇Salat al-Bashair al-Khairat Sha...Caller To Islam / الداعية الإسلامي
صـلاة بشائر الخيرات للشيخ عبد القادر الجيلاني┇Salat al-Bashair al-Khairat Shaikh Abdul QadirAristotle (384-322 BCE)
1) Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher who made many contributions across various fields like logic, metaphysics, biology and ethics.
2) He was a student of Plato and rejected some of Plato's theories like theory of forms.
3) Aristotle wrote over 200 treatises of which only 31 survive today. He classified areas of knowledge into disciplines and developed one of the first formal systems of reasoning.
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Plato had influential ideas about education and philosophy. He believed that education should determine each individual's natural abilities and direct them towards occupations that suit their talents. The goal of education is to cultivate wisdom and virtue through developing people's minds and characters. Plato emphasized the importance of teachers who lead students towards truth and intellectual growth. He advocated an educational system where children are motivated to learn through play and enjoyment from a young age.
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- 2. SECTION 1
- 3. Cosmos = universe Aposteriori, inductive. INTRO
- 4. KEY IDEAS Must accept universe is intelligible Must question universe God is supreme and requires no explanation, the universe does.
- 5. AQUINAS – WAY 1, 2 & 3 Motion = first mover Cause = first cause Contingency = creator.
- 6. LEIBNIZ Principle of sufficient reason “Nothing takes place without a sufficient reason” Known / unknown explanation for everything.
- 7. COPLESTON Some things in the world do not contain within themselves the reason for their own existence The explanation is separate and outside of the world This is God.
- 8. KALAM / W. L. CRAIG Muslim scholars, 9th century WLC: “The Kalam Cosmological Argument Present cannot exist in an infinite universe.
- 9. SECTION 2
- 10. S - SCIENCE HAS NO ALTERNATIVE Science has not yet discovered an alternative explanation. We live in a scientifically developed age…
- 11. S - LOGICAL AND COHERENT Each step builds in the previous It is possible to either agree or disagree, not both.
- 12. S - RELATABLE We all experience the universe.
- 13. S - ANY / NO RELIGION The Kalam Argument proves this This makes it even more relatable.
- 14. W – FIRST PREMISE FAILS If you don’t question the universe. Bertrand Russell – “Ultimate Brute Fact,” “Just there, and that’s all,” C/R debate
- 15. W – NON-BELIEVERS? The argument raises more questions It is logically flawed and contradictory.
- 16. W – BBT COULD BE WRONG It is only a theory The entire argument would then be wrong Oscillating universe.
- 17. W – DAVID HUME & I. KANT Hume – we never experience causation, it is an illusion born out of habit We cannot speculate about what we have never experienced Kant – We cannot transcend the bounds of our experience.