The Communist Party and the First United Front
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The document discusses the founding of the Communist Party of China and its early collaboration with the Chinese nationalist party known as the Guomindang or GMD in the First United Front from 1922 to 1927. The United Front was formed in China to end warlordism and saw cooperation between the Communist Party led by figures like Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai and the GMD headed by Sun Yat Sen initially and later Chiang Kai Shek, with advisers from the Soviet Union also playing a role.
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Guomingdang
The Guomindang/Kuomintang (KMT) was founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1894 as the Revive China Society to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and establish a republic. Sun helped plan the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that established the Republic of China, but he lacked military support. Under Chiang Kai-shek's leadership, the KMT became anti-communist and sought to reduce foreign influence in China. A civil war between the KMT and Chinese Communist Party began in 1927 and ended in 1937 when they allied against Japan, but ultimately resulted in separate governments in Taiwan and mainland China after 1949. Today the KMT remains influential in Taiwan and advocates Sun Yat-sen's
100 Flower Campaign
Mao established a one-party state in China from 1949-1957 through a series of political changes and campaigns:
1) He suppressed all other political parties and purged potential opponents through accusations of being "counter-revolutionaries" or "imperialists".
2) He instituted "thought reform" through campaigns like studying Mao's writings and public self-criticism to control ideological debate and the party.
3) After encouraging criticism through the Hundred Flowers Campaign, Mao then reversed course and persecuted critics in the Anti-Rightist Campaign, eliminating intellectual opposition and instilling fear in society.
The Democracy Movement
Here is a timeline of key events in China from 1911-1989 with explanations of the most important events:
1911 - Xinhai Revolution overthrows the Qing dynasty, establishing the Republic of China
1949 - Communist Party led by Mao Zedong defeats the Nationalists in civil war, establishes the People's Republic of China
1958-1962 - Great Leap Forward leads to famine killing tens of millions due to failed economic policies
1966-1976 - Cultural Revolution causes widespread social and economic disruption under Mao's rule
1976 - Mao Zedong dies, ending his authoritarian leadership
1978 - Deng Xiaoping rises to power, introduces market-oriented reforms (most important event, began
The Northern Expeditions
1. The Northern Expedition led by the Guomindang armies took control of major cities in China from 1926-1927 but faced resistance from warlords and could not establish full control over the country.
2. In 1927, the Guomindang turned on their Communist allies and massacred them in Shanghai and other cities, forcing the Communists to retreat to rural bases like the Jiangxi Soviet.
3. While the Guomindang nominally unified northern China by 1928 with the help of warlords, real control was limited as warlords still held power in their own territories and the Communists grew stronger in the countryside, gaining peasant support through land reforms. The Guomindang struggled to establish authority
Civil War - 1945-49
The document discusses the Chinese Civil War between the Communist Party of China (CCP) and the nationalist Kuomintang (GMD) from 1946-1949. It examines their differing aims and policies. The CCP aimed to empower peasants by reducing rents and taxes, banning outdated practices, and establishing women's groups. They gained widespread rural support. In contrast, the GMD struggled with inflation, worker strikes, and unrest in the cities they controlled. Ultimately, the CCP's shift to conventional warfare tactics in their "Strong Point Offensive" allowed them to defeat the GMD and take control of China by 1949.
The First Northern Expedition and the Shanghai Massacre
The document summarizes the First Northern Expedition led by Chiang Kai-shek from 1926-1928 to conquer China and defeat the warlords. It was initially successful with political agents gaining support and key areas captured with little resistance. However, the campaign had limited long term success as many warlords kept private armies and power. The document also describes the Shanghai Massacre of 1927 where Chiang purged communists from the cities, with hundreds arrested, tortured, and shot in an attempt to minimize CCP power and influence.
New Tide and May 4th Movement
The May 4th Movement of 1919 was a student-led protest against decisions made at the Paris Peace Conference that saw China receive no concessions while Japan gained territory. Students boycotted Japanese goods to end foreign control in China and force changes to social policies. The 1911 Revolution had replaced the monarchy with another authoritarian system, betraying promises of the revolution. Beginning in 1916, the New Tide movement sought to introduce new ideas of freedom, equal rights, and science like Marxism to further revolutionize China and end foreign domination, led by figures like Hu Shi and Lu Xun.
Civil War - 1945-49
The document provides background information on the Chinese Civil War between the Communist Party of China (CCP) and the Kuomintang (GMD) nationalist party. It examines why the CCP was ultimately victorious over the GMD in 1949. Key reasons for the CCP's success included that they offered land reform that appealed to peasants, built strong rural bases of support, and effectively utilized guerilla warfare tactics. Meanwhile, the GMD faced issues of corruption, economic problems in the cities they controlled, and an inability to counter the CCP's shifting military strategies. By 1949, the CCP had defeated the GMD and established control over most of China, culminating in the founding of the People's Republic of China
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Guomingdang
The Guomindang/Kuomintang (KMT) was founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1894 as the Revive China Society to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and establish a republic. Sun helped plan the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that established the Republic of China, but he lacked military support. Under Chiang Kai-shek's leadership, the KMT became anti-communist and sought to reduce foreign influence in China. A civil war between the KMT and Chinese Communist Party began in 1927 and ended in 1937 when they allied against Japan, but ultimately resulted in separate governments in Taiwan and mainland China after 1949. Today the KMT remains influential in Taiwan and advocates Sun Yat-sen's
100 Flower Campaign
Mao established a one-party state in China from 1949-1957 through a series of political changes and campaigns:
1) He suppressed all other political parties and purged potential opponents through accusations of being "counter-revolutionaries" or "imperialists".
2) He instituted "thought reform" through campaigns like studying Mao's writings and public self-criticism to control ideological debate and the party.
3) After encouraging criticism through the Hundred Flowers Campaign, Mao then reversed course and persecuted critics in the Anti-Rightist Campaign, eliminating intellectual opposition and instilling fear in society.
The Democracy Movement
Here is a timeline of key events in China from 1911-1989 with explanations of the most important events:
1911 - Xinhai Revolution overthrows the Qing dynasty, establishing the Republic of China
1949 - Communist Party led by Mao Zedong defeats the Nationalists in civil war, establishes the People's Republic of China
1958-1962 - Great Leap Forward leads to famine killing tens of millions due to failed economic policies
1966-1976 - Cultural Revolution causes widespread social and economic disruption under Mao's rule
1976 - Mao Zedong dies, ending his authoritarian leadership
1978 - Deng Xiaoping rises to power, introduces market-oriented reforms (most important event, began
The Northern Expeditions
1. The Northern Expedition led by the Guomindang armies took control of major cities in China from 1926-1927 but faced resistance from warlords and could not establish full control over the country.
2. In 1927, the Guomindang turned on their Communist allies and massacred them in Shanghai and other cities, forcing the Communists to retreat to rural bases like the Jiangxi Soviet.
3. While the Guomindang nominally unified northern China by 1928 with the help of warlords, real control was limited as warlords still held power in their own territories and the Communists grew stronger in the countryside, gaining peasant support through land reforms. The Guomindang struggled to establish authority
Civil War - 1945-49
The document discusses the Chinese Civil War between the Communist Party of China (CCP) and the nationalist Kuomintang (GMD) from 1946-1949. It examines their differing aims and policies. The CCP aimed to empower peasants by reducing rents and taxes, banning outdated practices, and establishing women's groups. They gained widespread rural support. In contrast, the GMD struggled with inflation, worker strikes, and unrest in the cities they controlled. Ultimately, the CCP's shift to conventional warfare tactics in their "Strong Point Offensive" allowed them to defeat the GMD and take control of China by 1949.
The First Northern Expedition and the Shanghai Massacre
The document summarizes the First Northern Expedition led by Chiang Kai-shek from 1926-1928 to conquer China and defeat the warlords. It was initially successful with political agents gaining support and key areas captured with little resistance. However, the campaign had limited long term success as many warlords kept private armies and power. The document also describes the Shanghai Massacre of 1927 where Chiang purged communists from the cities, with hundreds arrested, tortured, and shot in an attempt to minimize CCP power and influence.
New Tide and May 4th Movement
The May 4th Movement of 1919 was a student-led protest against decisions made at the Paris Peace Conference that saw China receive no concessions while Japan gained territory. Students boycotted Japanese goods to end foreign control in China and force changes to social policies. The 1911 Revolution had replaced the monarchy with another authoritarian system, betraying promises of the revolution. Beginning in 1916, the New Tide movement sought to introduce new ideas of freedom, equal rights, and science like Marxism to further revolutionize China and end foreign domination, led by figures like Hu Shi and Lu Xun.
Civil War - 1945-49
The document provides background information on the Chinese Civil War between the Communist Party of China (CCP) and the Kuomintang (GMD) nationalist party. It examines why the CCP was ultimately victorious over the GMD in 1949. Key reasons for the CCP's success included that they offered land reform that appealed to peasants, built strong rural bases of support, and effectively utilized guerilla warfare tactics. Meanwhile, the GMD faced issues of corruption, economic problems in the cities they controlled, and an inability to counter the CCP's shifting military strategies. By 1949, the CCP had defeated the GMD and established control over most of China, culminating in the founding of the People's Republic of China
Warlord China, 1912-27
Yuan Shi Kai dissolved the elected National Assembly in 1914 and ruled as a dictator, becoming increasingly unpopular. After his death in 1916, China fell into a period of warlordism as regional military leaders fought for control. During this era from 1916-1927, the central government collapsed and the country saw brutal warfare, rampant taxation, and economic problems. Law and order broke down as the warlords prioritized gaining territory over people's welfare.
War with Japan
The document discusses Japan's invasion of China in the early 20th century. It provides background on Japan's increasing control over areas of China from 1895. It then examines the reasons for Japan's full invasion of Manchuria in 1931, including Japan viewing China as weak and seeking to replace it as Asia's dominant power. The document also looks at the impact of the Japanese invasion on China, including the brutal Nanjing Massacre that sought to terrify the Chinese population into submission but had the opposite effect of galvanizing resistance. Finally, it evaluates how the war with Japan contributed to the growth of the Chinese Communist Party by allowing it to position itself as a force resisting foreign aggression.
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- Image of modernized city skyline vs rural landscape from early 1900s
- Image of workers in factory with modern machinery
- Image of farmers harvesting mechanized vs manual labor
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- Image of people gathered around television
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- Hitler exploited the fire to gain emergency powers, restricting civil liberties and allowing imprisonment of political opponents like communists. This consolidated Nazi control over Germany in the lead up to their election victory in March 1933.
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Yuan Shi Kai dissolved the elected National Assembly in 1914 and ruled as a dictator, becoming increasingly unpopular. After his death in 1916, China fell into a period of warlordism as regional military leaders fought for control. During this era from 1916-1927, the central government collapsed and the country saw brutal warfare, rampant taxation, and economic problems. Law and order broke down as the warlords prioritized gaining territory over people's welfare.
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Here are 5 images each that portray people being better off or worse off by 1976 in Mao's China, as well as the greatest changes during 1919-1976:
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- Image of modernized city skyline vs rural landscape from early 1900s
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- Image of people gathered around television
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1) How China was traditionally ruled through dynasties, but by the late 1900s the Qing dynasty was in decline due to internal problems, foreign humiliation, and modernization elsewhere.
2) Sun Yat Sen emerged as a revolutionary leader advocating for nationalism, democracy, and socialism. He founded the Tongmenghui group to overthrow the Qing.
3) In 1911, the Wuchang Uprising broke out and quickly spread. A provisional republican government was formed in Nanjing. Yuan Shi Kai negotiated for the abdication of the child emperor, becoming China's first president.
Battle of Huai Hai
The Battle of Huai Hai was a decisive battle in the Chinese Civil War that resulted in Communist control over China. Using guerilla tactics like ambushes and sabotage, the Communists took control of much of northern and central China. At the Battle of Huai Hai, the Communists employed a three-stage strategy to defeat the Nationalists, destroying two armies totaling over 200,000 troops. This major defeat crippled the GMD and allowed the Communists to quickly take control of key cities and eventually establish the People's Republic of China.
The Long March
The document discusses the key events and significance of the Long March undertaken by the Chinese Communist Party from 1934-1935. It describes how the Communists were surrounded and attacked by the Kuomintang forces using blockhouse tactics on the advice of German advisors. This led to major losses for the CCP who were forced to abandon their bases. The march south and breakout was led and organized poorly by Otto Braun, but leadership was handed to Mao Zedong in 1935 who guided the Communists over difficult terrain and across rivers to establish a new base in Yanan. The Long March demonstrated the Communists' survival and boosted their reputation and support across China.
History IGCSE Course Introduction
This document provides an overview of the IGCSE History course. It will cover four main topics: Germany from 1918-1945 focusing on the rise of the Nazi party; the USA from 1945-1974 examining civil rights; China from 1911-1989 looking at changes under different leaders; and Russia from 1914-1924 analyzing the revolutions. Students will develop skills in chronology, causation, source analysis and interpretation. The exam consists of two papers testing depth studies of Germany and the USA, historical investigation of Russia, and a breadth study analyzing changes in China over time. Key concepts covered are timelines, consequences, using sources and applying knowledge.
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Hitler initially claimed that Christianity was the foundation of German morality when he rose to power in 1933. However, he implemented policies to exert control over Christian churches in Germany. This included establishing a unified Protestant Reich Church to replace existing denominations. Christian symbols and traditions were also replaced with pagan references to Germanic culture. While the Vatican signed an agreement not to interfere in politics, opposition to Nazi policies from clergy like Martin Niemoller led to imprisonment. Hitler's attempts to control the churches met with varying success locally and faced ongoing resistance from clergy and religious groups like Jehovah's Witnesses.
The Police State
The document discusses the strategies used by the Nazis to achieve total control in Germany. It describes how Hitler established a police state led by Heinrich Himmler to terrorize citizens. The secret police force called the Gestapo and SS security forces would spy on citizens and arrest anyone considered enemies of the state, including Jews, communists, and trade unionists. People lived in fear of being detained and sent to concentration camps for minor infractions or just being reported by neighbors. Through propaganda, censorship, and these coercive police powers, the Nazis were able to maintain complete control over the population.
Nazi Policies Towards the Economy
The document provides information on Nazi economic policies between 1933-1939. It discusses key policies like autarky, rearmament, and public works programs. It also examines major figures like Dr. Robert Ley and Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, and policies such as the DAF and RAD that aimed to reduce unemployment and develop a workforce devoted to the Nazi Party. Overall, the document evaluates how effective Nazi economic policies were at improving conditions in Germany during this time period.
The Night of the Long Knives
Hitler consolidated his power in Nazi Germany through three key events between 1933 and 1934:
1) The Night of the Long Knives in June 1934, where Hitler ordered the killing of SA leader Ernst Rohm and hundreds of other political rivals to eliminate internal opposition.
2) After Hindenburg's death in August 1934, Hitler combined the roles of Chancellor and President to become Führer and gain full dictatorial control.
3) He also required soldiers to swear personal loyalty oaths to him, cementing his command over the military and removing the final institutional challenge to his authority.
Nazi Policies Towards the Youth
The Nazis made controlling the youth of Germany a high priority in order to indoctrinate them with Nazi ideology and values. They established youth groups like the Hitler Youth and League of German Maidens that all children were expected to join. These groups aimed to indoctrinate youth through activities promoting obedience, discipline, and Nazi ideals of racial purity. The Nazis also took control of the education system to propagate Nazi beliefs and ideas. School curriculums and textbooks were altered to teach racial supremacy and hatred of Jews. Teachers were also made to be loyal Nazi party members. The goal of the Nazi youth and education policies was to shape German youth into a new generation wholly devoted to Nazi ideals.
Deng Xiaoping's Reforms - Agriculture
Deng Xiaoping launched agricultural reforms in 1978 in China to address food shortages and increase production. Under the reforms, farmers were given longer land leases and responsibility for cultivating designated plots. They were allowed to sell surplus crops at local markets for profit, rather than solely fulfilling state quotas. As a result, farmers' incomes tripled by 1983, grain harvests reached 400 million tons by 1984, and living standards improved through more food, healthcare, education and household consumption. The reforms marked a shift to a more market-oriented economy and increased agricultural output to feed China's growing population.
How did Deng Modernise China?
The reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s marked a new era in Chinese history. Deng modernized China's economy by introducing market-based reforms, establishing special economic zones to attract foreign investment, implementing an agricultural responsibility system to increase productivity, and enacting a one-child policy to slow population growth. These wide-ranging changes transformed China from an isolated, agrarian nation into a more open, industrialized country that began to emerge as a global economic power.
Germany pre 1918 & the end of WW1
This document provides background information on Germany before World War 1. It begins with learning objectives about understanding keywords related to pre-WW1 Germany and identifying the key characteristics of the German nation and Kaiser Wilhelm. It then provides context on the creation of a unified German state in 1871 and the rise of Kaiser Wilhelm II to power in 1888. Students are tasked with researching why Germany was a great nation before 1914 based on factors like industry, education, and empire. They are also assigned to write a profile of Kaiser Wilhelm II as a secret agent, covering his background, qualities, and leadership style.
The German Revolution 1918
The document discusses the factors that led to the 1918 revolution in Germany. It describes how Germans initially supported World War 1 but became disillusioned as the war dragged on. The blockade imposed severe food shortages and high casualties damaged morale. Soaring war expenditures also strained the economy. Growing unrest over these hardships caused by the war eventually sparked the revolution in late 1918 that overthrew the Kaiser.
The Reichstag Fire & the Enabling Act
The document discusses the Reichstag Fire that occurred in Germany in 1933 and its consequences:
- The Reichstag building was set on fire on February 27, 1933. A Dutch communist named Marinus van der Lubbe was found at the scene and claimed responsibility, though historians debate whether he acted alone or with Nazi involvement.
- Hitler exploited the fire to gain emergency powers, restricting civil liberties and allowing imprisonment of political opponents like communists. This consolidated Nazi control over Germany in the lead up to their election victory in March 1933.
- The Reichstag Fire allowed Hitler to pass the Enabling Act, granting him dictatorial powers and effectively ending democracy in Germany, establishing Nazi rule.
Deng Xiaoping's Reforms - Defence and Science
Deng Xiaoping initiated reforms in China in the late 1970s that included the modernization of China's defense and science/technology sectors. This was in response to border tensions, a failed invasion of Vietnam, and the realization that China's military was outdated. The reforms restructured the military leadership, increased professionalism in the army, and ensured party control over the military. Scientists were sent abroad and research centers were developed to modernize science and technology to improve living standards and make China more competitive globally. However, challenges remained as international affairs grew more complex and economic reforms in China led to issues like inflation that hampered further technology development.
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- 1. The Communist Party & The First United Front By: Anson, Karen, Wing Kiu
- 2. Founding of the party
- 3. The appeal of Marxism to Chinese revolutionaries
- 4. The United Front (1922-1927) What? - ● Collaboration between chinese nationalist party (GMD) and the communist party of China Where based? - ● China Purpose - ● End warlordism
- 5. Sun Yat Sen
- 7. Mao Zedong
- 8. Zhou En Lai
- 9. Abram Ioffe
- 10. Michael Borodin
- 11. General Galen
- 12. THANKYOU
Editor's Notes
- Anson When: July 1921 Who: initially founded by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao Where: French concession of Shanghai. The birth of the party was declared on a boat on south lake in jia xing
- Karen MARXISM: – valued national spirit patriotism – emphasis on reform and innovation, modernisation – also concepts of honour and disgrace was appealing – just reward for workers’ labours – the factory owners who did not labour as they did would become at the same level as the workers and workers – affordable health care + education
- Launched by sun yat sen and adolf joffe (soviet official) in 1923 (x) They formed the National Revolutionary Army and set out in 1926 on the Northern Expedition The CPC joined the KMT as individuals, they wanted to make use of kmts superiority in numbers to spread communism The KMT, on the other hand, wanted to control the communists from within. Both parties had their own aims and the Front was unsustainable. In 1927, Chiang Kai-shek removed the Communists from the Front while the Northern Expedition was still half-complete. This initiated a civil war between the two parties which lasted until the Second United Front was formed in 1936 to prepare for the coming Second Sino-Japanese War.
- Wing Kiu Sun Yat Sen - Founder of Guomindang He is referred as the “Father of the Nation” He had a political philosophy which is known as the 3 principles of the people: nationalism, democracy and the people’s livelihood He played an important role in overthrowing the Qing dynasty during the time of the Double Ten Revolution He was the founder and the first leader of the Guomindang However eventhough he was considered one of the greatest leaders, he had a hard political life and was frequently exiled from countries After the success of the revolution, he resigned from his post as president Unfortunately, Sun Yat Sen did not live long enough to see his party come into power over the country during the Northern Expedition
- Wing Kiu Chiang Kai Shek - led the Guomindang Person in charge of the academy in Huangpu to train officers to whom may lead the army in the future Influential member of the guomindang and was really close to Sun Yat Sen He became the Commandant of the guomindang’s whampoa Military Academy in Canton in 1924 He also became the leader of the guomindang when sun yat sen died in 1925 in 1926, he led the Northern expedition to unify the country which then led to him becoming the leader of China Not only this, he led china in the second sino-japanese war 1928 → led the suppression of the communist party was a man which promoted traditional Chinese culture and rejected western democracy unlike Sun Yat Sen
- Wing Kiu Commonly known as Chairman Mao Chinese communist leader, founder of the People’s republic of china. responsible for ‘great leap forward’ and ‘cultural revolution’ He is famous for his Marxist-Leninist theories, military strategies and political policies Adopted chinese nationalist outlook in early life However converted to marxism-leninism whilst working at Peking university Started after school club talking about Communism (study of marxism) He helped to find the red army He is known to be an important person to Chinese history since he improved the status of women, improved the education and health care of citizens in China. However some people view him as a dictator which ruined chinese culture and abusing human rights since he is responsible for the deaths of people through starvation, forced labour and executions Marxism: Idea of utopia Equal share of wealth / Treated equal This is because 95% of the country were peasants, everybody was so poor = VERY APPEALING TO CHINESE PEOPLE
- Anson Skilled and able diplomat. First premier (prime minister) of the people’s republic of china 1949–76 He was Chinese foreign minister from 1949 to 1958. Instrumental (very important) to the consolidation of the Chinese Communists Party + formation of foreign policy + development of Chinese economy Zhou survived the purges of other top officials during the Cultural Revolution.
- Karen 1922 Russian government gave support to Sun Yat Sen by sending one of its most able diplomats: Abram Joffe, to help him reorganise the Guomindang. he was the first man sent.
- Karen alias of Mikhail Gruzenberg One of two soviet agents sent to help Sun Yatsen improve the Guomindang in 1923. Responsible for the military planning of the Northern Expedition, which began the Guomintang unification of China.
- Karen Alias of Avasily Bluger The other of the two agents sent by russian government in 1923. Responsible for the military planning of the Northern Expedition which began the Kuomindang unification of China. Worked in chiang Kaishek’s headquarters Military adviser in china