This document summarizes the morphology, digestion, and nervous system of cockroaches. It describes the body segments and external features of cockroaches, including their triangular head with antennae and compound eyes. It details the digestive system, from the mouth to the hindgut, and roles of structures like the crop, gizzard, and Malpighian tubules. It also briefly outlines the open circulatory system and tracheal system for gas exchange. The nervous system consists of ganglia clustered in the head and each body segment that control the various body functions.

1.  TOPIC; COCKROACH
MORPHOLOGY , DIGESTION
AND NERVOUS SYSTEN

2. MORPHOLOGY ;
 SIZE OF PERIPLANETA AMERICANA IS ABOUT 35MM TO 53MM .
 IN MALES THE WINGS EXTENDS BEYOND THE TIP OF ABDOMEN
 THE BODY OF COCKROACH IS DIVIDED INTO – 1) HEAD
 2) THORAX
 3) ABDOMEN
 ADULT COCKROACH POSSESES 14 SEMGMENTS IN THE BODY
 NO. OF SEGMENTS IN THE HEAD IS ONE , THORAX HAVE THREE , ABDOMEN HAVE TEN
SEGMENTS
 HEAD
 TRIANGULAR HEAD
 A PAIR OF THREAD LIKE ANTENNAE HAVING SENSORY RECEPTORS
 A PAIR OF SIMPLE EYE AND A PAIR OF COMPOUND EYE
 MOUTHPARTS ARE ; MANDIBLE , MAXILLA , LABIUM( LOWER LIP ) , LABRUM ,(UPPER LIP )
HYPOPHARYNX
 BITING AND CHEWING TYPE MOUTH PART FORMED BY ANTERIOR END OF THE HEAD
 A FLEXIBLE NECK

3. THORAX HAVE THREE SEGMENTS ; PROTHORAX , MESOTHORAX AND METATHORAX
EACH SEGMENT BEARS A PAIR OF WALKING LEGS
MESOTHORACIC WING IS ALSO KNOWN AD TEGMINA . IT IS OPAQUE AND DARK
METATHORACIC WING IS RESPONSIBLE FOR FLYING . IT IS TRANSPARENT AND MEMBRANOUS
PROTHORAX HAVE SHORT EXTENSION CALLED NECK WHICH CONNECTS THE HEAD TO THORAX .
 IN MALES, IN FEMALES ,
THE GENITAL POUCH IS FORMED GENITAL POUCH IS FORMED BY 7TH STERNITE +8TH
BY 9TH AND 10TH TERGITE AND 9TH THE STERNITE AND 9TH STERNITE
GENOPORE
 ANUS IS DORSAL SPERMATHECAL BAGS
 GENOPORE IS VENTRAL GONAPOPHYSES
 GONAPOPHYSES

4.  DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF THE COCKROACHES IS COMPOSED OF ;
 1)DIGESTIVE TRACT AND 2) DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 MOUTH OPENS TO PHARYNX , PHARYNX OPENS TO OESOPHAGUS ,
OESOPHAGUS TO CROP WHICH OPENS TO GIZZARD.
CROP PERFORMS THE WORK OF SOFTENING AND STORAGE
GIZZARD PERFORMS GRINDING OF FOOD
ALIMENTARY CANAL IS DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS ; 1) FOREGUT
2) MIDGUT
3) HINDGUT
 HEPATIC CECAE IS FOUND AT THE JUNCTION OF FOREGUT AND MIDGUT
IT IS A RING OF 6-15 BLIND TUBULES WHICH PERFORMS THE SECRETION OF
DIGESTIVE JUICES .
COMPLETE FOREGUT IS LINED BY CUTICLE
MIDGUT OR MESENTERON IS LINED BY PERITROPHIC MEMBRANE
 MALPHAGIAN TUBULES ARE PRESENT AT THE JUNCTION OF HINDGUT AND
MIDGUT

5. MALPHAGIAN TUBULES ARE YELLOW COLOURED THIN FILAMENTOUS STRUCTURES
WHICH REMOVES THE EXCRETORY WASTES FROM THE HAEMOLYMPH
THEY ARE 100-150 IN NUMBER
HINDGUT IS DIVIDED INTO ILEUM , COLON AND RECTUM
HINDGUT IS THE SITE WHERE MAXIMUM ABSORPTION OF WATER TAKES PLACE
BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM OF COCKROACH IS OPEN TYPE
BLOOD OR HAEMOLYMPH IS COMPOSED OF COLOURLESS PLASMA AND
HAEMOCYTES
OPENING OF TRACHEA IS FORMED BY 10 PAIRS OF SPIRACLES PRESENT ON THE
LATERAL SIDE OF THE BODY
TRACHEA OPENS TO TRACHEOLES WHERE THE EXCHANGE OF GASES OCCURS BY THE
MEANS OF DIFFUSION
EXCRETION IS PERFORMED BY MALPHAGIAN TUBULES
MALPHAGIAN TUBES ARE LINED BY GLANDULAR AND CILIATED CELLS
COCKROACHES ARE URICOTELIC ( URIC ACID PRODUCING )

6.  NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE COCKROACH IS SPREADED THROUGHOUT
THE BODY
THREE GANGLIONS ARE LOCATED IN THE THORAX REGION AND SIX
GANGLIONS ARE PRESENT IN THE ABDOMEN
HEAD HOLDS BIT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
IN HEAD THE BRAIN IS REPRESENTED BY OESOPHAGEAL GANGLION
WHICH SUPPLIES NERVES TO ANTENNAE AND COMPOUND EYE.
COMPUND EYES ARE LOCATED IN THE DORSAL PORTION OF THE HEAD
IN COCKROACHES .