The Black Death originated in the Gobi Desert in the late 1320s and was caused by the bubonic plague bacterium which is usually carried by fleas that live on rodents. Symptoms included high fevers, aching limbs, and swollen lymph nodes. Cities were hit hardest and officials tried quarantining the sick. There was no cure, so people attempted avoiding infection by isolating themselves. The plague had huge social and economic impacts, including rising wages and a decline of feudalism.
PowerPoint: Medieval Life: The Black Death - Bubonic Plague - Black PlagueYaryalitsa
PowerPoint looks generally at THE BLACK DEATH. It includes links to the History Channel's 18 part series: The Plague. It also includes an Assessment Task for students to complete.
PowerPoint: Medieval Life: The Black Death - Bubonic Plague - Black PlagueYaryalitsa
PowerPoint looks generally at THE BLACK DEATH. It includes links to the History Channel's 18 part series: The Plague. It also includes an Assessment Task for students to complete.
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Bubonic Plague
During 1348 1349, a devastating sickness swept over all of Western Europe that wiped out about half of the population. The Black Death, also known as The Plague and the Bubonic Plague, killed thousands over the span of two summers. The Black Death was caused by the bacteria Y. Pestis, which normally lives dormant in a flea s stomach. However, when a flea bites a rat, the rat becomes infected, which eventually leads to a human being infected. Since rats had a high abundance in 1348 1349, the disease was very easily spread to humans, where it then became airborne (pneumonic), bubonic, or spread throughout the blood, also known as systemic. (The Black Death).
The hard hit of The Black Death led to a decrease in available workers. Many of the workers had died due to The Plague, so employers were struggling to find workers for their land and shops. The laborer shortages forced employers to improve their working conditions and increase their pay wages, which was an extensive plus for the serfs. Those who were originally tied to one employer or piece of land could then choose who to work for or where to work. This was a...show more content...Many people of the Catholic religion believed that God could stop the spread of the disease, or even heal their loved ones. However, when The Plague continued to wreak havoc across Europe, many people turned against their religion. There was also a large decrease of priests that had died due to The Plague, so the amount of churches in many areas simply ceased. The Plague also caused a decline in the Jewish population, however, the disease itself wasn t what hurt them. Because Jewish prejudice was already so high, the Jews were looked at a
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
2. ORIGINS
The Black Death began in the Gobi Desert in the
late 1320s, but the plague bacillus was already
active long before that.
The cause of the disease to start spreading is not
definite, however, Earth’s climate began to cool
in the 14th Century and many people believe this
could have triggered the disease.
3. THE DISEASE AND HOW IT’S
SPREAD
The medical term for the Black Death is Bubonic
Plague. It is a bacillus, an organism, most usually
carried by rodents.
Fleas infest the animal, and these fleas move
freely over to human hosts spreading the disease
by passing on the blood from the rat into
humans.
4. SYMPTOMS
Symptoms of the plague include high fevers, aching
limbs, and vomiting of blood. The most characteristic
symptom is a swelling of the lymph nodes. The swelling
bulges and is easily visible; its blackish coloring gives the
disease its nickname, The Black Death.
The swellings continue to expand until they eventually
burst, with death following soon after. The process,
from first symptoms of fever and aches to final
expiration, lasts three or four days.
5. THE PEOPLE’S REACTION
The reaction from public officials, and from many
churchmen, was that this calamity was not the vengeance
of God upon a sinful world, despite their strong
religious beliefs.
Cities were hit the hardest and tried to take measures to
control an unfamiliar epidemic. For example, in Milan,
city officials immediately walled up houses found to
have the plague, isolating the healthy in them along with
the sick. In Venice, all incoming ships were isolated on a
separate island.
6. MEDICAL MEASURES
Various concoctions of herbs would be administered to
relieve the symptoms because there was no known cure.
Headaches were relieved by rose, lavender, sage and bay.
Sickness or nausea was treated with wormwood, mint,
and balm. Lung problems were treated with liquorice
and comfrey. Vinegar was used as a cleansing agent as it
was believed that it would kill disease. Bloodletting, or
the draining of blood, was commonly thought to be
one of the best ways to treat the plague. The blood that
exuded was black, thick, and smelled disgusting.
7. AVOIDANCE
The only action that was effective was quarantine
or staying far enough away where no fleas could
reach you.
One pope, Pope Clement VI, sat between two
large fires to breath pure air. The plague bacillus
actually is destroyed by heat, so this was one of
the few effective measures taken.
8. HISTORICAL TIMING
The European economy was already in difficulties. It
was approaching the limits of expansion, and the arrival
of the Mongols and the Ottomans had disrupted trade
routes, which led certain areas of Europe into
depression. Also, the overall climate was changing, with
cooler and wetter weather creating lower crop yields
even as the population was increasing. The Church was
in poor shape as well, and the Holy Land had been lost
in the 1290s; efforts to recover it had been dismal
failures.
9. THE EFFECTS
• Prices and Wages rose
• Greater value was placed on labor
• Farming land was given over to pasturing, which was much less labor-
intensive
• This change in farming led to a boost in the cloth and woolen industry
• Peasants moved from the country to the towns
• The Black Death was therefore also responsible for the decline of the
Feudal system
• People became disillusioned with the church and its power and influence
went into decline
• This resulted in the English reformation
10. RESOURCES
http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/black-death.htm
(Slides 6 and 9)
http://boisestate.edu/courses/westciv/plague/12.shtml
(Slides 2,3,4,5,7, and 8)