The research in this paper has been conducted from within the theoretical framework of behavioural finance. The aim of this paper is to examine chit fund scams and its aftermath effect on Individuals & Households of Odisha. The study provides post-mortem analysis of changes in attitude investors towards chit funds. The data comprise a random sampling of 112 respondents drawn through a field survey. Different statistical tests were performed to assess support for the hypothesis.The results of data analysis reveals due to lack of financial literacy and sophistication, investors are simply more exposed to idiosyncrasies of the chit fund companies. Expectations of earnings high commission and high rate of return attracted investors to join chit funds. Someone known to investors or some of the family member or relative persuaded investors to join in chit funds. Majority of the respondents believe that the chit fund agent cheated them and they were unknown about the chit fund company and they believed the chit fund agents. The study shows that laxity in regulatory system and nexus between the politicians and chit fund companies paved way for the perpetrators to commit frauds. The study shows that investors are now more aware about these Chit Fund companies because of the relentless media coverage and would be more careful before investing next time.
Does Bank Credit Have Any Impact on Nigeria’s Domestic Investment?iosrjce
There is an extensive literature on the role of the bank lending and credit facilities in Nigeria but
most of these literature concentrate on its impact on the gross domestic product. This study focuses on the
impact of Nigeria’s banking sector on domestic investment from 1980 to 2012 bearing in mind that funding is
one of the major challenges of domestic entrepreneurs in Nigeria. A domestic investment model was adopted
and the unit root test was first applied to the data set. All the data are stationary and the ordinary least square
method was used to identify the impact of capital market activities on domestic investment in Nigeria using the
cointegration technique. Findings reveal that bank credit negatively though significantly impacted on domestic
investment in the long run while its short run impact is both positive and significant. This is an indication that
financial intermediation (captured by bank credit to private sector) is a strong driver of domestic investment in
Nigeria only in the short run. The study thus recommends amongst others, the strengthening of Nigeria’s
banking system with more funds and supervisions as well as the encouragement of both foreign and domestic
investments through government’s creation of a more conducive political and economic climate.
Smooth functioning a bank depends on the stability of stream of returns that it gets from its financing decision. This study is an attempt to showcase the reason for idling or shortage of funds and the factors for the case of Islamic banking. This effort will determine the strategy which can boost the financing in the economy, for this, this study has used the panel data of full-fledged Islamic banks from countries Pakistan and Malaysia, spanning to several years and based on several banks. Based on the analysis of internal and external factors of Islamic banks, it can be seen that increase in the market rate leads to decrease in demand of financing while the increase in deposits and equity do not show a proportional increase in financing which hints that there is excess liquidity available in the Islamic banks. On the positive side, it is evident that increase in the economic activity boosts the demand for Islamic financing.
Does Bank Credit Have Any Impact on Nigeria’s Domestic Investment?iosrjce
There is an extensive literature on the role of the bank lending and credit facilities in Nigeria but
most of these literature concentrate on its impact on the gross domestic product. This study focuses on the
impact of Nigeria’s banking sector on domestic investment from 1980 to 2012 bearing in mind that funding is
one of the major challenges of domestic entrepreneurs in Nigeria. A domestic investment model was adopted
and the unit root test was first applied to the data set. All the data are stationary and the ordinary least square
method was used to identify the impact of capital market activities on domestic investment in Nigeria using the
cointegration technique. Findings reveal that bank credit negatively though significantly impacted on domestic
investment in the long run while its short run impact is both positive and significant. This is an indication that
financial intermediation (captured by bank credit to private sector) is a strong driver of domestic investment in
Nigeria only in the short run. The study thus recommends amongst others, the strengthening of Nigeria’s
banking system with more funds and supervisions as well as the encouragement of both foreign and domestic
investments through government’s creation of a more conducive political and economic climate.
Smooth functioning a bank depends on the stability of stream of returns that it gets from its financing decision. This study is an attempt to showcase the reason for idling or shortage of funds and the factors for the case of Islamic banking. This effort will determine the strategy which can boost the financing in the economy, for this, this study has used the panel data of full-fledged Islamic banks from countries Pakistan and Malaysia, spanning to several years and based on several banks. Based on the analysis of internal and external factors of Islamic banks, it can be seen that increase in the market rate leads to decrease in demand of financing while the increase in deposits and equity do not show a proportional increase in financing which hints that there is excess liquidity available in the Islamic banks. On the positive side, it is evident that increase in the economic activity boosts the demand for Islamic financing.
RATE OF INTEREST IN ANCIENT INDIA - WAY TOWARDS FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND SUST...Ranjan Bellarpady
In the matter of economic development of our country, it should be based on our own basic philosophy and structure laid down by our ancestors from the time immemorial. Our smritis & darmashastras unanimously declare the concept of TRIVARGA SIDDHANTA; say Dharma (virtue) Artha (wealth/economy) & Kama (desires). By studying these texts, astonishingly, I found the concepts of charging interest in ancient India. Among which Manu smriti & kautilya’s arthashastra inspired me to develop this concept.
The Manu’s conception on rate of interest based on Varna system (division of society based on work) which was surprisingly resulted in financial inclusion, but kautilya’s arthashastra concerned more on administrative aspects than that of personal laws, which give raises to sustainable development in those days.
This paper explores the ancient texts (manu smriti and kautilya’s arthashastra) & its perception on the rate of interest in ancient India which leads to financial inclusion and sustainable development. Methodology is used to present this paper is called hermeneutics, which comprises of studying, understanding and interpreting the ancient texts. It is a qualitative research methodology used in social science. Eventually an abbreviated attempt is exercised to present its modern relevance along with inference.
Interaction of islamic banking sector with indonesian economic growth for 200...An Nisbah
Abstract: This paper aims to analyze the dinamics interaction of islamic banking sector with Indonesian economic growth for 2000-2010. The methode of analyze used in this research is granger causality and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Besides that we use stationary test to chek wether the data have unit root or not. We use time series data of total islamic bank fnancing, fxed invesstment, trade and gross
domestic product. We found that in the short run there is evidence of
bidirectional relationship between fnancing of islamic bank, fxed
investment, trade and economi growth. Where as in the long run
there is relationship between islamic banking with economic growth
on Indonesian economy. To improve the role of islamic banking on
Indonesian economy, Bank Indonesia must push islamic banking to
expand their activity on riil sector and rural area.
Keywords: Islamic Banking sector, Financial Intermediary, Economic
Growth, Vector Error Corrrection Model
The Factors Affecting Mudharabah Deposits of Sharia Banking in Indonesiainventionjournals
Mudharabah deposit is one of main fund resource of sharia bank, teherefore the growth must be maintained. This research is aimed to find whether there are influences of profit-sharing rate of mudharabah saving, interest rate of saving in conventional bank, growth rate of Jakarta Islamic Index (JII), and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to the amount of mudharabah saving in sharia banks. The sharia banks which are used in this research are all of sharia commercial bank in Indonesia.The method of this research is Ordinary Least Square (OLS) with quarterly panel data from 2006 to 2015 of the twelve sharia banks which are observed. The approach model which is used in this research is Fixed Effect Model. The result of this research showed that profit-sharing rate of mudharabah saving, interest rate of saving, growth rate of Jakarta Islamic Index (JII), and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) have significant influences to the amount of mudharabah saving in sharia banks. Profit-sharing rate of mudharabah saving, growth rate of Jakarta Islamic Index (JII), and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) have positive influences to the amount of mudharabah saving, Meanwhile, interest rate of saving in conventional bank has a negative influence to the amount of mudharabah saving
A Study on Investors’ Awareness Level towards Nidhi Companies (Benefit Funds)IOSRJBM
Most of the investors are found to be unaware about investment avenues, rules and regulations. With the rising state of economy, it is the middle and lower middle class that are prone to bear the brunt of a financial burden. In such a situation, family breadwinners find it extremely difficult to save since most investment mechanisms cater to larger amounts. Banking and Non Banking Sectors helps especially the middle and lower middle income people to save and invest in a better way. Thus Nidhi companies one of the type of NBFCS’ in India provide the easiest and most effective solutions for investment and savings with wide scope and potential for monetary growth. Thus this paper aims to study about the investors’ awareness level towards Nidhi Companies
Regulating Islamic Banking : A Malaysian PerspectiveLokesh Gupta
This paper provides an insight of importance of regulations and supervisory structures for Islamic Banking System. This builds up public confidence and ensure well-being of the Economy. It also covers the various initiatives taken by the Central Bank of Malaysia for Islamic Banks to counter future risks and to maintain financial stability in the financial sector.
FINANCIAL LITERACY, CASH MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS GROWTH IN KAMPALA CITY COUNC...ectijjournal
The study sought to establish the relationship between financial literacy, cash management and business growth in Kampala city council authority. The study design used was descriptive and correlation in nature. The study revealed a moderately high level of financial literacy, a moderate level of cash management and a moderately high level of business growth among the businesses investigated. Financial literacy confirmed in adequate knowledge on how to expand and capitalize money in addition to warranting a portion of their regular income saved in assets. It was noted that most businesses grow out of paying their debtors promptly, using loaned capital efficiently and perhaps cash planning practices. In the long run, most businesses end up into bankruptcy associated to using borrowed funds for improving standards of living. It is a common practice in Uganda for one to emerge as a promising investor, live a posh life and registered in bankruptcy within less than a decade of his business career. The study recommended that the Private Sector Uganda, Uganda Manufacturers’ Association, Uganda Chamber of Commerce; and other trade organizations should include training business men and women around the country on sound financial management. There is need to further sensitize the public and business owners in particular on the risks associated with borrowed capital. Business owners should further avoid running for credit because it is cheap and available. Business owners should always align their borrowed capital with business objectives lest they divert funds intended for business growth into improving their standards of living by spending lavishly.
This Research Proposal was prepared by Mr Takkiddin , a Master of Islamic banking student at INSANIAH University College. He sores A+ for this excellence work.
IMAP Financial Services sector Leaders: Jonathan Dalton and Khelan Dattani share insights into the global Financial Services sector. They look at how and why the COVID pandemic affected certain geographies and subsectors more than others and the subsequent impact on deal volumes and valuations. They identify the key areas of growth and common trends driving activity across the globe and examine why the sector is becoming increasingly attractive to PE investors, pinpointing opportunities for buyers and sellers.
Islamic Finance and Economic Growth in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA): An ...scmsnoida5
This paper examines the relationship between
the development of Islamic finance system and
economic growth in the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia. The relationship between Islamic
banking and economic growth is done using
econometric analysis. In this analysis, we use
Islamic banks’ financing credited to private
sector through modes of financing as a proxy for
the development of Islamic finance system and
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross Fixed
Capital Formation (GFCF) and Foreign Direct
Investment inflow (FDI) as proxies for real
economic growth. For the analysis, the unit root
test, co-integration test and Granger causality
tests were done. Based on the availability of data,
time series data from 1990 to 2010 is used to
examine the relationship between Islamic banks’
financing and GDP, FDI, and GFCF. Data for
all variables are stationary after first difference.
The co-integration results provide an evidence of
a unique cointegrating vector. In other words, there is a long-term stable relationship between
Islamic banks’ financing and economic growth
in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. That means
Islamic banks’ financing and economic growth
relationships are moving together in the longrun.
The results from causality tests show that causality
relation exist from the Islamic banks’ financing
to investment and Foreign Direct Investment
(FDI) of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The
results indicate that Islamic finance is a suitable
environment for attracting FDI and FDI
reinforces economic growth.
RATE OF INTEREST IN ANCIENT INDIA - WAY TOWARDS FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND SUST...Ranjan Bellarpady
In the matter of economic development of our country, it should be based on our own basic philosophy and structure laid down by our ancestors from the time immemorial. Our smritis & darmashastras unanimously declare the concept of TRIVARGA SIDDHANTA; say Dharma (virtue) Artha (wealth/economy) & Kama (desires). By studying these texts, astonishingly, I found the concepts of charging interest in ancient India. Among which Manu smriti & kautilya’s arthashastra inspired me to develop this concept.
The Manu’s conception on rate of interest based on Varna system (division of society based on work) which was surprisingly resulted in financial inclusion, but kautilya’s arthashastra concerned more on administrative aspects than that of personal laws, which give raises to sustainable development in those days.
This paper explores the ancient texts (manu smriti and kautilya’s arthashastra) & its perception on the rate of interest in ancient India which leads to financial inclusion and sustainable development. Methodology is used to present this paper is called hermeneutics, which comprises of studying, understanding and interpreting the ancient texts. It is a qualitative research methodology used in social science. Eventually an abbreviated attempt is exercised to present its modern relevance along with inference.
Interaction of islamic banking sector with indonesian economic growth for 200...An Nisbah
Abstract: This paper aims to analyze the dinamics interaction of islamic banking sector with Indonesian economic growth for 2000-2010. The methode of analyze used in this research is granger causality and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Besides that we use stationary test to chek wether the data have unit root or not. We use time series data of total islamic bank fnancing, fxed invesstment, trade and gross
domestic product. We found that in the short run there is evidence of
bidirectional relationship between fnancing of islamic bank, fxed
investment, trade and economi growth. Where as in the long run
there is relationship between islamic banking with economic growth
on Indonesian economy. To improve the role of islamic banking on
Indonesian economy, Bank Indonesia must push islamic banking to
expand their activity on riil sector and rural area.
Keywords: Islamic Banking sector, Financial Intermediary, Economic
Growth, Vector Error Corrrection Model
The Factors Affecting Mudharabah Deposits of Sharia Banking in Indonesiainventionjournals
Mudharabah deposit is one of main fund resource of sharia bank, teherefore the growth must be maintained. This research is aimed to find whether there are influences of profit-sharing rate of mudharabah saving, interest rate of saving in conventional bank, growth rate of Jakarta Islamic Index (JII), and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to the amount of mudharabah saving in sharia banks. The sharia banks which are used in this research are all of sharia commercial bank in Indonesia.The method of this research is Ordinary Least Square (OLS) with quarterly panel data from 2006 to 2015 of the twelve sharia banks which are observed. The approach model which is used in this research is Fixed Effect Model. The result of this research showed that profit-sharing rate of mudharabah saving, interest rate of saving, growth rate of Jakarta Islamic Index (JII), and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) have significant influences to the amount of mudharabah saving in sharia banks. Profit-sharing rate of mudharabah saving, growth rate of Jakarta Islamic Index (JII), and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) have positive influences to the amount of mudharabah saving, Meanwhile, interest rate of saving in conventional bank has a negative influence to the amount of mudharabah saving
A Study on Investors’ Awareness Level towards Nidhi Companies (Benefit Funds)IOSRJBM
Most of the investors are found to be unaware about investment avenues, rules and regulations. With the rising state of economy, it is the middle and lower middle class that are prone to bear the brunt of a financial burden. In such a situation, family breadwinners find it extremely difficult to save since most investment mechanisms cater to larger amounts. Banking and Non Banking Sectors helps especially the middle and lower middle income people to save and invest in a better way. Thus Nidhi companies one of the type of NBFCS’ in India provide the easiest and most effective solutions for investment and savings with wide scope and potential for monetary growth. Thus this paper aims to study about the investors’ awareness level towards Nidhi Companies
Regulating Islamic Banking : A Malaysian PerspectiveLokesh Gupta
This paper provides an insight of importance of regulations and supervisory structures for Islamic Banking System. This builds up public confidence and ensure well-being of the Economy. It also covers the various initiatives taken by the Central Bank of Malaysia for Islamic Banks to counter future risks and to maintain financial stability in the financial sector.
FINANCIAL LITERACY, CASH MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS GROWTH IN KAMPALA CITY COUNC...ectijjournal
The study sought to establish the relationship between financial literacy, cash management and business growth in Kampala city council authority. The study design used was descriptive and correlation in nature. The study revealed a moderately high level of financial literacy, a moderate level of cash management and a moderately high level of business growth among the businesses investigated. Financial literacy confirmed in adequate knowledge on how to expand and capitalize money in addition to warranting a portion of their regular income saved in assets. It was noted that most businesses grow out of paying their debtors promptly, using loaned capital efficiently and perhaps cash planning practices. In the long run, most businesses end up into bankruptcy associated to using borrowed funds for improving standards of living. It is a common practice in Uganda for one to emerge as a promising investor, live a posh life and registered in bankruptcy within less than a decade of his business career. The study recommended that the Private Sector Uganda, Uganda Manufacturers’ Association, Uganda Chamber of Commerce; and other trade organizations should include training business men and women around the country on sound financial management. There is need to further sensitize the public and business owners in particular on the risks associated with borrowed capital. Business owners should further avoid running for credit because it is cheap and available. Business owners should always align their borrowed capital with business objectives lest they divert funds intended for business growth into improving their standards of living by spending lavishly.
This Research Proposal was prepared by Mr Takkiddin , a Master of Islamic banking student at INSANIAH University College. He sores A+ for this excellence work.
IMAP Financial Services sector Leaders: Jonathan Dalton and Khelan Dattani share insights into the global Financial Services sector. They look at how and why the COVID pandemic affected certain geographies and subsectors more than others and the subsequent impact on deal volumes and valuations. They identify the key areas of growth and common trends driving activity across the globe and examine why the sector is becoming increasingly attractive to PE investors, pinpointing opportunities for buyers and sellers.
Islamic Finance and Economic Growth in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA): An ...scmsnoida5
This paper examines the relationship between
the development of Islamic finance system and
economic growth in the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia. The relationship between Islamic
banking and economic growth is done using
econometric analysis. In this analysis, we use
Islamic banks’ financing credited to private
sector through modes of financing as a proxy for
the development of Islamic finance system and
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross Fixed
Capital Formation (GFCF) and Foreign Direct
Investment inflow (FDI) as proxies for real
economic growth. For the analysis, the unit root
test, co-integration test and Granger causality
tests were done. Based on the availability of data,
time series data from 1990 to 2010 is used to
examine the relationship between Islamic banks’
financing and GDP, FDI, and GFCF. Data for
all variables are stationary after first difference.
The co-integration results provide an evidence of
a unique cointegrating vector. In other words, there is a long-term stable relationship between
Islamic banks’ financing and economic growth
in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. That means
Islamic banks’ financing and economic growth
relationships are moving together in the longrun.
The results from causality tests show that causality
relation exist from the Islamic banks’ financing
to investment and Foreign Direct Investment
(FDI) of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The
results indicate that Islamic finance is a suitable
environment for attracting FDI and FDI
reinforces economic growth.
Un ecosistema de nuestro país, vital para hacer frente al
cambio climático, enfrenta varios desafíos ambientales
que podrían agravarse con la construcción de una presa
y un centro turístico.
En esta ocasión solicitamos que nos ayuden en una campaña global destinada a presionar a
los gobiernos a mantener su palabra para poner fin a la exportación de residuos venenosos
desde países industrializados a países en vías de desarrollo.
Durante años, los países industrializados del Norte han estado pagando a los más pobres del
Sur para que importen los venenos industriales no deseados producidos por los primeros. En
una Conferencia Internacional celebrada en 1995, los gobiernos suscribieron un acuerdo para
prohibir este comercio injusto y dañino para el medio ambiente. El objetivo ahora es conseguir
que este acuerdo sea ratificado por los distintos gobiernos nacionales y hacer así que cumpla.
Tanto si vosotr@s decidis participar o no en EarthAction de manera permanente, te animamos
a difundir nuestro objetivo.
Lo importante es que cada ciudadano se convierta en una activista y que, al enviar su
mensaje a una persona clave en la toma de decisiones, sea consciente de que hay much@s
otr@s ciudadan@s enviando mensajes similares a sus propios dirigentes en todas partes del
mundo.
A Study on Factors Influencing Investment Decision Regarding Various Financia...ijtsrd
In the current era of financial inclusion, digitalization and economy driving towards a faster pace, the investors are very much concerned about their savings which can be transferred into investments. The main purpose of investment is to maximize the returns out of it with minimum expenses and risk. There are various factors which affect the investment decision like demographic factors and behavioural biases which decides the type, tenure, amount of the investment. This paper explores that return, advice, tax benefit, liquidity risk appetite of the investors altogether plays a significant part in influencing the investors. Is there any impact of demographic factors like age, gender and income on factors influencing investment decision tried to find out. The results show that factors influencing the investment decision are influenced by income level not by age and gender. Dr. Ankit Jain | Mr Raj Tandel "A Study on Factors Influencing Investment Decision Regarding Various Financial Products" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33678.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/33678/a-study-on-factors-influencing-investment-decision-regarding-various-financial-products/dr-ankit-jain
A Study on Investors Perception towards Mutual Fund Investments (With Special...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This examination on Investors acknowledgment
towards and late improvement and headway of Mutual Fund
premiums in Alwar city goes under the board an area of
organization publicizing. In the wide thought of organization
publicizing it exclusively centers around the exhibiting of cash
related organization specifically basic resources. Well ordered
Indian budgetary market is getting the chance to be engaged
and the supply of various fiscal instruments ought to be in
parity to the premium perspectives of the monetary
authorities. The prime drive of any hypothesis is to get most
extraordinary returned with a base danger and normal
resources allow to the budgetary masters. The examination
gives an information into the sorts of risks which exist in a
mutual save plan. The data was assembled from shared save
budgetary authorities similarly as non basic store examiners of
this industry. The investigation bases on the association
between theory decision and factors like liquidity, cash related
care, and demography. It was found commonly safe resources
and liquidity of store plot are having influence on the
budgetary authority's acumen for placing assets into the
mutual save. With the more broad thought of the distinctive
components of organization publicizing, thing care, mark
tendencies, and money related authority's satisfaction are the
specific regions of the examination. The other displaying limits
like thing progression publicize division, channels of
exhibiting, thing life cycle, scale headway procedures and their
impact of Marketing are completely disposed of from the audit
of this examination. So likewise the availability of substitute
aftereffect of normal hold units and their impact on this
organization thing it also rejected in the examination. In
reality, even in the normal store monetary authorities lead also
the researcher concentrate only the urban theorists and their
anxiety for this examination work. The rustic speculator's
perspectives are totally barred from the investigation.
Role of Behavioural Finance in the Financial Marketinventionjournals
There are mainly two disciplines of financial market study viz. Conventional Finance and the recent development known as Behavioural Finance. Conventional finance foundation is mainly based on efficient market concept, Investor rationality concept and the modern portfolio theory developed by Markowitz. But till 1990 the conventional finance theories were not so been challenged. But from mid 90’s researchers have shows many shortcomings of the existing theory and particularly challenged the investor rationality concept. As a result a new paradigm known as behavioural finance has been developed. In this paper an attempt has been made to highlight the shortcomings of the traditional finance theories as pointed out by behavioural finance supporters and also a discussion on the significance of behavioural finance.
TRADING AND DEMAT BEHAVIOUR OF ACCOUNT HOLDERS IN THE TIRUCHIRAPPALLI CITYIAEME Publication
Investments are now a requirement if you want a secure future. There are several ways to invest, including bank schemes, gold, real estate, post services, mutual funds, etc. The core of the capital market in developing nations like India is comprised of investors. To do this, more savings must be directed onto business sectors. There is a lot of focus on investment as the main tool for a nation's economic development and progress. People invest their money with a variety of goals in mind, including profit, security, appreciation, and stable income. With the aid of stock brokerage companies, many consumers with demat accounts can trade shares electronically at a stock market. The majority of them just seldom and infrequently trade. They might not for a variety of reasons. Investors play a significant role in the stock market since they invest a significant portion of their savings there. Stock regulators should never disregard the logical trading behaviour of stock traders. The current study, whose goal is to ascertain the investing behaviour of those who possess demat and trading accounts in the city of Tiruchirappalli, gains significance in this direction. This study tries to identify additional reasons why investors stop or delay trading and to offer any solutions that could be available.
A Study of Determinants Influencing Financial Literacy of Individual Investor...RSIS International
Investment scenario is changing very fast and financial
literacy impacts financial decisions of individual investors. The
present study is exploratory in nature and determines the factor
that affects financial literacy and how they affect decision
making. The sample consist of 649 individual investors to obtain
information through structured questionnaire from various
parts of India The result indicated that there are seven most
influencing factors of financial literacy that affects investor
decision making are: Attitude, Knowledge, Budgeting Habits,
liquidity, self analytical skills, Emotional Inclination and Goal
Planning. This study will help to determine strategies which will
help to improve financial literacy of an individual investors.
A Study of Investment Pattern of a Common Man A Literature Reviewijtsrd
In India where and how the people make investment of their earned money is a very important decision because all investment avenues professed risky by investors. Investment refers to any mechanism used for the purpose of generating future income. The main features of investment are safety of principal amount, regular return, and liquidity. there are various avenues of investment available such as shares, bonds, debentures, gold, mutual funds, FDs etc. Indian people usually having a habit to save money for future but mostly people are not able to make appropriate investment decisions because people are not much aware about the various financial product available in market. As each financial product is unique in terms of risk and return. The objective of the research is to study the various factors that affects the choice of investment of a common man. Various research has been conducted in this area but there is scarcity of literature that shows whether people are able to make appropriate decision in regard to achievement of their investment goals and whether the performance of their selected avenues are able to meet their expectations. So this study is conducted to analyze the available literature on investment patterns to get an insights of the investment pattern of different class of people. Divya Verma | Dr. Deepak Sahni "A Study of Investment Pattern of a Common Man: A Literature Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38178.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/38178/a-study-of-investment-pattern-of-a-common-man-a-literature-review/divya-verma
Evaluating the Effect of Financial Knowledge on Investment Decisions of Inves...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
In recent time, people don’t have enough money to
invest because of high maintenance life style, still few people
try to balance their life by investing their hard earned money.
But while taking decision on investment, Investors consider
different resources and information, mean while they forget
to check their own knowledge on financial terms and wisdom
on how to invest and where to invest. It is important to know
the effect of financial knowledge on the choice of investment
avenues in order to study the reliability of their investment
decisions. The problem is to check whether the investment
decisions are based upon simple investment tips and opinions
of other investors or a rational analysis of risk and return
associated with the various investment avenues. In this paper
an attempt has been made to evaluate the effect of Financial
Knowledge on investment decisions of 200 Investors from
Gandhinagar District. The study is based upon primary data
collected through a structured questionnaire administered to
100 rural and 100 urban investors, drawn through quota
sampling according to their various occupation categories. It
is hypothesized that investors take rational decisions based
upon their financial knowledge.
Evaluation Research on Development Level of Energy InternetDr. Amarjeet Singh
Considering the process of energy development and
utilization and based on the development objectives of low
carbon, high efficiency and electrification, this paper selects
key indicators from three aspects, i.e., energy supply, energy
consumption and energy trading. On the basis of the
established indicator system, the structural entropy and
factor analysis optimization model is built to select and
optimize the final indicators. The selected indicators can
provide a theoretical research framework for the study of
development level and the prediction of development trend of
global energy internet.
Factors Influencing Investment Decisions of Retail Investors- A Descriptive S...inventionjournals
Investment decisions have gained importance due to the general increase in employment opportunities and economic development of a nation. Awareness of investment avenues has led to the ability and willingness of working people to save and invest their funds for returns, in that perspective this study was conducted. The volatile behaviour of markets has challenged the hypothesis of efficient markets which motivates ones to understand the driving forces behind it. It is the major concern for academicians, investors and portfolio managers to understand the reasons causing irrationality in the markets. This paper uses the theory of behavioural finance to examine the factors influencing investment decisions of individual investors. From the extensive literature review, it was found that there is no single factor which influences the investment decisions of an individual. Moreover factors influencing investment decision varies from time to time, place to place, person to person, securities to securities etc. It was suggested that the policy makers of investment avenues must consider all the variables and its impact on the investors investment decisions while introducing any investment avenues to the market.
Financial literacy for Mutual Fund Investment: An extensive study on investor...AI Publications
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The Behavioural Finance Aspects of Chit-Fund Scams of Odisha: Loss is almost certain Profit is Not
1. International Journal of Business and Management Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 8028, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 801X
www.ijbmi.org || Volume 5 Issue 8 || August. 2016 || PP—71-78
www.ijbmi.org 71 | Page
The Behavioural Finance Aspects of Chit-Fund Scams of Odisha:
Loss is almost certain Profit is Not
*Santosha Kumar Mallick, **Dr. Ansuman Sahoo
*Research Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India,
**Lecturer (IMBA), Department of Business Administration, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India,
ABSTRACT: The research in this paper has been conducted from within the theoretical framework of
behavioural finance. The aim of this paper is to examine chit fund scams and its aftermath effect on Individuals
& Households of Odisha. The study provides post-mortem analysis of changes in attitude investors towards chit
funds. The data comprise a random sampling of 112 respondents drawn through a field survey. Different
statistical tests were performed to assess support for the hypothesis.The results of data analysis reveals due to
lack of financial literacy and sophistication, investors are simply more exposed to idiosyncrasies of the chit fund
companies. Expectations of earnings high commission and high rate of return attracted investors to join chit
funds. Someone known to investors or some of the family member or relative persuaded investors to join in chit
funds. Majority of the respondents believe that the chit fund agent cheated them and they were unknown about
the chit fund company and they believed the chit fund agents. The study shows that laxity in regulatory system
and nexus between the politicians and chit fund companies paved way for the perpetrators to commit frauds.
The study shows that investors are now more aware about these Chit Fund companies because of the relentless
media coverage and would be more careful before investing next time.
Keywords Behavioural finance, Chit-fund scams, Financial literacy, Household savings, Investment
I. INTRODUCTION
The economic theory of investment states that investors think and behave “rationally”. However keeping in
mind the recent trends in decline in ethical values and moral standards due to the detection and exposure of
series of scams and frauds in all forms of businesses and in government organisations including the recent chit
fund scams it is require to go for a behavioural explanation of investor's irrationality in a consistent and
correlated manner. It is found that investors are not always rational; rather investor's emotion has a major role to
play with the investment decision. Individuals and Households, by virtue of their relative immobility and lack of
financial sophistication, are simply more exposed to idiosyncrasies of the chit fund companies, banks, financial
institution and business houses. The recent chit-fund scams exposed the loopholes in the household financial
investments and hence necessitate the study.
Odisha is a state located on the eastern coast of Indian peninsula. Nearly 85% of its population live in rural areas
and depend mostly on agriculture for their livelihood. The state has abundant mineral resources including
precious and semi-precious stones. It has also plentiful water resources. Cultivators and Agricultural labourers
constitute 65% of the total workforce. Agriculture provides direct or indirect employment to 65% of the total
work force and contributes 26% of the net state domestic product and it is also counted among the poorest states
of the country.
The economy of Odisha is one the fastest growing state economies in India. According to 2014-15 economic
survey, Odisha's gross state domestic product (GSDP) was expected to grow at 8.78% in the 2014-15 fiscal
years. Odisha has an agriculture-based economy which is in transition towards an industry and service-based
economy. According to Dun & Bradstreet, the GSDP is expected to grow at a rate of 8.1% during 2015-2020.
Odisha is also one of the top FDI destinations in India. In the fiscal year 2011-12, Odisha received investment
proposals worth Rs.49, 527 crores (US$9.296 billion). According to the Reserve Bank of India, Odisha received
Rs.53, 000 crores (US$8.33 billion) worth of new FDI commitments in the 2012-13 fiscal.
However, in spite of all these developments the Individuals & Households of Odisha state has witnessed their
hard earned money being siphoned by Chit funds companies. Although there are many avenues for savings and
investment one‟s hard eared money. Chit funds and Ponzi schemes promises large returns on investments are
very common avenues of parallel investment since long. But, in recent years a good number of frauds have been
exposed involving thousands of crores rupees. A number of chit fund frauds in Odisha pressed the panic button
and investors rushed to get back their invested money from such chit. These scams lead to domestic and social
violence, harassment and even suicides.
As the bottom-of-the-pyramid population continues to fret about having lost one‟s life savings in the Odisha
“chit funds”. There is a necessity to analyze the determinants and rationale of frauds committed by chit funds in
2. The Behavioural Finance Aspects of Chit-Fund Scams of Odisha: Loss is certain Profit is Not
www.ijbmi.org 72 | Page
Odisha. The lessons learned in recent chit fund scams and suggest remedial ways of proper managing of chit
funds in Odisha.
II. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the study are
To analyze the determinants of investment in chit funds in Odisha.
To study rationale of frauds committed by chit funds in Odisha.
To suggest the remedial ways of proper managing of chit funds in Odisha.
To study the lessons learned in recent chit fund scams in Odisha.
III. LITERATURE REVIEW
Chit funds are the Indian equivalent of the Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCA) that are famous
throughout the world. 1
ROSCAs are a means to „save and borrow‟ at the same time. It is considered one of the
best instruments to cater to the needs of the poor.
There are numerous published literatures on Ponzi schemes. Ponzi schemes, which are another type of
investment scam, because it promises large returns on investments that are unachievable because they are solely
derived from new investor funds (2
Blaylock, 1998; 3
Entombed Albania's Pyramids, 1997). Investors in a Ponzi
scheme typically send their money to either a central investment house, or a person which is supposed to send
the promised returns back to investors.
The fact that most investors are not told that they are destined to lose their money in these schemes is the reason
why ponzi schemes are illegal. Motivating people into investment schemes is legal, and so is the giving of
money to other people, but it is the deception of the investors about their expected financial returns that
determines the illegality of pyramid schemes (4
Caroll, 1998; Commerce Commission, 1997).
Fundamentally, deception exists because new investors are typically convinced on the promise that they will
receive larger financial returns on their investments. The pyramid scheme that ran in Albania during 1995-1997
is a notable example of a pyramid scheme in which people invested and consequently suffered a financial loss.
In this instance the scheme quickly spread through Albania and engulfed most of the populace. The debt
incurred by Albanian citizens was estimated at one billion dollars, which if the Albanian government had
reimbursed would have produced bankruptcy (3
Entombed Albania's Pyramids, 1997). Investors in this scheme
were promised returns of 50% per month on their investments and people were motivated to sell assets in order
to invest cash for the expected monetary returns. For a short period of time the returns were achieved and a few
people did well, but, as with all pyramid schemes, the supply of new investors ran out and consequently further
payments were dishonoured, thus leaving investors in financial ruin.
The semantics surrounding deliberately misleading people includes such phrases as white lies, bluffs, and fibs,
but essentially all equate to deception (5
Hyman, 1989). The definition of deception encompasses all the previous
terms, but here it is confined to the parameters of deliberate economic behaviour. Cheating and dislike of it
display themselves cross culturally. People perceive it to be a socially unacceptable behaviour and react
adversely to known cheaters (6
Sigmund, 1993). Consequently, a cheater must assess the possible gains and risks
associated with cheating before engaging in deceptive behaviour (6
Sigmund, 1993; 7
Wokutch & Carson, 1999).
As such, the outcomes associated with cheating influence both an individual‟s choice to engage in deceptive
behaviour and the reactions of others if this behaviour is discovered (5
Hyman, 1989; 8
Ridley, 1997). Arguably,
either deliberate or unintentional deception is required for the successful recruitment of investors to pyramid
schemes.
People who are closer and are deceived react more severely. This closely relates to the principle of evolutionary
psychology that asserts people are more likely to act altruistically to people who are members of their kin group
and are themselves more likely to reciprocate (8
Ridley, 1997; 6
Sigmund, 1993). Therefore determining how
these relationship factors affect people‟s economic behaviours is a worthwhile area to research, especially in
respect to deception-based punzi schemes.
Furthermore, when people consider holding others responsible for acts of deception, they take into consideration
the agent‟s intent and knowledge of the consequences (9
DePaulo & Rosenthal, 1979). For example, a person
who knowingly deceives others to invest their life savings in a fraudulent company is judged more harshly than
someone who ignorantly advises someone to invest. Such distinctions about level of social undesirability are
reflected in the law and are used to determine fraud.
10
Bansal (2005) suggests that the international consensus in preserving the soundness of the banking system has
highlighted a number of necessities including careful attention to the audit report prepared by the internal and
external auditors.
11
Sathye (2007) suggests that to prevent scams of chit funds Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) should be formed.
3. The Behavioural Finance Aspects of Chit-Fund Scams of Odisha: Loss is certain Profit is Not
www.ijbmi.org 73 | Page
12
Hudon (2008) finds that under the veil of microfinance, the chit fund companies collect fund from the poor
people and the research further shows that even though the chit funds are registered under Companies Act,
Societies Act, RBI Act and SEBI Act, these are equally unsafe like their unregistered counterparts.
13
Manniono (2009) concludes that Ponzi schemes‟ arrangement usually falls apart when a large number of
investors want to withdraw their investments at the same time, especially during times when there is not enough
new money being supplied by new investors.
14
Rhee (2009) suggests that the informal credit market is vulnerable to the credit risk, interest rate risk, inflation
risk, re-investment risk, market risk, operation risk etc. Once any of the risk materializes, the entire informal
credit market collapses like anything.
15
Eeckhout and Munshi (2010) finds that by bringing both, borrowers and lenders, in close proximity and by
stimulating the competition, chit fund effectively created an informal credit market subject to different
constraints.
16
Ferri (2010) classified Ponzi agents as those who borrow more and more in order to repay their interest with
the simplistic anticipation that profit and capital gain will be available to repay their commitments when they
become due.
17
Nielsen (2012) finds that whistle-blowers‟ appeals did not pay attention to the regulators. This can result in
exposure of corporate‟s wrong doing, inaction by regulatory institutions and hindrance to institutional reform.
18
Roy (2012) concluded that many chit fund companies are using the media business as a stepping stone by
which they will be able to establish contacts with the political establishments, more so with people in power.
19
Kapoor et al. (2013) concluded that the chit fund industry addresses the savings needs of people, is considered
very safe and also offers loans at lower interest rates than money lenders.
20
Sen (2013) suggests that all the banks should conduct random check to the accounts of the chit fund
companies which collect money through collective investment schemes across the country.
IV. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
In addition to answering the research objectives the study tested the following hypothesis.
H0: There is no significant relationship between chit fund investment and demographic characteristics.
Ha: There is significant relationship between chit fund investment and demographic characteristics.And
H0: There is no relation between chit fund investments with awareness about frauds and scams, financial
education, excessive greed to expect windfall gains aftermath of these scams.
Ha: There is relation between chit fund investments with awareness about frauds and scams, financial education
aftermath of these scams
V. DATA AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Data collection
The primary data to analyze the determinants and rationale of chit funds in Odisha was gathered from the
investors through a questionnaire which signify the motivating factors and causes of frauds as well as their
opinion regarding managing chit. The data comprised a sample survey of 112 investors covering observation for
last 03 months. The primary data was collected through a well designed questionnaire. The main variables of
interest related to individuals includes Gender, Age, Age group, Occupation, Education level, Religion, Caste,
Tenure of investment in chit funds, Amount of investment in chit funds. The survey was entirely based on the
information provided by the investors.
B. Research Methodology and Data analysis
The analysis of the determinants and rationale of chit funds in Odisha has been carried out in two steps. During
the first stage of analysis, the data gathered was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics
explains the mean, median, minimum, maximum and standard deviation of the data. Examination of the
characteristics of the sample was carried out which showed the level of investors all distinguished by Age
group, Occupation, Education level, Religion, Caste, Tenure of investment in chit funds and Amount of
investment in chit funds.
The data collected through questionnaire has been further processed through SPSS (Statistical Package for
Social Sciences). Non-parametric tests mainly the chi-square test has been used to test the hypotheses. A Chi-
square test for independence is applied when two categorical variables are generated from a single population. It
is used to determine whether or not there is a significant association between the two variables.
The questionnaire with a 5 point Likert scale has been used for analyzing the behavioural attributes of the
respondents. The 5 point scale in the questionnaire bears the corresponding prefix, e. g. 1 as agree, 2 as strongly
agree, 3 as disagree, 4 as strongly disagree and 5 as do not know.
To test the reliability using Cronbach‟s Alpha score comes out as 0.958 hence it was accepted. To consolidate
the data, factor analysis was carried out. Statistical tools like Descriptive Statistics, Chi-square (x2
) test, linear
4. The Behavioural Finance Aspects of Chit-Fund Scams of Odisha: Loss is certain Profit is Not
www.ijbmi.org 74 | Page
regression and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to test the hypotheses. The hypotheses for the
aftermath effect and managing chit funds regulation which has been tested using Chi-square test. Finally, the
data were processed through the use of SPSS.
Table 1: Reliability Statistics
Cronbach‟s alpha Cronbach‟s alpha based on
standardized items
No. of items
0.958 0.958 39
Source: SPSS Analysis Result
C. Demographics of the respondents
The descriptive analyses for demographics profile of respondents which indicated below-
Table 2: Demographics profile of respondents.
Demographic Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
Occupation
housewife 16 14.29 14.29
business 16 14.29 28.57
service 48 42.86 71.43
Agriculture 32 28.57 100.00
Total 112 100
Type of Job
Govt. 22 19.64 19.64
Private 23 20.54 40.18
Self Employed 11 9.82 50.00
Others 56 50.00 100.00
Total 112 100.00
Gender
Female 33 29.46 29.46
Male 79 70.54 100.00
Total 112 100
Age group:
18-25 years 16 14.29 14.29
26-40 years 54 48.21 62.50
41-60 years 34 30.36 92.86
61 and above 8 7.14 100.00
Total 112 100
Educational Qualification:
Under
Matriculation
45 40.18 40.18
Higher Secondary 23 20.54 60.71
Graduate 22 19.64 80.36
Post graduate 11 9.82 90.18
Any other 11 9.82 100.00
Total 112 100
Religion:
Hinduism 79 70.54 70.54
Muslim 22 19.64 90.18
Christian 11 9.82 100.00
Buddhism 0 0.00
Jainism 0 0.00
Any other 0 0.00
Total 112 100.00
Caste:
General 45 40.18 40.18
Scheduled Caste 25 22.32 62.50
Scheduled Tribe 8 7.14 69.64
Other Backward
Caste
34 30.36 100.00
Total 112 100.00
Tenure of investment in chit funds
0-2 years 42 37.50 37.50
2- 5 years 50 44.64 82.14
5 years and above 20 17.86 100.00
Total 112 100.00
Amount of investment in chit funds:
<= Rs. 10000 12 10.71 10.71
Rs.10001- 54 48.21 58.93
5. The Behavioural Finance Aspects of Chit-Fund Scams of Odisha: Loss is certain Profit is Not
www.ijbmi.org 75 | Page
Rs.50000
Rs.50001-
Rs.100000
13 11.61 70.54
Rs.100001-
Rs.500000
33 29.46 100.00
>Rs.500000 0 0.00
Total 112 100.00
Source: Compiled from questionnaires
Table 3: Descriptive Statistics
Particulars N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
Type of Job 112 1 4 2.9018 1.22261
Gender 112 1 2 1.7054 0.45793
Age group 112 1 4 2.3036 0.80359
Educational
Qualification
112 1 5 2.2857 1.34519
Religion 112 1 3 1.3929 0.66247
Caste 112 1 4 1.7321 1.01326
Tenure of
investment in chit
funds
112 1 3 1.8036 0.72085
Amount of
investment in chit
funds
112 1 4 2.3839 0.80813
Valid N (listwise) 112
Hypothesis testing:
Here the researcher tests whether there is any relationship between chit fund investment and demographic
characteristics.
Ho: There is no significant relationship between chit fund investment and demographic characteristics.
Ha: There is significant relationship between chit fund investment and demographic characteristics
Table 4:Chi-square test for independence result.
Demographic
character
Value df Asymp. sig.(2 sided)
Job Type 86.576a 9 0
Gender 1.019a 3 0.397
Age 1.677a 9 0
Qualification 188.290a 12 0
Religion 176.270a 6 0
Caste 29.682a 9 0
Source: SPSS analysis result
Since the P-value is <0.05 the null hypothesis is rejected that is there is significant relationship between chit
fund investment and demographic characteristics. The result of the chi square independence result shows that
there is relationship between chit fund investment and demographic characteristics, therefore the research
hypothesis accepted.
D. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been conducted to find and club the component under the suitable
head. The result of the PCA is as follows:
Table 5: Component Transformation Matrix
Component 1 2 3 4
1 .156 .733 .599 -.182
2 .950 .225 -.096 -.041
3 -.168 -.367 .631 .633
4 .134 .494 .412 .745
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization
On the basis of Rotated Component Matrix, the 19 parameters in the questionnaire are segregated into four
components. For each parameter, the highest factor loading has been taken for consideration for the under
different components. Hence, the four components derived from PCA are as under:
6. The Behavioural Finance Aspects of Chit-Fund Scams of Odisha: Loss is certain Profit is Not
www.ijbmi.org 76 | Page
Table 7: Components Derived from PCA
Component 1 Component 2 Component 3 Component 4
Laxity in regulatory system Rigid banking formalities High rate of return and
high Commission
High rate of return and high
Commission
Proper coordination among
regulators
Stringent license norms and
close monitoring
Stronger regulations Present Chit Funds Act, 1982
is weak in its operation
Stringent license norms and
close monitoring
Rationalized Banking norms lack of Govt. sponsored
small investment schemes
friends, family and relatives
pressurize
Lack of financial literacy Someone known and/or one
of your family member or
relative persuaded to join in
chit funds
Financial iliteracy Requirement of stringent Act
Encouragement of Investors
education
nexus between some
politicians and chit fund
companies
A Bank in the locality Scope of operation should be
controlled and limited
Weak Chit Funds Act, 1982 Lack of financial literacy Investors education
provision for caution/security
deposit
provision for
caution/security deposit
E. Liner regression analysis
The researcher here also tests whether the recent chit fund scams has any impact on investors perception on their
investments, where awareness about frauds and scams, financial education, excessive greed to expect windfall
gains are considered independent variable and chit fund investments is dependent variables. For testing the
hypothesis, a statistical test called liner regression analysis test was employed through the use of SPSS statistical
package.
a) Statement of hypothesis
H0: There is no relation between chit fund investments with awareness about frauds and scams, financial
education, excessive greed to expect windfall gains aftermath of these scams.
Ha: There is relation between chit fund investments with awareness about frauds and scams, financial education
aftermath of these scams.
b) Dependent variable (D1): chit fund investments
c) Independent variables (I1, I2 and I3): awareness about frauds and scams, financial education, excessive
greed to expect windfall gains.
Table 8: Model summary
Table 9: ANOVA
Model 1 Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Regression 4.507 3 1.502 2.39 .073b
Residual 67.984 108 0.629
Total 72.491 111
a. Dependent Variable: chit fund _investment
b. Predictors: (Constant), I1,I2 and I3
Table 10: Coefficients
Model 1 Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig. Correlations
B Std.
Error
Beta Zero-
order
Partial Part
(Constant) 2.411 0.174 13.895 0
I1 -0.084 0.054 -0.165 -1.536 0.127 -0.182 -0.146 -0.143
I2 0.13 0.075 0.221 1.717 0.089 0.131 0.163 0.16
I3 -0.056 0.078 -0.102 -0.713 0.477 -0.029 -0.068 -0.066
a. Dependent Variable: D1
R Square
Change
F
Change
df1 df2 Sig. F
Change
1 .249
a
0.062 0.036 0.7934 0.062 2.386 3 108 0.073
a. Predictors: (Constant), I1,I2 and I3
Model R R Square Adjusted
R Square
Std. Error
of the
Estimate
Change Statistics
7. The Behavioural Finance Aspects of Chit-Fund Scams of Odisha: Loss is certain Profit is Not
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Table 11: Change in Perception of Investors after math of chit fund scams in Odisha
Particulars Agree Strongly
agree
Disagree Strongly
disagree
Undecided Total
1 The chit fund agent cheated you 33.92 33.92 16.07 0 16.07 100
2 The chit fund company cheated you 25.89 50.00 8.03 8.03 8.03 100
3 You are now more confident not to
invest in chit funds again
25.00 41.96 8.03 0 25.00 100
4 You won't be recommending this option
to anyone else?
32.14 43.74 8.03 0 16.07 100
5 You now believe you would never
receive the financial returns as
promised by chit funds?
50.90 25 16.07 0 8.03 100
6 The Govt . is colluded with Chit funds
and cheated you?
33.03 17.85 8.03 8.03 33.03 100
7 You believe you are more aware about
frauds and scams now?
42.85 25.00 8.04 0.00 24.11 100
8 You now believe that the business
models of chit funds are unsustainable
in the long run?
58.03 8.04 8.04 0.00 25.89 100
9 You won't be excessive greed to expect
windfall gains?
50.89 16.07 16.96 0.00 16.96 100
10 You should invest more on financial
education?
33.93 41.07 8.04 0.00 16.96 100
From the above model summery R = .249a
which shows there is a negative relationship between investments
with awareness about frauds and scams, financial education, excessive greed to expect windfall, which means
investors are more aware about frauds and scams, excessive greed to expect windfall and financial education.
VI. FINDINGS
As the determinants and rationale of chit funds in Odisha was gathered from the investors through a well
developed questionnaire which signify the motivating factors and causes of frauds as well as their opinion
regarding managing chits, the following information have been captured and summarized.
Due to lack of financial literacy and sophistication, investors are simply more exposed to idiosyncrasies of
the chit fund companies.
Expectations of earning high commission and high rate of return attracted investors to join chit funds.
Someone known to investors and/or some of the family member or relative persuaded investors to join in
chit funds.
Majority of the respondents believe that the chit fund agent cheated them.
Majority of the respondents claim that they were unknown about the chit fund companies and they believed
the chit fund agent.
86% of the respondents the current interest rate of banks and post office is low; 65% of the respondents
believe that a bank in their locality would have avoided them to invest in chit funds; 48.4 % believe that due
to lack of Govt. sponsored small investment schemes investors invested in chit funds; 42% believe that the
present banking formalities are rigid and somewhat responsible for chit fund scams.
The study shows that laxity in regulatory system and nexus between the political parties and chit fund
companies paved way for the perpetrators to commit frauds.
The respondents also believe that the business models of the chit funds are unsustainable in the long run and
believe that the rate of interest offered by chit fund companies is unfeasible.
The study further emphasizes the requirement of stringent Act is essential along with proper coordination is
needed among the regulators.
The study suggests that banking norms should be rationalized; investors education must be encouraged and
stringent action must be taken against the perpetrators.
The study shows that investors are now more aware about these Chit Fund companies because of the
relentless media coverage and would be more careful before investing next time.
VII. CONCLUSION
The study empirically analyzes the determinants and rationale of chit funds in Odisha by
constructing an econometric model to study the various factors of chit funds investments. The
business of chit funds is running in India in various names and forms since many years.
Recent Frauds have exposed these businesses of thousands of crores rupees because of laxity
8. The Behavioural Finance Aspects of Chit-Fund Scams of Odisha: Loss is certain Profit is Not
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in regulation and financial illiteracy. Weak provisions of the Chit Fund Act, 1982 along with
laxity in regulatory system and nexus between the politicians trembled the bottom-of-the-
pyramid. Many small investors lost their life savings in chit fund scams. Rationalizing
banking norms along with financial literacy and investors education must be encouraged to
safeguard the interest of the investors .The regulators must tighten their Act with proper
coordination among the various agencies so as to build investors confidence and to retain
their faith.
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