FINAL FIELD.pdf

1
A FIELD REPORT
ON
INVESTORS’ BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS CHIT FUND
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
Master of Business Administration
Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University, Bhilai
Submitted by,
RAJEEV MAHOBIA
Roll no: 503707620077
MBA –4th Semester-
(Session: 2021-2022)
Approved By, Guided by
Dr. Souren Sarkar S.Suresh Kumar
Prof.& Head of department Professor, FMS,SSTC
Shri Shankaracharya technical campus
Shri Shankaracharya Group Of Institutions,Faculty of Management Studies
JUNWANI, BHILAI-490 020 (CHHATTISGARH), INDIA

2
ANNEXURE II: DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
I the undersigned solemnly declare that the report of the research work entitled” A
study on Investment Behaviour of Investor Toward chit Funds”is based on my own
work carried out during the course of my study under the supervision of” MR.Pankaj
Bhatey Sir”
I assert that the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of my
research work. I further declare that to the best of my knowledge and belief the report
does not contain any part of any work which has been submitted for the award of MBA
degree or any other degree/diploma/certificate in this University or any other University
of India or abroad.
-----------------------------------
(Signature of the Candidate)
Name-Rajeev Mahobia
Enrollment No:BJ7803

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ANNEXURE III: CERTIFICATE FROM THE SUPERVISOR
This is to certify that the work incorporated in the report ”A study on Investment
Behaviour of Investor Toward chit Funds”is a record of research work carried out by
“RAJEEV MAHOBIA” bearing Enrollment No.:BJ7803under my/our guidance and
supervision for the part fulfillment for the award of MBA Degree of Chhattisgarh Swami
Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai (C.G.), India.
To the best of my knowledge and belief the Report
i) Embodies the work of the candidate him/herself,
ii) Has duly been completed,
iii) Is up to the desired standard both in respect of contents and language for external
viva.
------------------------------------
(Signature of the Supervisor)

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ANNEXURE IV: TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
DECLARATION OF CANDIDATE ....................................................................................2
CERTIFICATION OF CANDIDATE ..................................................................................3
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………………………...4
CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION TO THE
STUDY………………………………………………………………………………………….5-6
CHAPTER-2 INDUSTRY PROFILE……… ……………………………………………….7-10
CHATER -3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE …………… ………………………………11-14
CHAPTER-4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………………………………...15-16
CHAPTER-5 DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION………………………………...17-19
CHAPTER-6 FINDINGS…………………………….…………………………………………20
CHAPTER-7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY…..............................................................21
CHAPTER-8 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………….22
CHAPTER-9 QUESTIONNAIRE USED………………………………………………….23-35
CHAPTER-10 REFRENCES………………………………………………………………….36

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Abstract
Investment and Savings are influenced by various factors and vary from person to
person with respect to selection of alternatives. Particularly people from the low income
group may not be in a position to invest in all avenues of investments. They will invest in
the areas where the systems and procedures are very easy and investor friendly. Chit
fund is one of the avenues which suit the low income and illiterate segment. This paper
attempted to explore the level of importance and patronage given by the people towards
chit funds in Bhilai city and came with excellent results.
1. Introduction
An investment is a commitment of funds made in the expectation of some positive rate
of return. Investors who are investing in stocks, bonds and mutual funds now have chit
fund as an alternative means of investment. But there are a number of reasons and
factors influencing an individual investor to invest in Chit funds. Chit Fund is an attractive
Investment Option which caters to people from all walks of life. It is especially beneficial
to the Salaried Class, Professionals, Businessmen and Self Employed. A chit fund is a
type of savings scheme practiced in India, besides other forms of savings scheme
offered by various public and private sector banks, post offices, insurance corporations
etc. Each and every person can be specifically differentiated on various parameters.
Their investment decisions depend on the various attributes. There are so many factors
that influence their investment decisions. Everyone has their own requirements. So,
accordingly they take decisions. Any investment is made with the primary objective of
earning returns on the invested sum. Based on the type of investment instruments,
returns can vary. Personal investment is affected by the level of knowledge an individual
investor possesses about different investment instruments.
The knowledge of the relationship between risk and return along with the knowledge of
industrial sectors, economic indicators, companies performance analysis techniques,
portfolio management techniques, etc., affect the investment decisions of individuals.
The sources of information regarding investment avenues also guide the investment
decisions. Tax liabilities of an individual and the effect of taxation on the income
generated from investment along with its understanding influences an individuals
investment decision.
Security or safety is also very important in investing. Because, if someone is going to
invest their hard money then definitely he will expect good returns. The safety of the
funds invested should be the first priority of any investment and then the returns should

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be in proportion to the level of risk taken. One of the most important factors affecting
personal investments is the availability of disposable funds. If the difference between net
income and expenditure is either zero or negative, there will be limited amount available
for investment. Apart from all these factors invested money should be convertible into
cash in the hour of need and this is an important factor which affects personal
investments. Chit Funds is a 1000 years old financial instrument intimately connected
with millions of people in developing countries. Hugely popular in developing countries,
such as India, China, Pakistan and Central Africa, chit fund is one of the best sources of
saving money for low income groups, salaried people and the self-employed.
Research Background and Motivation
Chit Funds are indigenous financial institutions in India that cater to the financial needs
of the low-income households, which have been excluded from the formal financial
system. The uniqueness of Chit Fund as a method of Financial Planning stems from the
fact that, it is both a tool for saving and borrowing. In other words, it serves the dual
purpose of being an investment for your savings and in times of need the Subscriber
can bid for the Prize Amount in order to meet any unexpected expenditure.
A study conducted by the Institute for Financial Management and Research (IFMR) in
India concluded that over thousands of Crores of rupees are circulated through chit
fund. Andhra Pradesh topped with 1.4 million households participating in chit funds
circulating $1.6 billion. Tamil Nadu stood second with participation by 800,000
households circulating $820 million. The study also found that:
 Around 2.4 per cent of the participants are of households with monthly income
less than Rs 10,000. Another 38.4 per cent are households with monthly incomes
between Rs 10,000 and Rs 20,000. This means, that a good 70 per cent of the
participants belong to low to middle income groups.
 Around 50% of the subscribers are below poverty line
Research Objective
In this study I want to know the factors which influence investor investment decision.
Through literature survey I found some parameter in which my research model is based.

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2.Industry profile
What is Chit Fund?
 Chit funds are a popular type of savings institutions in India. It is one of the main
parts of the unorganized money market industry.
 It refers to an agreement arrived at by a group of individuals to invest a certain
amount through periodic instalments over a specified period of time.
 The chit fund provides access to savings and borrowings for people with limited
access to banking facilities.
 Chit funds in India are managed, conducted, and regulated according to Chit
Funds Act of 1982.
 They are governed through central legislation while state governments are
responsible for their administration.
 Chit funds are the Indian versions of Rotating Savings and Credit
Associations found across the globe.
Rotating Savings and Credit Associations
 A Rotating Credit and Savings Association or ROSCA is an alternative financial
vehicle in which a group of individuals fills the role of an informal financial
institution.
 In a ROSCA, members pool their money into a common fund, generally
structured around monthly contributions.
 Single members withdraw money from it as a lump sum at the beginning of each
cycle.
Types of Chit Funds
There are three types of chit funds:
 Chit funds run by state governments
o These funds are managed and regulated by state governments.

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o Funds run by PSUs (public sector undertakings) also belong to this class.
o These are safe and chances of loss are limited. Business processes are
transparent and clean.
 Private registered chit funds
o These chit funds are registered as per Chit Funds Act of 1982.
o These are normally floated by prominent financial institutes or business
houses.
o Participating in these funds is not as safe as in state governments or public
sector undertakings.
o However, as they are under the management of leading private sector
companies or institutes the risk is calculated and bearable.
 Unregistered chit funds
o Unregistered chit funds are not legal and participation in these is up to the
risk of members.
o Such types of chit funds are common throughout India and are usually
formed by a close group of associates.
o Participation in these funds should be avoided as disputes are subject to
members’ integrity and honesty.
Why Chit Funds?
 Low rate of interest on small saving provided by commercial banks are usually
not coherent with the market rate, resulting in middle income group moving
towards unregulated deposit schemes.
 Obtaining formal loan still remains a huge task for a common man as banks,
financial institution are plagued by stringent procedures.
 Less regulated regime at fairly competitive interest rates prevailing in the market
makes these schemes easily accessible.
 Chit funds come handy to meet exigencies like death or ill-health as well as
joyous occasions like marriages and child-birth in the family.

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 These types of scheme promote savings culture as each member is supposed to
contribute a fixed amount every month towards the fund.
Existing Regulation
 At present chit funds are governed by Chit Funds Act of 1962, RBI Act of 1934,
and SEBI Act of 1992 etc.
 Under the Chit Fund Act of 1962, businesses can be registered and regulated
only by the respective State Governments.
 Regulator of chit funds is the Registrar of Chits appointed by respective state
governments under Section 61 of Chit Funds Act.
 Functionally, Chit funds are included in the definition of Non-Banking Financial
Companies (NBFCs) (LINK) by RBI under the sub-head Miscellaneous Non-
Banking Company (MNBC).
 RBI however has not laid out any separate regulatory framework for them.
Need for Stricter Regulations
 Fraudulent companies: There have been raising instances of people in various
parts of the country being defrauded by illicit deposit taking schemes such as
Saradha Chit Fund Scam, Rose Valley Scam etc.
 Financial Illiteracy: Lack of financial literacy results in people getting duped as
they are promised huge return on their investment which has no substantial basis
to fulfil.
 Despite the presence of staunch rules against scams by chit funds, a lot of these
funds run Ponzi schemes and make away with a lot of people's money.
Ponzi Schemes: Ponzi schemes are investment operations that pay returns to old
investors from the money garnered from new investors.
 Non-Transparency: Chit funds, especially those catering to a large number of
members, are opaque both in their operations and eliciting of bids.
 Administrative Loopholes: Companies running such schemes exploit existing
regulatory gaps and lack of strict administrative measures to dupe poor and
gullible people of their hard-earned savings.

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 Lack of Accountability: There is no deposit insurance for investors. If a registered
chit fund company files for bankruptcy neither the government nor the Reserve
Bank of India can help the investors.
Way Forward
 The proposed amendment will prohibit unregulated deposit-taking and provide for
deterrent punishment for promoting or operating such schemes, besides
introducing other changes.
 The focus need to be on implementing the rules without political interference and
strengthening the judicial mechanism without which any amendment to the law
will be of little help to the citizens.
 Amendment in the proposed legislation will only safeguard the depositor interests,
without addressing the structural problems of lack of financial inclusion, skewed
bank ratio in rural areas etc.
 Better and accessible banking alternatives will not only check undue exploitation
of poor people but will also correct leakages in the economy.

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3.Literature Review
Dale Adams (2002)1
Conducted a study on “A study on microfinance” This article
examines the historical context of microfinance and its evolution. The concept of
microfinance is not new. Savings and credit groups that have operated for centuries
include the "susus" of Ghana, "chit funds" in India, "tandas" in Mexico, "arisan" in
Indonesia, "cheetu" in Sri Lanka, "tontines" in West Africa, and "pasanaku" in Bolivia, as
well as numerous savings clubs and burial societies found all over the world. Formal
credit and savings institutions for the poor have also been around for decades, providing
customers who were traditionally neglected by commercial banks a way to obtain
financial services through cooperatives and development finance institutions.
One of the earlier and longer-lived micro credit organizations providing small loans to
rural poor with no collateral was the Irish Loan Fund system, initiated in the early 1700s
by the author and nationalist Jonathan Swift. Swift's idea began slowly but by the 1840s
had become a widespread institution of about 300 funds all over Ireland.
Gaurav kabra (2005)2
Conducted a study on "Factors Influencing Investment
Decision of Generations in India:" aims to gain knowledge about key factors that
influence investment behavior and ways these factors impact investment risk tolerance
and decision making process among men and women and among different age groups.
The individuals may be equal in all aspects, may even be living next door, but their
financial planning needs are very different. It is by using different age groups along with
Gender that synergism between investors can be generated. In this context,
demographics alone no longer suffice as the basis of segmentation of individual
investors. Hence keeping this in mind, the present study is an attempt to find out Factors
which affects individual investment decision and Differences in the perception of
Investors in the decision of investing on basis of Age and on the basis of Gender. The
study concludes that investors’ age and gender predominantly decides the risk taking
capacity of investors.
Itoop, M.L (2002)3
in his work "Economic Significance of Chit Funds in India" tried
to identify the factors leading to the growth of Chit Funds in India especially in the
1980's. He also examined its utility as a saving instrument and supplier of easy credit
and thus employment potential. The findings of the research revealed that Kuries help,
industry, agriculture and even house construction. The only unproductive expenditure
related to the money spent on marriages and on durable consumer goods. The study
also found that the cost of credit is cheaper compared to the cost of credit with reference
to commercial banks and other financial institutions.
1
Dale, W. Adams (2002)," A study on microfinance ", Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vo1ume.26,
No.3, pp. 547-60.

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An investor is any person who commits capital with the expectation of future financial
returns. Investors utilize investments in order to grow their money and/or provide an
income during retirement, such as with an annuity. A wide variety of investment vehicles
exist including (but not limited to) stocks, bonds, commodities, mutual funds, exchange-
traded funds (ETFs), options, futures, foreign exchange, gold, silver, insurance and real
estate. Investors typically perform technical and/or fundamental analysis to determine
favorable investment opportunities, and generally prefer to minimize risk while
maximizing returns. Investor’s perception refers to the choosing, purchasing and
consumption of goods and services for the satisfaction of their wants.
Investor’s can be classified into three categories:
Risk Averters
Risk Moderates
Risk Takers
Investment decision making
The Investment Decision relates to the decision made by the investors or the top level
management with respect to the amount of funds to be deployed in the investment
opportunities.
Simply, selecting the type of assets in which the funds will be invested by the firm is
termed as the investment decision. These assets fall into two categories:
1. Long Term Assets
2. Short-Term Assets

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The decision of investing funds in the long term assets is known as Capital
Budgeting. Thus, Capital Budgeting is the process of selecting the asset or an
investment proposal that will yield returns over a long period.
Need for Investment Decisions
The need for investment decisions arrives for attaining the long term objective of the firm
viz. survival or growth, preserving share of a particular market and retain leadership in a
particular aspect of economic activity.
The firm may like to make investment decision to avail of the economic opportuni-
ties which may arise due to the following reasons:

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i) Expansion of the productive process to meet the existing excessive demand in local
market to exploit the international markets and to avail the benefits of economies of
scale.
(ii) Replacement of an existing asset, plant, machinery or building may become
necessary for reaping advantages of technological innovations, minimising cost of
products and increasing the efficiency of labour.
(iii) Buy or hire on rent or lease a particular asset is another important consideration
which establishes the need for making investment decisions.

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4.Research Methodology
 Research Approach: Quantitative Research
 Research Design: Causal research
 Instrument Design: Based on existing validated scales using 7-point Likert Scale
 Sampling Design: Using convenience sampling
 Sample size: Approx. 50
 Data Collection : Major cities of Chhattisgarh
 Respondents: Investors
 Data Analysis technique
Factor Analysis and Multiple Linear Regression
RESEARCH MODEL
Investment Decision
H:1 H:2 H:3 H:4 H:5
Perceived
return
Perceived
risk
Self
efficacy
Friends
recommen
dation
Financial
advisor
recommen
dation

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Hypothesis:
H1: Perceived return has significant positive impact on investment decision.
H2: Perceived risk has significant negative impact on investment decision.
H3: Self efficacy has significant positive impact on investment decision.
H4: Friends recommendation has significant positive impact on investment decision.
H5: Financial advisor recommendation has significant positive impact on investment decision.

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5. Data Analysis and Result
Rotated Component Matrixa
Component
1 2 3 4 5
ID_1.1 .704 .430 -.116 .190 .280
ID_1.2 .806 .115 .006 .102 .085
ID_1.3 .724 .374 -.217 .206 .252
RE_2.1 .886 .246 -.054 .071 .164
RE_2.2 .793 .177 -.115 .032 .152
RE_2.3 .714 .405 -.170 .267 .032
RE_2.4 .880 .098 -.067 .096 -.069
RE_2.5 .904 .135 -.016 .093 .064
RI_3.1 -.110 .076 .882 .069 .045
RI_3.2 -.047 .052 .930 .055 -.009
RI_3.3 -.189 -.130 .770 .104 -.030
RI_3.4 .232 .032 .013 .092 .774
AP_4.1 .183 .270 .393 .584 .365
AP_4.2 .049 -.011 .103 .885 -.091
AP_4.3 .230 -.052 -.001 .809 .063
AP_4.4 .409 -.175 .356 .586 .213
FF_5.1 .115 .884 -.021 .035 .119
FF_5.2 .557 .437 -.039 .210 -.391

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FF_5.3 .620 .518 -.246 .157 -.065
FF_5.4 .567 .512 -.332 .258 -.178
FA_6.1 .377 .503 .219 -.385 -.187
FA_6.2 .484 .730 -.015 -.117 -.002
FA_6.3 .499 .660 .219 -.299 .019
FA_6.4 .638 .473 .207 -.401 .059
Coefficients
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1 (Constant) -.736 .643 -1.146 .258
RT .814 .135 .741 6.019 <.001
RK .028 .114 .021 .242 .810
AB .058 .120 .045 .479 .635
IF .190 .139 .161 1.372 .177
FAd -.009 .124 -.008 -.071 .943
a. Dependent Variable: DE i.e Decision to invest
b. Independent Variables :
RT - returns
RK – Risk

19
AB - Ability
IF - Influences of friends and family
FAd – Financial advisor

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6.Findings
In this research report I find out some major factors which influence investors’s
behaviour are as follow:-
1) Return which they percevie in chit fund has significant role while investing
in chit fund.
2) According to this report chit fund is very risky investment avenue.
3) Financial advisor and family member also influence investors behavior
4) Ability to plan your finances has significant role while investing in chit
fund.

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7.Limitations of the study
This analysis is based upon investors investment preference during normal time viz-viz
revolutionary period. This analysis would be focusing on the information from the
investors about their knowledge ,perception and behaviour on different financial
products.
 Related secondary data is not available or accessing available data is
difficult/impossible
 Difficult to understand context of a phenomenon
 Data may not be robust enough to explain complex issues.
 Data we collected in this report is only from bhilai which does not represtents
whole population
 All respondents are not investors some are students.
 Limited number of sample
 The lack of knowledge of customer about the chit fund can be the major limitation.
 Reluctance of people to provide compelete information about them can affect the
validity of response.

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8.Conclusion
Chit funds are a very good tool for financing the activities of small businesses. In recent
years, there have been some unscrupulous activities in the industry that have instigated
the Government to take serious measures. The occasional failure of chit funds is
generally attributed to expansion beyond capacity. A chit fund is not a scalable model
unless the chit manager or company has sufficient personal resources as a backup for
financial contingencies. The regulatory hurdles that the chit companies face due to the
stringent rules proposed by the Government progressively, have been a setback to the
growth of the industry.
Many companies have, in the recent past, either folded up or
shifted their operations entirely to the informal arena becoming an ’unregistered’ chit
fund.
The day when the Government and the industry participants alike understand the
importance of chit funds to the economy would mark the beginning of a new era.

23
9.questinnarie
Email
*
Q1 . Personal Details
Please provide the following details which would help in supporting our
research.
The information will be kept strictly confidential and for the purpose of analysis only.
Please tick the appropriate option.
A)Your name
*
B))Your age
*
<20
20-29
30-39
≥40
C)Your Gender
*
Male
Female
D)Annual Income
*
<1 Lakh
1 - 2.99 lakh
3-4.99 lakh

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≥5 Lakhs
E)Since, how long have you been investing in the market instruments
*
Not yet
< 1 year
1-3 years
3-5 years
5-10 years
>10 years
Q2. The following questions are about your decision to invest in a chit funds
Please choose the most appropriate option
Scoring Scale
1-2 = Strongly disagree
3-5 = Neutral
6-7 =strongly agree
A) I want to invest in chit funds rather than a other one
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

25
Strongly agree
B) My intentions are to invest in chit funds rather than in a other one
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly agree
C)If I could, I would like to invest in chit funds
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly agree
Q3. The following questions are about the returns you perceive in investing in a chit
funds

26
A)Investment in chit funds will be beneficial to me
Strongly Disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Agree
B)By investing in chit funds I can earn more money than by investing in other
Instruments
Strongly Disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Agree
C)Investment in chit funds will give me higher returns
Strongly Disagree
1

27
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Agree
D)Investment in chit funds will increase my overall wealth
Strongly Disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Agree
E)Investment in chit funds will be of good value
Strongly Disagree
1
2
3
4
5

28
6
7
Strongly Agree
Q4.The following questions are about the risk you perceive in investing in a chit funds
A)It is risky to invest in chit funds
Strongly Disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Agree
B)I may lose substantial amount of money by Investing in chit funds.
Strongly Disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

29
Strongly Agree
C)My savings would be in danger if I invest them in chit funds.
Strongly Disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Agree
D)The potential for loses are low in chit funds.
Strongly Disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Agree
Q5. The following questions are about your ability to plan your finances
A)I know how to plan my wealth well

30
Strongly Disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Agree
B)I don’t need the help of any financial planner to manage my wealth
Strongly Disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Agree
C)I can understand the market situation very well without any external help
Strongly Disagree
1
2
3

31
4
5
6
7
Strongly Agree
D)I am skillful in managing my wealth
Strongly Disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Q6 Strongly AgreeThe following questions are about the influence of your friends and
family members on your decision to invest in chit funds
A)My parents influence my decision to invest in chit funds.
Strongly Disagree
1
2
3
4
5

32
6
7
Strongly Agree
B)I prefer the advice of my friends on investing in a chit funds
Strongly Disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Agree
C)Most people who influence my decision think that I should invest in chit funds
Strongly Disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Agree
D)My peers advice me to invest in chit funds.

33
Strongly Disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Agree
Q7) The following questions are about the influence of your financial advisor on your
decision to invest in a chit funds .
A)For investment decisions, I consult financial planners (e.g., CA)
Strongly Disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Agree
B)Financial Planners influence my decision to invest in chit funds.

34
Strongly Disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Agree
C)Financial Planners play a significant role in my decision to invest in chit funds.
Strongly Disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Agree
D)I prefer the advice of financial planners to invest in chit funds.
Strongly Disagree
1
2
3

36
10.Refrences
 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=Dale+Adams+(2002)+Conducted+a+study
+on+%E2%80%9CA+study+on+microfinance%E2%80%9D&hl=en&as_sdt=0&as
_vis=1&oi=scholart
 http://www.ijbmer.com/docs/volumes/vol1issue1/ijbmer2010010103.pdf
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258091119_Factors_Influencing_Invest
ment_Decision_of_Generations_in_India_An_Econometric_Study
 http://www.ijstm.com/images/short_pdf/1498204872_IIMT_333_ijstm.pdf
 https://www.academia.edu/7060723/A_STUDY_ON_FACTORS_INFLUENCING_
INVESTORS_TO_INVEST_IN_SHRIRAM_CHITS
 https://moneyclubber.com/blog/chit-fund/
 Dale, W. Adams (2002)," A study on microfinance ", Economic Development and
Cultural Change, Vo1ume.26
 https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/handle/2123/8115/AS-Khan-2012-
Thesis.pdf?sequence=1

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