Sample paragraphs for Text structures

1. The Lazy Student
When Tim woke up, he didn’t want to go
to school. His mom took him anyway.
So, he went to school, but he didn’t do
any work. The days passed, and Tim still
didn’t do any work. Mr. Morton called
Tim’s house, but Tim still wouldn’t do any
work. Finally the report cards came out,
and Tim failed his classes. Tim was sad.

2. Restoring the Toad
Dr. Knapp doesn’t want people to sit back and let
the toad vanish. He believes that everyone is
responsible for restoring the toad species. Dr.
Knapp thinks we could help restore the toad
population if we stop mowing parts of our lawns
and let the grass grow wild to reserve space for
the toad. He also believes we need to stop using
pesticides and fertilizers. The chemicals kill the
insects that toads eat. If we preserve some
spaces in our lawns and stop using fertilizers, Dr.
Knapp believes we can save the toads.

3. •What do you think is the
difference between the two
passages?

4. TEXT STRUCTURES
Text structures are the ways authors
organize information in their writing.
Knowing these structures can help you
understand what you read better and also
improve your own writing.

5. 1. Expository Text or Informational Text
•Are nonfiction texts that give facts and
information about the topic. These academic
texts are common in science, history, and
social sciences. It presents factual information
in an organized manner. Texts that employ
expository writing are the following: essays,
newspapers, magazine, articles, instructional
manuals, encyclopedias, and school textbooks.

6. The Sun
The Sun is a star at the center of our solar
system. It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot
plasma, heated to incandescence by nuclear
fusion reactions in its core. Its energy is
radiated into space as light, heat, and other
forms of radiation. It is by far the most
important source of energy for life on Earth.

7. •Why Bees Matter
Bees are important because they help
plants grow. When bees move from flower
to flower, they spread pollen, which allows
plants to make fruits and seeds. Without
bees, many crops and flowers would
struggle to survive. Protecting bees helps
keep our environment healthy.

8. Sequence and Process
•Refers to the execution of instructions in
specific order to complete the task.
Process writing is a series of progressive
and independent steps to have unified
paragraph. It is an efficient organization
of ideas to achieve its purpose for
reader’s better comprehension.

9. Example of Sequence
•First, he went to school. Before heading
school, he made his breakfast. When the
class ended, he bought some things and
finally went home. He finished preparing
his dinner without making sure that he
had turned off the oven in advance.

10. Example of Process
•How to germinate seeds in soil?
First, prepare the seed starting medium and
container. Choose a commercial seed starting
mix and moisten it well. Next, sow the seeds.
Label the seeds. Moisten the surface. Then,
capture the moisture. Keep the seeds warm.
And lastly, watch the seedlings emerge.
Observe the germinated seeds each day.

11. •How Rain Forms
•Rain forms through a series of steps. First,
the sun heats bodies of water, causing
water to evaporate into the air. Next, the
water vapor rises and cools, turning into
tiny droplets that form clouds. After that,
the droplets join together and become
heavier. Finally, when they are too heavy to
stay in the cloud, they fall to the ground as
rain.

12. Comparison and contrast
•Speak about the similarities and differences
between two or more ideas. In writing,
comparison discusses elements that are
similar while contrast discusses elements
that are different. Drawing distinctions
between elements in a similar category will
increase the audience’s understanding of
that category.

13. Example:
•Bicycles and tricycles are both vehicles; however,
they differ in some aspects. A bicycle has two
wheels, while a tricycle has three wheels. A
bicycle will function using a person’s feet
pedaling the pedal, while a tricycle will run using
gasoline on its engine. Both vehicles differ in
their maneuver operations, yet they both carry
passengers to their desired destination.

14. Example:
• Online Classes and Face-to-Face Classes
Online classes and face-to-face classes both aim to
help students learn, but they differ in how lessons
are delivered. Online classes use computers and the
internet, allowing students to study from home. In
contrast, face-to-face classes take place in a
classroom where students and teachers interact
directly. While online classes offer convenience, face-
to-face classes provide more chances for real-time
discussion. Both types of learning have benefits that
can help students succeed.

15. Cause and Effect
•Is a text structure that connects the
event/s that happen (cause) with the
result or outcome (effect). Cause leads
to effect. They are connected and
related. In communication, such
structure often use transition words
like ‘because’ or ‘as a result.’

16. Example:
•Jen, a computer salesperson,
prepared extensively for a meeting
with some clients (ultimate cause),
impressed the clients (immediate
cause), and made a very large sale
(effect).

17. •When forests are cut down, many
problems occur. Because trees are
removed, animals lose their homes and
may struggle to survive. As a result, some
species become endangered.
Deforestation also reduces the number of
trees that clean the air. This leads to
increased pollution and contributes to
climate change.

18. Problem and Solution
•Is a non-fiction text structure that presents
problems and solutions in a structured
and easily identifiable way. It is a pattern
of organization where information
expresses a dilemma or gap (problem) and
something should be done to remedy or
solve the issue or gap (solution)

19. Example:
•My friend got sick and she has a high fever.
One possible solution is that I should give
her medicine to cure her fever and wipe
her with a wet, warm towel to lower her
temperature and ease her feelings. But if it
doesn’t work, I’ll bring her to the nearest
hospital for appropriate medicine.

20. Example
Problem and Solution: Plastic Waste
Plastic waste has become a major problem
because it pollutes oceans and harms animals.
Many plastic items take hundreds of years to
break down, so they keep building up in the
environment. One solution is to reduce the use of
single-use plastics, such as straws and bags.
Another solution is recycling, which helps turn old
plastic into new products. By making these small
changes, people can help reduce plastic pollution.

21. Chronological
• means arranging events in the order they happened in time
—from first to last.
• For example, if you tell a story starting with what happened
in the morning, then the afternoon, then the evening, you
are using chronological order.
• Writers use chronological order to explain events clearly,
especially in stories, biographies, and historical texts.

22. Example
•How the Volcano Erupted
•Early in the morning, small tremors began to
shake the ground. A few hours later, smoke started
rising from the top of the volcano. By noon, ash
and rocks were being pushed into the sky. Finally,
in the afternoon, the volcano erupted with a loud
explosion, releasing lava down its slopes. By
evening, the eruption had slowed, and rescue
teams began helping nearby residents.

23. Example
• The Life of Alexander Graham Bell
• In 1847, Alexander Graham Bell was born in Scotland. By
1870, his family moved to Canada, where he continued
studying sound and communication. In 1876, Bell made
history when he invented the telephone and successfully
tested it for the first time. A few years later, in 1880, he
received awards for his invention and continued
improving communication technology. In 1922, Bell
passed away, but his contributions changed the world
forever.