The document outlines various structures of academic text, including chronological order, spatial organization, cause and effect, comparison and contrast, and problem-solution. It explains the importance of understanding these structures in organizing written texts and provides examples for each type. Additionally, it includes true/false statements and exercises to assess comprehension of text structures.

1. Using
Knowledge of
Text Structure
to Glean
Information
English for Academic and
Professional Purposes

2. 1. Identify the structure of academic
text; 2. Differentiate structures of
academic text; and
3. Create an academic text that can be
applied to a text structure
Learning Targets:

3. Match the definition in column A to the term in
Column B.
Column A Column B
1. It is the meaning of the word “logic”. A. description
2. It refers to the signal word for cause and effect. B. text structure
3. It creates a picture in the mind of the readers. C. beginning –
middle - end
4. It is the organization of text in a passage. D. order
5. It is the basic structure of a story. E. due to

4. Text Structure
Every student should
understand that a text should
present its details and main
ideas. Text structure helps them
to organize a written text, giving
its cause and effect, or its
different views. Text structure
refers to organization of
information in a passage.

5. Common Types of Text Structure
Chronological
Order
Spatial or
Description
Cause and
Effect
Comparison
and Contrast
Problem-
Solution
1
4
2 3
5

6. Spatial or Description
- It gives a reader a detailed
feature that creates a picture on
his/her mind about a topic.
Spatial organization is when
information in a passage is
organized in order of space or
location.
- Spatial organization can also be
called as descriptive writing.

7. Spatial or Description
- It can also be used in fiction
and non-fiction.
- Even if narration style of
writing is usually arranged
chronologically, if the author
is describing a setting of a
certain scene, the author is
describing it spatially.

8. Example of Spatial or Description
Volcanoes can be a source of fear and destruction.
Even though volcanoes are like pressure valve in
the inner earth, they are very beautiful sights. One
of the parts of the volcanoes that cannot be seen all
the time is its magma chamber. It is beneath the
earth’s bedrock and is very hot. Conduit is the one
that runs from the magma chamber to the crater,
which can be seen at the top of the volcano. The
crater is where the magma exits. Volcanoes are
very scenic yet very dangerous.

9. Cause and Effect
- It presents the relationship between
specific events, ideas, or concepts.
- Cause and effect is one way of
organizing information in a text. It
explains reasons why something
happened. It can be ordered as cause
to effect or vice versa. It is generally
used in expository and persuasive
writing modes.

10. Example of Cause and Effect
Many people think that they can acquire
illness by going into cold weather
improperly dressed. However, illnesses
are not caused by temperature. They are
caused by germs. So, trembling outside
in the cold probably won’t strengthen
your immune system, but you are more
likely to acquire illness outdoors because
you will greatly be exposed to germs.

11. Comparison and Contrast
- gives the similarities and
differences between two
or more people, events,
concepts, ideas, and the
like.

12. Example of Comparison and Contrast
Mangoes and durians are both
fruits. They both have seeds inside
of them. Each has a skin, but
durian skins are thick and difficult
to peel. Mango skins are thinner
and peel easily. Durians have
distinct stench while mangoes have
sweet smell, but both fruits are
delicious.

13. Chronological Order
- It explains a text by the time an event
occurs.
- Chrono means time and logic means
order.
- The events occur along a timeline
even if the author uses flashbacks, or
flash forwards. All stories are organized
chronologically, therefore, every story
has a beginning, middle, and end.

14. Chronological Order
Non-fiction stories organized
chronologically usually contain dates
while fiction passages or narratives
usually have no dates.
A narrative or story is a journey
through time, and all of the events are
arranged in order of time. Stories
require the passage of time.
Sometimes, time will stop in a

15. Example of Chronological Order
This morning was pretty crazy. My brother woke up
really late because of wrong setting of alarm. He
just wore any clothes and ran out the door. He rode
his bike as fast as he could with the thought that he
was going to be late for sure, but when he got there
everyone was outside and there were fire trucks all
lined up in front of school. He guess somebody
pulled the fire alarm before class started. It worked
out though, because nobody really noticed or
minded that he was tardy.

16. Problem- Solution
- mentions a problem or problems,
identifies some possible solutions and
discusses the effect of the solution
- This type of text is usually interchanged
with cause and effect type of structure
but the only thing that they should
remember is that cause and effect text
structure do not offer a solution. This
mentions a problem and then offers a
solution plus the possible effect of a

17. Example of Problem- Solution
Bullying has been prevalent these days.
These encounters make it hard for children
to develop confidence and high self-esteem.
Fortunately, bullying has been noticed and
is being addressed by many sectors of the
community. However, these efforts are not
enough. The most effective way to stop
bullying is by nurturing and inculcating
good manners and right conduct within
families.

18. TRUE OR FALSE
1. Text structure is how information
within a written text is organized.
2. Comparing is all about
differences.
3. Contrasting is all about
similarities.
4. Spatial is also called description.
5.Cause and effect explains reasons
why something happened.

19. TRUE OR FALSE
6. Chronological comes from the words
“chrono” and “logic”
7. Comparison and contrast is only about
giving similarities.
8. Chronological order is the
arrangement of events beginning with a
flashback.
9. Description creates a picture in the
mind of the readers.
10. Chronological order can only be used

20. Identify what is being described in the following statements.
Write your answer on the space before each item
1. This type of text examines the similarities and
differences between two or more people,
concepts, ideas, etc.
2. This type of structure sets up a problem or
problems explains solutions and then discusses
the effects of the solution.
3. This type of text structure features a detailed
description of something to give a reader a
mental picture.
4. It is the basic pattern of a story.
5. Two words when combined means order of
time.

21. Identify what is being described in the following statements.
Write your answer on the space before each item
6. This word means order.
7. This word means time.
8. A text structure that explains
reasons why something happened.
9. It is organized by the time an
event occurred.
10. It refers how information was
organized in a passage.

22. Independent Assessment
Read and analyze the
paragraph in each number.
(next slides) Fill out the
given graphic organizers
with the correct
information based on the
given paragraph.

23. 1. Comparison and Contrast
Whales and sharks are animals that both
live in water. They both have fins and can
swim underwater. However, whales have
hairs and needs to come on the surface
of the water to breathe air while sharks
have scales on their skin. Aside from that,
whales give birth to their young ones.
Sharks on the other hand lay eggs. They
also have specialized gills that enable
them to breathe underwater

24. 1. Comparison and Contrast

25. 2. Chronological Order
Khaiden was born in Bulacan until he was
five years old. Next, he moved to Makati
City. He stayed there until he graduated
Senior High School. Then he went away
to Manila to get his college diploma. He
stayed there for six years until he
finished his course in engineering and
passed his licensure examination. After
getting his license he went back to
Bulacan and started his career as an

26. 2. Chronological Order

27. 3. Cause and Effect
Students are not allowed to have their
cellular phones during classroom
discussion unless needed because it
causes distraction and disable students
to concentrate in class. Furthermore,
some students use phones to bully other
students by taking unnecessary pictures
and videos.

28. 3. Cause and Effect

29. 4. Problem-Solution
There is an increasing nitrogen monoxide
emission in the environment. This
contributes to global warming that leads
to climate change that has a drastic effect
in our life. To prevent this, we are
encouraged to use renewable source of
energy such as windmill and solar
energy. In addition, communities were
urged to recycle their waste materials

30. 4. Problem-Solution

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