This document discusses telecom technologies and networking. It provides information about Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, the state-owned telecom company in India. It also describes optical fiber communication, applications of fiber in BSNL's telecommunications network, examples of telecom networks, how satellite communication systems work, basics of GSM technology, IP addressing, and an overview of 4G LTE networks. The document is presented by Harshit Kumar, an electronics and communication engineering student.

1. TELECOM TECHNOLOGIES &
NETWORKING
PRESENTED BY :- HARSHIT KUMAR
ROLL NUMBER :- 2201920310041
DEPARTMENT :- ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

2.  Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited is an Indian state-owned
telecommunications company headquartered in New Delhi.
 Chief executive officer of BSNL is shri Anupam Srivastava.
 The estimated revenue in the year 2014 is 297 billion(INR).
 Government of India is the founder of BSNL.
 BSNL was founded on september15,2000.
 Total assets of BSNL were estimated to be 893billion (INR).

3. OPTICAL FIBER
COMMUNICATION
 Fiber-optics communication is a
method of transmitting
information from one place to
another by sending pulses of
light through an optical fiber.
 A Fiber-optic cable is made up
of 100 or more incredibly thin
strands of glass or plastic known
as optical fibers.
 Fiber-optics cable carry
information between two places
using entirely optical (light-
based) technology.

4. APPLICATIONS IN BSNL
TELECOMMUNICATIONS:-
 Long-distance
telecommunications.
 Inter exchange junction.
 Fiber in the loop(FITL).
VIDEO TRANSMISSION:-
 Television broadcast.
 Cable television(CATV).
 Remote monitoring.

5. TELECOM NETWORKS
 A telecommunications network is
a group of nodes interconnected
by telecommunications links that
are used to exchange messages
between the nodes.
 For routing function, each node in
the network is assigned a network
address for identification and
locating it on the network. The
collection of addresses in the
network is called the address
space of the network
 Examples of telecommunications
networks include computer
networks, the Internet, the public
switched telephone network
(PSTN) etc.

6. SATELLITE SYSTEM
 A satellite is a specialized wireless
transmitter/receiver that is
launched by a rocket and placed in
orbit around the earth.
 A communication satellite is a
microwave repeater station in a
space that is used for
telecommunication, radio and
television signals. A communication
satellite processes the data coming
from one earth station and it
converts the data into another form
and send it to the second earth
station.
 Three stages are involved, which
explain the working of satellite
communications. These are :
1. Uplink
2. Transponders
3. Downlink

7. GSM
 GSM stands for Global System
for Mobile
Communication. GSM is an open
and digital cellular technology
used for mobile communication.
 It uses 4 different frequency bands
of 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800
MHz and 1900 MHz .
 GSM uses a variation of time
division multiple access (TDMA)
and is the most widely used of the
three digital wireless telephony
technologies: TDMA, GSM and
code-division multiple access
(CDMA).

8. IP ADDRESSING
 An IP address is an address having
information about how to reach a
specific host, especially outside
the LAN. An IP address is a 32-bit
unique address having an address
space of 232.
 IP address ranges from 0.0.0.0 to
255.255.255.255. And these IP
addresses are assigned by IANA(known
as Internet Corporation For Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority).
 IP Address is of two types:
1. 1. IPv4: Internet Protocol version 4
2. 2. IPv6: Internet Protocol version 6

9. LTE & NETWORK
 In telecommunications, long-
term evolution (LTE) is a
standard for wireless
broadband communication for
mobile devices and data
terminals, based on the
GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA
standards.
 LTE is based on Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM).
 The range of a 4G LTE cell
tower is 2 to 4 miles (3 to 6.5
kilometers) when transmitting
low- and mid-band spectrum.

10. THANK YOU
FOR YOUR
ATTENTION