1) A system using ZigBee wireless technology is proposed to monitor the operating activities of work vehicles both indoors and outdoors.
2) The system estimates the topology of the ZigBee network to determine the relative positions of work vehicles. It also uses received signal strength indicator (RSSI) values to estimate distances between vehicles.
3) Experiments show that response time between adjacent devices on the ZigBee network increases by about 7ms per hop. RSSI decreases exponentially with distance. This information allows the system to estimate topology and detect vehicle movements.
Simulation to track 3 d location in gsm through ns2 and real lifegraphhoc
In recent times the cost of mobile communication has dropped significantly leading to a dramatic increase in mobile phone usage. The widespread usage has led mobiles to emerge as a strong alternative for other applications one of which is tracking. This has enabled law-enforcing agencies to detect overspeeding vehicles and organizations to keep track its employees. The 3 major ways of tracking being employed presently are (a) via GPS [1] (b) signal attenuation property of a packet [3] and (c) using GSM Network [2]. The initial cost of GPS is very high resulting in low usage whereas (b) needs a very high precision measuring device. The paper presents a GSM-based tracking technique which eliminates the above mentioned overheads, implements it in NS2 and shows the limitations of the real life simulation. An accuracy of 97% was achieved during NS2 simulation which is comparable to the above mentioned alternate methods of tracking.
Investigations on real time RSSI based outdoor target tracking using kalman f...IJECEIAES
Target tracking is essential for localization and many other applications in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Kalman filter is used to reduce measurement noise in target tracking. In this research TelosB motes are used to measure Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI). RSSI measurement doesn‟t require any external hardware compare to other distance estimation methods such as Time of Arrival (TOA), Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) and Angle of Arrival (AoA). Distances between beacon and non-anchor nodes are estimated using the measured RSSI values. Position of the nonanchor node is estimated after finding the distance between beacon and nonanchor nodes. A new algorithm is proposed with Kalman filter for location estimation and target tracking in order to improve localization accuracy called as MoteTrack InOut system. This system is implemented in real time for indoor and outdoor tracking. Localization error reduction obtained in an outdoor environment is 75%.
Hybrid Filter Scheme for Optimizing Indoor Mobile Cooperative Tracking SystemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The precise indoor tracking system using Xbee signal strength protocol has become a potential
research to the WSN applications. The main aspects for the success tracking system is accuracy
performance based on location estimation. The improvement of location estimation is complicated issue,
especially using RSSI with low accuracy due to the signal attenuation from multipath effect at indoor
propagation. Hence, many existing research typically focused on specific methods for providing
improvement schemes at tracking system area. Then, we propose hybrid filter schemes, including
extended gradient filter (EGF) for filtering noise signal based distance modification, and modified extended
Kalman filter (MIEKF) will be combined with trilateration for filtering the error position estimation. Using
mobile cooperative tracking scenario refers to our previous work, the proposed hybrid filter scheme which
is called modified iterated extended gradient Kalman filter (MIEGKF) can optimize the error estimation
around 41.28% reduction with 0.63 meters MSE (mean square error) value.
Simulation to track 3 d location in gsm through ns2 and real lifegraphhoc
In recent times the cost of mobile communication has dropped significantly leading to a dramatic increase in mobile phone usage. The widespread usage has led mobiles to emerge as a strong alternative for other applications one of which is tracking. This has enabled law-enforcing agencies to detect overspeeding vehicles and organizations to keep track its employees. The 3 major ways of tracking being employed presently are (a) via GPS [1] (b) signal attenuation property of a packet [3] and (c) using GSM Network [2]. The initial cost of GPS is very high resulting in low usage whereas (b) needs a very high precision measuring device. The paper presents a GSM-based tracking technique which eliminates the above mentioned overheads, implements it in NS2 and shows the limitations of the real life simulation. An accuracy of 97% was achieved during NS2 simulation which is comparable to the above mentioned alternate methods of tracking.
Investigations on real time RSSI based outdoor target tracking using kalman f...IJECEIAES
Target tracking is essential for localization and many other applications in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Kalman filter is used to reduce measurement noise in target tracking. In this research TelosB motes are used to measure Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI). RSSI measurement doesn‟t require any external hardware compare to other distance estimation methods such as Time of Arrival (TOA), Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) and Angle of Arrival (AoA). Distances between beacon and non-anchor nodes are estimated using the measured RSSI values. Position of the nonanchor node is estimated after finding the distance between beacon and nonanchor nodes. A new algorithm is proposed with Kalman filter for location estimation and target tracking in order to improve localization accuracy called as MoteTrack InOut system. This system is implemented in real time for indoor and outdoor tracking. Localization error reduction obtained in an outdoor environment is 75%.
Hybrid Filter Scheme for Optimizing Indoor Mobile Cooperative Tracking SystemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The precise indoor tracking system using Xbee signal strength protocol has become a potential
research to the WSN applications. The main aspects for the success tracking system is accuracy
performance based on location estimation. The improvement of location estimation is complicated issue,
especially using RSSI with low accuracy due to the signal attenuation from multipath effect at indoor
propagation. Hence, many existing research typically focused on specific methods for providing
improvement schemes at tracking system area. Then, we propose hybrid filter schemes, including
extended gradient filter (EGF) for filtering noise signal based distance modification, and modified extended
Kalman filter (MIEKF) will be combined with trilateration for filtering the error position estimation. Using
mobile cooperative tracking scenario refers to our previous work, the proposed hybrid filter scheme which
is called modified iterated extended gradient Kalman filter (MIEGKF) can optimize the error estimation
around 41.28% reduction with 0.63 meters MSE (mean square error) value.
RegNet: Multimodal Sensor Registration Using Deep Neural Networks
CalibNet: Self-Supervised Extrinsic Calibration using 3D Spatial Transformer Networks
RGGNet: Tolerance Aware LiDAR-Camera Online Calibration with Geometric Deep Learning and Generative Model
CalibRCNN: Calibrating Camera and LiDAR by Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network and Geometric Constraints
LCCNet: LiDAR and Camera Self-Calibration using Cost Volume Network
CFNet: LiDAR-Camera Registration Using Calibration Flow Network
Camera-based road Lane detection by deep learning IIIYu Huang
lane detection, deep learning, autonomous driving, CNN, RNN, LSTM, GRU, lane localization, lane fitting, ego lane, end-to-end, vanishing point, segmentation, FCN, regression, classification
Parallel implementation of pulse compression method on a multi-core digital ...IJECEIAES
Pulse compression algorithm is widely used in radar applications. It requires a huge processing power in order to be executed in real time. Therefore, its processing must be distributed along multiple processing units. The present paper proposes a real time platform based on the multi-core digital signal processor (DSP) C6678 from Texas Instruments (TI). The objective of this paper is the optimization of the parallel implementation of pulse compression algorithm over the eight cores of the C6678 DSP. Two parallelization approaches were implemented. The first approach is based on the open multi processing (OpenMP) programming interface, which is a software interface that helps to execute different sections of a program on a multi core processor. The second approach is an optimized method that we have proposed in order to distribute the processing and to synchronize the eight cores of the C6678 DSP. The proposed method gives the best performance. Indeed, a parallel efficiency of 94% was obtained when the eight cores were activated.
Comparative Analysis of AODV Base and RSSI Base Wireless Sensor Node Localiza...ijtsrd
Measurement-based node localization algorithms exploit the measurements of the received signals' characteristics such as RSSI (Received signal strength). Using the RSS measurement, the distance between any sensors' pair could be obtained by converting the power loss due to propagation from a sensor to another based on some propagation laws. Unfortunately, due to the probable presence of noise and interference, the distance's estimate would befar from being accurate, thereby leading to unreliable localization accuracy. The proposed approach can provide the deployment uniformly of known location nodes among the sensor ?elds and the lower computational complexity of path planning compared with method which utilizes only mobile nodes on the basis of a random movement. The results are compared with the AODV based basic localization technique with new RSSI based AODV node localization technique. Further analysis of the power consumption, PDR and throughput is done and shows satisfactory results. Miss. Prajakta B. Patil | Dr. A. N. Jadhav"Comparative Analysis of AODV Base and RSSI Base Wireless Sensor Node Localization Techniques" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14301.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/14301/comparative-analysis-of-aodv-base-and-rssi-base-wireless-sensor-node-localization-techniques/miss-prajakta-b-patil
A multi sensor-information_fusion_method_based_on_factor_graph_for_integrated...Ashish Sharma
The current navigation systems used in many autonomous mobile robotic applications, like
unmanned vehicles, are always equipped with various sensors to get accurate navigation results. The
key point is to fuse the information from different sensors efciently. However, different sensors provide
asynchronous measurements, some of which even appear to be nonlinear. Moreover, some sensors are
vulnerable in specic environments, e.g., GPS signal is likely to work poorly in interior space, underground,
and tall buildings. We propose a multi-sensor information fusion method based on a factor graph to fuse
all available asynchronous sensor information and efciently and accurately calculate a navigation solution.
Assuming the sensor measurements and navigation states in a navigation system as factor nodes and variable
nodes in a factor graph, respectively, the update of the states can be implemented in the framework of the
factor graph. The proposed method is experimentally validated using two different datasets. A comparison
with Federated Filter, which has been widely used in integrated navigation systems, demonstrates the
proposed method's effectiveness. Additionally, analyzing the navigation results with data loss that
the proposed method could achieve sensor plug and play in software.INDEX TERMS Integrated navigation, multi-sensor, information fusion, factor graph, plug and play.
Object gripping algorithm for robotic assistance by means of deep leaning IJECEIAES
This paper exposes the use of recent deep learning techniques in the state of the art, little addressed in robotic applications, where a new algorithm based on Faster R-CNN and CNN regression is exposed. The machine vision systems implemented, tend to require multiple stages to locate an object and allow a robot to take it, increasing the noise in the system and the processing times. The convolutional networks based on regions allow one to solve this problem, it is used for it two convolutional architectures, one for classification and location of three types of objects and one to determine the grip angle for a robotic gripper. Under the establish virtual environment, the grip algorithm works up to 5 frames per second with a 100% object classification, and with the implementation of the Faster R-CNN, it allows obtain 100% accuracy in the classifications of the test database, and over a 97% of average precision locating the generated boxes in each element, gripping successfully the objects.
Intelligent Traffic light detection for individuals with CVDSwaroop Aradhya M C
This is a technical seminar ppt on mobile standards based traffic light detection which can be used as an assistive device in vehicles for individuals with Color vision deficiency
Source : “Mobile Standards-Based Traffic Light Detection in Assistive Devices for Individuals with Color-Vision Deficiency” An IEEE Transaction on Intelligent Transport Systems 2014
Compressed fuzzy logic based multi-criteria AODV routing in VANET environmentIJECEIAES
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are the core of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) to obtain safety, better transportation services, and improved traffic management. Providing more reliable and efficient on demand routing protocol is one of the main challenges in these networks research scope. This paper argues a compressed fuzzy logic based method to enhance Ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing decision by jointly considering number of relays, distance factor, direction angle, and vehicles speed variance. The proposed scheme is simulated in both freeway and urban scenarios with different number of vehicles using real time interaction between both OMNet++ and SUMO simulators. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can get better performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput, mean delay, and number of sent control packets.
A comprehensive insight towards pre-processing methodologies applied on GPS d...IJECEIAES
Reliability in the utilization of the Global Positioning System (GPS) data demands a higher degree of accuracy with respect to time and positional information required by the user. However, various extrinsic and intrinsic parameters disrupt the data transmission phenomenon from GPS satellite to GPS receiver which always questions the trustworthiness of such data. Therefore, this manuscript offers a comprehensive insight into the data preprocessing methodologies evolved and adopted by present-day researchers. The discussion is carried out with respect to standard methods of data cleaning as well as diversified existing research-based approaches. The review finds that irrespective of a good number of work carried out to address the problem of data cleaning, there are critical loopholes in almost all the existing studies. The paper extracts open end research problems as well as it also offers an evidential insight using use-cases where it is found that still there is a critical need to investigate data cleaning methods.
A genetic based indoor positioning algorithm using Wi-Fi received signal stre...IAESIJAI
The recent trend in location-based services has led to a proliferation of studies in indoor positioning technology. Wi-Fi received signal strength indicator (RSSI) Fingerprinting and pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) are the two best representatives from both approaches. This research proposed a genetic algorithm to combine Wi-Fi Fingerprinting and PDR. By taking advantage of PDR and genetic algorithm, we only need to collect a limited number of points for the fingerprint dataset with known coordinates, then target trajectories' position can be estimated with high accuracy. Results from our experiments and simulations have shown that even in the scenario of noisy inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors data, using RSSI measurements and the coordinate of 8 points, our proposed method was able to achieve 1.589 meters of average distance error which is 34.4 percent lower than the conventional Fingerprinting method.
Software engineering model based smart indoor localization system using deep-...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
During the last few years, the allocation of objects or persons inside a specific
building is highly required. It is well known that the global positioning system
(GPS) cannot be adopted in indoor environment due to the lack of signals.
Therefore, it is important to discover a new way that works inside.
The proposed system uses the deep learning techniques to classify places based
on capturing images. The proposed system contains two parts: software part
and hardware part. The software part is built based on software engineering
model to increase the reliability, flexibility, and scalability. In addition,
this part, the dataset is collected using the Raspberry Pi III camera as training
and validating data set. This dataset is used as an input to the proposed deep
learning model. In the hardware part, Raspberry Pi III is used for loading
the proposed model and producing prediction results and a camera that is used
to collect the images dataset. Two wheels’ car is adopted as an object
for introducing indoor localization project. The obtained training accuracy
is 99.6% for training dataset and 100% for validating dataset.
RegNet: Multimodal Sensor Registration Using Deep Neural Networks
CalibNet: Self-Supervised Extrinsic Calibration using 3D Spatial Transformer Networks
RGGNet: Tolerance Aware LiDAR-Camera Online Calibration with Geometric Deep Learning and Generative Model
CalibRCNN: Calibrating Camera and LiDAR by Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network and Geometric Constraints
LCCNet: LiDAR and Camera Self-Calibration using Cost Volume Network
CFNet: LiDAR-Camera Registration Using Calibration Flow Network
Camera-based road Lane detection by deep learning IIIYu Huang
lane detection, deep learning, autonomous driving, CNN, RNN, LSTM, GRU, lane localization, lane fitting, ego lane, end-to-end, vanishing point, segmentation, FCN, regression, classification
Parallel implementation of pulse compression method on a multi-core digital ...IJECEIAES
Pulse compression algorithm is widely used in radar applications. It requires a huge processing power in order to be executed in real time. Therefore, its processing must be distributed along multiple processing units. The present paper proposes a real time platform based on the multi-core digital signal processor (DSP) C6678 from Texas Instruments (TI). The objective of this paper is the optimization of the parallel implementation of pulse compression algorithm over the eight cores of the C6678 DSP. Two parallelization approaches were implemented. The first approach is based on the open multi processing (OpenMP) programming interface, which is a software interface that helps to execute different sections of a program on a multi core processor. The second approach is an optimized method that we have proposed in order to distribute the processing and to synchronize the eight cores of the C6678 DSP. The proposed method gives the best performance. Indeed, a parallel efficiency of 94% was obtained when the eight cores were activated.
Comparative Analysis of AODV Base and RSSI Base Wireless Sensor Node Localiza...ijtsrd
Measurement-based node localization algorithms exploit the measurements of the received signals' characteristics such as RSSI (Received signal strength). Using the RSS measurement, the distance between any sensors' pair could be obtained by converting the power loss due to propagation from a sensor to another based on some propagation laws. Unfortunately, due to the probable presence of noise and interference, the distance's estimate would befar from being accurate, thereby leading to unreliable localization accuracy. The proposed approach can provide the deployment uniformly of known location nodes among the sensor ?elds and the lower computational complexity of path planning compared with method which utilizes only mobile nodes on the basis of a random movement. The results are compared with the AODV based basic localization technique with new RSSI based AODV node localization technique. Further analysis of the power consumption, PDR and throughput is done and shows satisfactory results. Miss. Prajakta B. Patil | Dr. A. N. Jadhav"Comparative Analysis of AODV Base and RSSI Base Wireless Sensor Node Localization Techniques" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14301.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/14301/comparative-analysis-of-aodv-base-and-rssi-base-wireless-sensor-node-localization-techniques/miss-prajakta-b-patil
A multi sensor-information_fusion_method_based_on_factor_graph_for_integrated...Ashish Sharma
The current navigation systems used in many autonomous mobile robotic applications, like
unmanned vehicles, are always equipped with various sensors to get accurate navigation results. The
key point is to fuse the information from different sensors efciently. However, different sensors provide
asynchronous measurements, some of which even appear to be nonlinear. Moreover, some sensors are
vulnerable in specic environments, e.g., GPS signal is likely to work poorly in interior space, underground,
and tall buildings. We propose a multi-sensor information fusion method based on a factor graph to fuse
all available asynchronous sensor information and efciently and accurately calculate a navigation solution.
Assuming the sensor measurements and navigation states in a navigation system as factor nodes and variable
nodes in a factor graph, respectively, the update of the states can be implemented in the framework of the
factor graph. The proposed method is experimentally validated using two different datasets. A comparison
with Federated Filter, which has been widely used in integrated navigation systems, demonstrates the
proposed method's effectiveness. Additionally, analyzing the navigation results with data loss that
the proposed method could achieve sensor plug and play in software.INDEX TERMS Integrated navigation, multi-sensor, information fusion, factor graph, plug and play.
Object gripping algorithm for robotic assistance by means of deep leaning IJECEIAES
This paper exposes the use of recent deep learning techniques in the state of the art, little addressed in robotic applications, where a new algorithm based on Faster R-CNN and CNN regression is exposed. The machine vision systems implemented, tend to require multiple stages to locate an object and allow a robot to take it, increasing the noise in the system and the processing times. The convolutional networks based on regions allow one to solve this problem, it is used for it two convolutional architectures, one for classification and location of three types of objects and one to determine the grip angle for a robotic gripper. Under the establish virtual environment, the grip algorithm works up to 5 frames per second with a 100% object classification, and with the implementation of the Faster R-CNN, it allows obtain 100% accuracy in the classifications of the test database, and over a 97% of average precision locating the generated boxes in each element, gripping successfully the objects.
Intelligent Traffic light detection for individuals with CVDSwaroop Aradhya M C
This is a technical seminar ppt on mobile standards based traffic light detection which can be used as an assistive device in vehicles for individuals with Color vision deficiency
Source : “Mobile Standards-Based Traffic Light Detection in Assistive Devices for Individuals with Color-Vision Deficiency” An IEEE Transaction on Intelligent Transport Systems 2014
Compressed fuzzy logic based multi-criteria AODV routing in VANET environmentIJECEIAES
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are the core of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) to obtain safety, better transportation services, and improved traffic management. Providing more reliable and efficient on demand routing protocol is one of the main challenges in these networks research scope. This paper argues a compressed fuzzy logic based method to enhance Ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing decision by jointly considering number of relays, distance factor, direction angle, and vehicles speed variance. The proposed scheme is simulated in both freeway and urban scenarios with different number of vehicles using real time interaction between both OMNet++ and SUMO simulators. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can get better performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput, mean delay, and number of sent control packets.
A comprehensive insight towards pre-processing methodologies applied on GPS d...IJECEIAES
Reliability in the utilization of the Global Positioning System (GPS) data demands a higher degree of accuracy with respect to time and positional information required by the user. However, various extrinsic and intrinsic parameters disrupt the data transmission phenomenon from GPS satellite to GPS receiver which always questions the trustworthiness of such data. Therefore, this manuscript offers a comprehensive insight into the data preprocessing methodologies evolved and adopted by present-day researchers. The discussion is carried out with respect to standard methods of data cleaning as well as diversified existing research-based approaches. The review finds that irrespective of a good number of work carried out to address the problem of data cleaning, there are critical loopholes in almost all the existing studies. The paper extracts open end research problems as well as it also offers an evidential insight using use-cases where it is found that still there is a critical need to investigate data cleaning methods.
A genetic based indoor positioning algorithm using Wi-Fi received signal stre...IAESIJAI
The recent trend in location-based services has led to a proliferation of studies in indoor positioning technology. Wi-Fi received signal strength indicator (RSSI) Fingerprinting and pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) are the two best representatives from both approaches. This research proposed a genetic algorithm to combine Wi-Fi Fingerprinting and PDR. By taking advantage of PDR and genetic algorithm, we only need to collect a limited number of points for the fingerprint dataset with known coordinates, then target trajectories' position can be estimated with high accuracy. Results from our experiments and simulations have shown that even in the scenario of noisy inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors data, using RSSI measurements and the coordinate of 8 points, our proposed method was able to achieve 1.589 meters of average distance error which is 34.4 percent lower than the conventional Fingerprinting method.
Software engineering model based smart indoor localization system using deep-...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
During the last few years, the allocation of objects or persons inside a specific
building is highly required. It is well known that the global positioning system
(GPS) cannot be adopted in indoor environment due to the lack of signals.
Therefore, it is important to discover a new way that works inside.
The proposed system uses the deep learning techniques to classify places based
on capturing images. The proposed system contains two parts: software part
and hardware part. The software part is built based on software engineering
model to increase the reliability, flexibility, and scalability. In addition,
this part, the dataset is collected using the Raspberry Pi III camera as training
and validating data set. This dataset is used as an input to the proposed deep
learning model. In the hardware part, Raspberry Pi III is used for loading
the proposed model and producing prediction results and a camera that is used
to collect the images dataset. Two wheels’ car is adopted as an object
for introducing indoor localization project. The obtained training accuracy
is 99.6% for training dataset and 100% for validating dataset.
5G VS WI-FI INDOOR POSITIONING: A COMPARATIVE STUDYIJCSES Journal
Sensing location information in indoor scenes requires a high accuracy and is a challenging task, mainly
because of multipath and NLoS (non-line-of-sight) propagation. GNSS signals cannot penetrate well in
indoor environment. Satellite-based navigation and positioning systems cannot therefore be used for indoor
positioning.. Other technologies have been suggested for indoor usage, among them, Wi-Fi (802.11) and
5G NR (New Radio). The primary aim of this study is to discuss the advantages and drawbacks of 5G and
Wi-Fi positioning techniques for indoor localization
5G Vs Wi-Fi Indoor Positioning: A Comparative StudyIJCSES Journal
Sensing location information in indoor scenes requires a high accuracy and is a challenging task, mainly because of multipath and NLoS (non-line-of-sight) propagation. GNSS signals cannot penetrate well in indoor environment. Satellite-based navigation and positioning systems cannot therefore be used for indoor positioning. Other technologies have been suggested for indoor usage, among them, Wi-Fi (802.11) and 5G NR (New Radio). The primary aim of this study is to discuss the advantages and drawbacks of 5G and Wi-Fi positioning techniques for indoor localization.
REAL TIME WEB BASED SYSTEM FOR OBSERVING SAG AT SUBSTATIONIJCSEA Journal
The paper describes the designing of web based system for transmission of GPS measurements so that power system operator may monitor overhead conductor sag of power transmission line at substation in real time. The testing results of transmission of GPS measurements from 11KV power transmission line to substation have also been discussed in detail. Raw GPS measurements are not so accurate that these are usable for overhead conductor sag evaluation. The estimated GPS altitude measurements obtained using signal processing techniques such as Least Square Parameter Estimation(LSPE) and Haar Wavelet Transform (HWT) with LSPE are also presented in this paper.
Using GIS in Designing and Deploying Wireless Network in City PlansCSCJournals
Site Surveys play a very important role in the successful and efficient deployment of wireless networks. The first step is to understand the basic goal of a wireless network, which is mainly to provide an appropriate coverage and throughput to all end users with high efficiency, full coverage and reasonable cost.
Site Surveys is very important for the sake of planning and designing a wireless network specifically in outdoor networks, to provide a wireless solution that will deliver the required wireless coverage, data rates, network capacity, roaming capability and Quality of Service (QoS). The survey usually involves a site visit to test for RF interference, and to identify optimum installation locations for access points. This requires analysis of building floor plans, inspection of the facility, and use of site survey tools. Interviews with IT management and the end users of the wireless network are also important to determine the design parameters for the wireless network.
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) can be implemented and deployed using different techniques and methodologies, starting from site survey to launching. The main problems are that some areas may not be covered well and the high cost of equipment.
This paper discusses a technique that helps determining the best location for access points using GPS system, in order to choose the optimal number of access points. This technique has a positive impact on the cost. Another important factor is the type of antenna, which has a very important effect on both cost and coverage issues.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
2. WiFi and Bluetooth require installation of access points for
mutual communication. It is thus difficult to cover a wide
area in which more than 1,000 vehicles are operating.
On the other hand, applying ZigBee wireless technology
for constructing sensor networks is attracting attention.
ZigBee can connect up to 60,000 units or even more devices.
By constructing a mesh network, it also enables units to
“multi-hop communications.”
B. Objectives of This Study
In consideration of the circumstances described above, a
system for observing operating activities of working vehicles
by utilizing ZigBee is proposed. The proposed system
monitors both indoor and outdoor operations by estimating
the activities of vehicles from their relative positional
relationships. The estimated activity is recorded as a pattern,
and the activity rate (estimated from the pattern) is displayed
on a tablet.
III. OVERALL STRUCTURE OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
A. Overview of proposed system
An overview of the proposed system is shown in Figure
1. This system utilizes a ZigBee device attached to a
working vehicle to observe the activities of the vehicle. The
system collects topology and RSSI data from the network
built by the ZigBee. The collected data are sent to the tablet.
These data are used for estimating relative positions of the
working vehicles. The activity rate of each working vehicle
is calculated by analyzing the position information in a
time-series manner. Finally, the calculated activity rate of
each working vehicle is displayed on the tablet.
Figure 1. Overview of proposed system
In this manner, the proposed system is characterized by
estimating the activity status from changes occurring in the
network. Moreover, it utilizes a relative positional
relationship between the devices instead of the absolute
position. The reasons for using ZigBee are threefold: 60,000
or more terminals can be connected; multi-hop
communication is enabled by constructing a mesh network;
and energy consumption is reduced.
Digi's Programmable XBee[8]
is adopted as the ZigBee
device. XBee can be applied as a single unit, without having
to utilize other microcomputers such as Arduino, because it
has a mounted communication chip for ZigBee (equipped
with a microcomputer).
B. Methods for observing operating activities of vehicles
The topology of the constructed network is estimated
first. The relative relationship between the devices on the
network is estimated from that topology. Second, a
received-signal-strength indicator (RSSI) is obtained from
adjacent devices. The RSSI is used to estimate the distance
relationship in real space because its value changes
according to distance.
The methods for obtaining each this information are
explained below.
1) Topology
As shown in Figure 2, the topology of a network is
estimated by using the “node discovery” standard function
of ZigBee. The device can acquire the address of the
peripheral devices by using node discovery. However, the
results of node discovery include the address of devices two
or more hops away. For this reason, node discovery alone
cannot estimate the entire network’s topology. Therefore,
the response time from connected node is used to detect the
number of hops. The response time is the round trip time
when sending a message to peripheral node.
Figure 2. Methods for estimating network topology
2) RSSI:
RSSI cannot be obtained from the ZigBee device via two
or more hops. An RSSI is thus acquired from devices
connected directly on the basis of the estimated topology.
FactoryUser
Display
Operating
Activities
Tablet
Topology, RSSI
Programmable
XBee
D
B
C
A
C
A
Address
Node search Obtainresponse time
Message
D Measurement of
response time
B
3. IV. EVALUATION OF ZIGBEE FUNCTIONS
A. Hop counts estimated from response time
1) Outline of experiment
To reveal the relationship between hop counts and
response time, ZigBee devices were experimentally
evaluated. In this experiment, four ZigBee devices were
configured in a linear topology by placing them at 30-m
intervals within the communication limit for an indoor
environment. The device located at the end of liner topology
sends packets to the other devices, and the response time
was measured.
2) Experimental results
The measured average response time and number of
hops are plotted in Figure 3. The figure shows that response
time increases by about 7 ms with each increment of hop
count. Since response time linearly increases according to
number of hops, the hop counts of any device can be
estimated from the response time. Furthermore, it is noted
that the response time of the adjacent device is 30 ms or less.
Figure 3. Relationship between response time and hop count
B. RSSI
1) Outline of experiment
To clarify the relationship between RSSI and distance in
real space, ZigBee devices were experimentally evaluated.
In this experiment, two were used. The distance between
devices is set in the range of 1 to 100 m.
2) Experimental results
The relation between devices and RSSI is shown in
Figure 4, which indicates that RSSI decreases exponentially
as the distance increases. For this reason, the distance in the
real space can be estimated from RSSI.
Figure 4. Relationship between distance between devices and RSSI
V. PROPOSED ALGORITHM FOR ESTIMATING ACTIVITIES
A. Estimation of topology
The algorithm for estimating topology used by the
proposed system is shown in Figure 5. When information
contained in node A is only available, node A does not
know that node E is connected via node B (Figure 5: A).
Furthermore, node A cannot know that there is a link
between node C and node D (Figure 5: A). When the system
acquires the number of hops from all nodes, it estimates the
whole topology by combining the results from all the nodes
(Figure 5: B). In this manner, the proposed algorithm
determines the whole topology.
Figure 5. Estimation of topology
B. Estimating movement of working vehicles
The movement of a working vehicle can be estimated by
analyzing the change of the estimated topology in a time
series. The working vehicle is judged to have moved when
the connection relationships between the nodes change. For
example, if the connection relationship changes as shown in
Figure 6, the moved node can be estimated to be node A
and/or node D. In this case, the system records that node A
and/or node D has moved and has thus been operating.
y = 6.906x + 22.677
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Responsetime[ms]
Hop count
応 答 時 間 [ m s ]
線形 (応答時間[ms])
Response time
Linear approximation
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
1 10 100
RSSI[dBm]
Distancebetween devices [m]
D
E
A
B
Dest. Hop count
B 1
C 1
D 1
E 2
C
E E
A) Only nodeAinformation
Undetectable
Undetectable
D
E
A
B C
Dest. Hop count
A 2
B 1
C 3
D 3
Dest. Hop count
A 1
B 2
C 1
E 3
B) Combineinformationofother nodes
NodeA info. Node D info.
Node E info.
4. Figure 6. Example changes in ZigBee topology
On the other hand, the working vehicle might be
operating even when the network topology has not changed.
In this case, the movement can be further estimated on the
basis of RSSI. As shown in Figure 7, if node D has moved,
then RSSI between nodes C and D changes. This change in
RSSI between C and D cannot identify whether node C or D
has moved (Figure 7: A). Accordingly, the proposed
algorithm further uses RSSI data obtained by nodes C and D
to other nodes such as B and A. In the case that node D has
moved, RSSI from node C to other nodes does not change
(Figure 7: B).
Figure 7. Estimating movement of a working vehicle by RSSI
C. Analysis of activities of working vehicle
An example of recording the activity (i.e., operating
pattern) of a working vehicle at predetermined times is
shown in Figure 8. In this analysis, the cell value is set to “1”
when operation was observed, and to “0” when operation
was not observed. For example, operation is monitored
every five minutes, and 96 cells are made from 9:00 to
17:00. Starting time of the working vehicle is estimated as
the time that the first operation was observed. Finishing
time is estimated as the time that the operation was no
longer observed. Activity time, namely, the difference
between the starting time and closing time, is calculated by
dividing the number of recorded “1”s by the number of cells
in the working hours in field. Furthermore, when the
operation pattern greatly changes, it is judged that the
working vehicle has a problem or its work has changed.
Figure 8. Operation pattern of working vehicles
VI. EXPERIMENT AND EVALUATION OF
PROPOSED SYSTEM
A. Outline of experiment
The performance of the proposed ZigBee network
system experimentally measured during tests performed
from September 14 to 18, 2015. It was measured with
respect to five “automatic guided vehicles” (AGVs) with the
help of a construction company in Niigata prefecture Japan.
ZigBee devices using XBee were installed in each AGV.
The appearance of the system installed on an AGV (and
driven by a mobile battery) is shown in Figure 9. Topology
and RSSI data were acquired every 5 minutes from 7:30 to
18:30. Therefore, an activity pattern having 132 cells was
created for each AGV.
Figure 9. The proposed system attached to an experiment vehicle
A
E
D
C
B
Aand/or D moved
A
E
D
C
B
C
B
A
D
-50 -50
-35 -35
-40 -30
C
B
A
D
D
-40
-30
Not changed
Not moved
D has moved
A) Only RSSI between C and D B) Combine information of other nodes
1 1 1 0 … 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 … 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 … 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 … 0 1 0 0
9:00 17:009:05
Starting time Closing time
Activity time
Operation Non‐operation
Node A
Node B
Node C
Node D
Working Hours in field
5. B. Verification of connectivity of ZigBee network
Rates of undiscovered nodes by node discovery are
listed in Table 1. These results confirm that the links are
established with a probability of more than 95% on average.
In other words, the proposed system is sufficiently available
in an indoor environment. Further, each working vehicle
was found to be working at the finishing time.
Table 1 Undiscovered rate of ZigBee nodes by discovery function
C. Verification of experimental data
Response times obtained from AGV4 to AGV1 on
September 15th are shown in Figure 10. Hop counts were
estimated by using the proposed method. As shown in this
figure, in the time zone of 11:30 to 14:30, hop counts
change more frequently than in the other time zones. In this
manner, hop counts change during working hours. These
results indicate that the proposed method can estimate the
activity pattern of working vehicles.
Figure 10. Response time obtained by AGV1 to AGV4
VII. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
A system is proposed for monitoring the operating
activities of working vehicles, regardless of whether they are
operating indoor or outdoor. The proposed system
determines the relative positional relationship between the
working vehicle from a change in the ZigBee topology and
RSSI. The topology is estimated by a combination of
response-time estimation and node search (a standard
function of ZigBee). It was found that the response time
between adjacent devices is 30 ms or less. Based on these
experimental results, an algorithm for estimating the patterns
of activities of working vehicles was proposed. This
algorithm was used for in an experiment on collecting
topology data from AGVs. The results of the experiment
indicate that the operating activities of each AGV differ
according to working hours.
In the future, to grasp the activity of a working vehicle by
creating an activity pattern, the proposed system will be
evaluated experimentally. In addition, a function for
visualizing the activity of working vehicles on a tablet will
be implemented. This study was partly supported by SCAT.
REFERENCES
[1] ZigBee Alliance, http://www.zigbee.org/
[2] S.Arakawa,”Development and Deployment of KOMTRAX STEP 2”,
Komatsu technical report 48(2), 8-14, 2002
[3] S. Yousuke, T. Shuhei, K. Yoshihiko, H. Tsutomu, “Localization of
Unknown Placed RFID Tags Using Nomadic Robots”, Transactions of
the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C, Vol. 74 (2008),
No 746, pp. 2512-2520
[4] T. Kanji , K. Yoshihiko , Y. Kentaro , H. Mitsuru , K. Eiji , M. Michito,
“Self-Localization with RFID System and Tag Arrangement” The
transactions of the Institute of Electronics, Information and
Communication Engineers. D-II J88-D-II(9), pp. 1759-1770, 2005-09-
01
[5] S. Junya, A. Hajime, I. Kazuyoshi et al., "Development of the Indoor
Mobile Robot Navigating by Vision and Magnetic Tags", Journal of
the Robotics Society of Japan, Vol. 27 (2009), No. 8, pp. 833-841
[6] Y. Yokota, T. Hitoyasu, M. Miki, H. Yokouchi, M. Yoshimi,
“Location Estimation in Indoor Environment based Distribution of the
RSS”, Proceedings of the Annual Conference of JSAI, vol.24, no.3C2-
2, pp. 1–4, Jun. 2010
[7] T. Takakai, M. Fujii, Y. Watanabe, A. Ito, “A Study on Location
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[8] XBee ZigBee - Digi International,
http://www.digi.com/products/wireless-wired-embedded-
solutions/zigbee-rf-modules/zigbee-mesh-module/xbee-zigbee
[9] M. Yamamoto, E. Kamioka, “Location Estimation System using
Acceleration Sensor”, IEICE Technical Report MoMuC, vol.110,
no.40, pp. 139-144, May. 2010
[10] S.Aoki, H. MORINO, “Estimation of Human Activity Area in the
Indoor Environment using Variation of Receive Signal Strength of
ZigBee Nodes”, IEICE Technical Report MoMuC, vol.109, no.277, pp.
1-6, May. 2011
AGV1 AGV2 AGV3 AGV4 AGV5
AGV1 0% 0% 0.30% 17.1%
AGV2 0.15% 0.30% 0.30% 13.8%
AGV3 0.15% 0.30% 0.30% 14.8%
AGV4 0.15% 0.15% 0.15% 10.8%
AGV5 11.8% 9.8% 10.0% 11.8%
From
To
Changing frequently
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
0 24 48 72 96 120
Response time
Hop count
7:30 8:30 9:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30 17:30 18:30
Response time [μs] Hop count
Time of day