This document discusses the history of technology transfer in wine storage and transportation. It describes how ancient civilizations like the Romans stored wine in amphoras and wooden barrels. Amphoras were clay jars that were strong, impermeable, and non-reactive. They had pointed bases for shipping and were sealed with olive oil or wax. Barrels became popular in the 1600s and imparted oak flavors to wine. Modern transportation involves ISO tanks, flexitanks, and climate-controlled containers to maintain ideal temperatures. Bottles were initially hand-blown but standardized sizing increased. Alternative future containers discussed include Tetra Paks, PET bottles, and aluminum cans.

1. Technology Transfer– changes in the materials and containers used to store
and transport wine
- JOHAN MATHEW

2. History
• The earliest known vessel, that could have been
used for wine is the Qvevri, which is a clay jar,
said to date back to 6000 BC.
• 79 AD- First evidence of barrel. Romans stored
their wine in wooden containers held together
with loops.
• 1600’s- New glass making techniques started in
England.
• Monk takes giant step from using wooden plugs
to cork as a wine closure.

3. Amphora
• An Amphora is a vessel that was
used to transport and store wine
dating back as far as 800 B.C.
• Made from clay.
• Chemical analysis reveals
fermented juice.
• Earliest evidence of use in
Northern China.
Why
Amphora….?
?• Strong
• Impermeable
• Non-reactive

4. Why Amphora….???
 Strong
 Impermeable
 Non-reactive
Why pointed base….???
 Because they were used mainly in
shipping

5. Wine protected from spoilage
by…
 A layer of olive oil or bees wax.
 A soft clay stopper.
 Stopper would be marked with contents
and other information.

6. The bottle shape is born
• Initially hand blown glass.
• Bottle has a small capacity suitable for
one drinking session.
• There was an issue, as each bottle was
a different shape and size so the
customer never knew exactly how much
wine they were getting.
• Glass blowing became easier with time
and the need for long flat shaped bottle
became necessary.
• In 1979 U.S. set law for bottles to be 750
ml.

7. Bottle types
Bordeaux : High shoulder and straight and straight sides.
Burgundy : Sloping shoulders and tall.
Champagne : Sloping sides and wider bottle.
Rhine : Narrow and tall.
Fortified : Straight body with high, rounded shoulder.

8. Bottle Stoppers
Old : Layer of olive oil,
soaked rags, wooden
stoppers.
Corks
• First recorded use in
Egypt.
• First cork factory in 1750 in
Spain.
• Production boomed in 19th
century.
Screw cap
• No more cork taint.
• Caps are cheap.
• Maintains freshness.

9. Wooden Barrels
• Made from rounded oak.
• Could be rolled and stacked.
• Most convenient form of transportation
until 19th century.
Why wooden barrels?
• Oak imparts interesting aromas to the
wine.
• Less susceptible to wood diseases.

10. Barrel Making ( )
• Split wood is passed through bandsaw.
• Metal ring is used to hold the staves.
• When circle is complete a third loop is
hammered.
• Staves heated to bend.
• Oak is toasted in different degrees.
• After toasting, the hoops are removed from the
middle of the barrel and the outside is sanded.
• Barrel is tightened.

11. Then after all…
• The bung-hole is drilled into the side of the
barrel.
• The outside is given its final planning before the
bottom lid are fitted.
READY TO FILL!

12. Conditions for transporting wine
• Ideal temperature must be maintained (13-16 degree
Celsius).
• Humidity should remain constant.
• Wine movement should be minimal.
• Climate controlled containers used for transporting to
minimise fluctuations in environment.

13. Modern methods for transporting
wine
• Bulk wine transport
ISO Tanks
Flexitanks
• Bottled wine transport

14. Bulk
• Limited lost space.
• Cost efficient.
• Oxidation occurs
through entire product.
Vs
.
Bottled
• Lower volume per
container.
• More costly.
• Oxidation can be
limited.

15. Future Storage Containers
Tetra Pack
Advantages-
 Made from recyclable products.
 Will reduce gas emissions.
 92% less packaging.
 54% less energy than glass.
 30-40% less trucks to transport
the same amount as bottled wine.
Disadvantages-
 Not suitable for long term storage.
 Wine cannot be seen through

16. PET Bottle
Advantages-
 Can be recycled.
 Very light.
 Shatterproof
 Flexible
 Re-sealable
Diadvantages-
 Limited shelf life
 Not suitable for long term
maturation

17. Aluminium cans
Advantages-
 Ready to drink
 Single serving
 No possible cork taint
 Protects wine from UV rays
Disadvantages-
 Chemical reaction will occur between wine
and aluminium
 Unpleasant taste

18. References and Resources
•Before The Wine Bottle Existed. April 2009. Retrieved 24 July, 2013,
from: http://salutwineco.wordpress.com/2009/04/27/historyof bottles/A
Short History of Wine Bottles.
•History of Glass Wine Bottles. (n.d). Retrieved 24 July,2013, from:
http://www.wineintro.com/history/glassware/general.html
•Pendleton, J. (2007). Wine History-When the Cork Met the Bottle.
Retrieved 24 July,2013, from:http://thewinehistorian.blogspot.co.nz/2007
/09/wine-history-when-cork-met-bottle.html.
•Wine in PET Bottles: Will Plastic Replace Glass?. (n.d). Retrieved 24 July
2013, from:http://www.wineanorak.com/wine_in_pet_bottles.html
•A History of Wine Storage. (n.d.). Retrieved 24 July, 2013, from:
http://www.spiralcellars.co.uk/news/a-history-of-wine-storage2/

19. •Brostrom, G. G., Brostrom, J. (2008). The Business of Wine: An Encyclope
Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.
•Johnson, H. (1989). The Story of Wine. London: Mitchell Beazley Internation
•Intardonato, J. (2008). Fermenting Wine in Cement Tanks. Retrieved 25
July, 2013, from:http://www.winebusiness.com/wbm/?go=getArticle&datald
=55049
•Amphora. (2013). Retrieved 25 July, 2013, from:https://en.wikipedia.org/
•wiki/Amphora