The earliest vessels used for transporting wine date back to 6000 BC with the Kwevri clay jar. The amphora, a vessel dating to 4800 BC, was commonly used by ancient Greeks and Romans to transport and store wine. Romans later began transporting wine by sea in earthenware containers and adopted barrels from Gauls in the 3rd century AD. Modern transportation of wine over long distances must consider minimizing spoilage, breakage, expense, and environmental impact. Wine can be transported in bulk using ISO tanks or flexitanks, or in bottles using various packaging materials. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages related to cost, quality control, and sustainability.
The role of Direct Air Capture and Carbon Dioxide Removal in well below 2C sc...IEA-ETSAP
The document summarizes research exploring the role of direct air capture (DAC) technologies in scenarios aiming to limit global warming to 1.5°C or 2°C. It finds that DAC has the potential to play a role in carbon dioxide removal, capturing hundreds of millions of tons of CO2 per year by mid-century in 1.5°C scenarios. However, biological carbon dioxide removal via BECCS captures more CO2 over the long-run. Achieving the 1.5°C target requires rapid near-term emissions reductions and deployment of carbon dioxide removal technologies like DAC. The costs of deep decarbonization are highly sensitive to the availability of carbon dioxide removal and storage technologies.
A sustainable supply chain is more than environmental protection and conservation in the distribution of goods. Learn how reusable packaging systems can deliver economic advantages for sustainable business operations and growth.
Netflix began as a DVD rental service and has transformed into an online streaming platform serving over 20 million subscribers globally, however rising content costs and increasing competition have led to declining revenues and subscriber losses, threatening Netflix's business model and requiring strategic changes around pricing, international expansion, and content partnerships to strengthen its competitive position.
Stonyfield Organic yogurt seeks to increase sales and market share through a campaign created by Vision Media agency. The campaign aims to reach women ages 34-49 by emphasizing Stonyfield's commitment to sustainability, organic practices, and community initiatives. The objectives are to achieve 80% comprehension and 40% conviction of the Stonyfield brand through advertising across various media channels over 12 months.
Benihana of Tokyo provides a unique dining experience focused on atmosphere and hospitality. Customers are seated around hibachi tables where a chef prepares and cooks food in front of them. The layout prioritizes space around these tables to enhance customer enjoyment of the exotic food being prepared. Benihana targets business people and tourists seeking an interactive dining experience in an exotic surrounding. Their marketing emphasizes their cooking philosophy through advertisements showing the Japanese chefs preparing personalized meals for customers.
Casper Sleep is a direct-to-consumer mattress company that aims to market "the one perfect mattress for everyone." The case study examines Casper's strategies for differentiating itself from competitors. In its early days, Casper focused on earning media coverage rather than paid advertising. It gained press mentions through quality products, celebrity investors, and an engaging company story. Casper then amplified its message through paid channels like New York City subway ads. Overall, Casper successfully created a trusted brand beloved by customers through a mix of earned and paid promotional strategies.
Carbon credits are certificates awarded for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. They are measured in units of carbon dioxide reduction and can be traded on exchanges. The Kyoto Protocol established a carbon trading system where countries must meet emission reduction targets or purchase credits from countries that have excess. The goal is to lower overall emissions of six greenhouse gases. While developed countries have mandatory targets, developing countries do not due to their historically low emissions per capita.
The role of Direct Air Capture and Carbon Dioxide Removal in well below 2C sc...IEA-ETSAP
The document summarizes research exploring the role of direct air capture (DAC) technologies in scenarios aiming to limit global warming to 1.5°C or 2°C. It finds that DAC has the potential to play a role in carbon dioxide removal, capturing hundreds of millions of tons of CO2 per year by mid-century in 1.5°C scenarios. However, biological carbon dioxide removal via BECCS captures more CO2 over the long-run. Achieving the 1.5°C target requires rapid near-term emissions reductions and deployment of carbon dioxide removal technologies like DAC. The costs of deep decarbonization are highly sensitive to the availability of carbon dioxide removal and storage technologies.
A sustainable supply chain is more than environmental protection and conservation in the distribution of goods. Learn how reusable packaging systems can deliver economic advantages for sustainable business operations and growth.
Netflix began as a DVD rental service and has transformed into an online streaming platform serving over 20 million subscribers globally, however rising content costs and increasing competition have led to declining revenues and subscriber losses, threatening Netflix's business model and requiring strategic changes around pricing, international expansion, and content partnerships to strengthen its competitive position.
Stonyfield Organic yogurt seeks to increase sales and market share through a campaign created by Vision Media agency. The campaign aims to reach women ages 34-49 by emphasizing Stonyfield's commitment to sustainability, organic practices, and community initiatives. The objectives are to achieve 80% comprehension and 40% conviction of the Stonyfield brand through advertising across various media channels over 12 months.
Benihana of Tokyo provides a unique dining experience focused on atmosphere and hospitality. Customers are seated around hibachi tables where a chef prepares and cooks food in front of them. The layout prioritizes space around these tables to enhance customer enjoyment of the exotic food being prepared. Benihana targets business people and tourists seeking an interactive dining experience in an exotic surrounding. Their marketing emphasizes their cooking philosophy through advertisements showing the Japanese chefs preparing personalized meals for customers.
Casper Sleep is a direct-to-consumer mattress company that aims to market "the one perfect mattress for everyone." The case study examines Casper's strategies for differentiating itself from competitors. In its early days, Casper focused on earning media coverage rather than paid advertising. It gained press mentions through quality products, celebrity investors, and an engaging company story. Casper then amplified its message through paid channels like New York City subway ads. Overall, Casper successfully created a trusted brand beloved by customers through a mix of earned and paid promotional strategies.
Carbon credits are certificates awarded for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. They are measured in units of carbon dioxide reduction and can be traded on exchanges. The Kyoto Protocol established a carbon trading system where countries must meet emission reduction targets or purchase credits from countries that have excess. The goal is to lower overall emissions of six greenhouse gases. While developed countries have mandatory targets, developing countries do not due to their historically low emissions per capita.
The document discusses the history and modern methods of wine transportation. It describes how wine was transported in ancient Roman times using clay amphorae and later barrels during the Middle Ages. Modern transportation involves shipping wine by container, rail, or tanker truck. The largest challenges are controlling temperature fluctuations during transport which can cause chemical and quality changes to the wine. Various methods are discussed to help maintain temperature control including refrigerated containers, insulation blankets, and space blankets.
The transportation of wine over long distances has faced challenges throughout history. Ancient cultures like those in the Western Mediterranean used durable clay containers called dolia to store and transport wine. Barrels have also long been used for wine storage and transport, helping to maintain temperature control. Modern transporters must carefully control factors like temperature, humidity, and shaking to prevent wine deterioration during shipping. Proper cleaning and testing of carrier tanks is also important between loads to ensure the quality of wine remains intact over long journeys.
This document provides information on wine logistic quantities for different bottle sizes that can be shipped in either 20-foot or 40-foot containers. It lists the maximum number of cases of each bottle size that will fit in the containers both with and without dividers. Mixed case quantities of different bottle sizes can also be shipped and maximum capacities are provided.
The earliest vessels used for wine storage and transport were Kvevri, which were buried underground. These were later replaced by amphorae during the Bronze Age for transport and pithoi for storage and Mediterranean transport. Amphorae were widely used by ancient Greeks and Romans to transport and store wine. Modern transportation faces challenges around temperature control, oxidation, breakage, and reducing environmental impact. Wine is transported in bulk via isotanks or flexitanks or bottled in containers, each with advantages and disadvantages regarding cost, spoilage risk, and energy usage.
This document contains 17 summaries of interesting wine facts. Some key facts include:
- Archaeological evidence dates the earliest wine production to 6000 BC in Georgia.
- The oldest known bottle of wine was discovered in Germany in 1867 and dates back to 325 AD, making it around 1680 years old.
- Red wine is the most popular type of wine consumed worldwide, accounting for 55% of wine consumed.
- Champagne is made using the méthode champenoise process which involves a secondary fermentation in the bottle to produce carbonation.
- Fortified wines like port and sherry are wines that have had brandy or another distilled spirit added.
The Salesforce Advantage: Understanding the Why (August 17, 2015)Salesforce Partners
The Salesforce Advantage document discusses the origins and philosophy of Salesforce. It began with a founding question of making enterprise technology as easy to use as shopping on Amazon. The original business plan envisioned allowing any company to easily manage their entire salesforce in the cloud without installing new software. While Salesforce has grown significantly, the core principles of an easy to use cloud platform remain the same. The document outlines Salesforce's competitive advantages including being a trusted multi-tenant cloud with an open ecosystem, complete CRM functionality, and a scalable metadata-driven platform that allows for fast customization and app development.
The document outlines 8 core differentiators of a cloud business and technology model, including being a pioneer in cloud technology, leveraging a multitenant infrastructure to focus on innovation, an open ecosystem of partners extending customer solutions, a complete connected CRM platform, a scalable metadata platform, fast app development and customization, and a business model focused on customer success.
The document discusses different types of tank containers used to transport liquids, including ISO tank containers, special tank containers, and intermediate bulk containers (IBCs). It provides details on ISO tank specifications, components of ISO tanks, the market for tank containers, and the differences between standard ISO tanks and special tanks.
Reefer ships are designed to transport perishable cargo at controlled temperatures. They have bulkheads and insulation dividing the hull into compartments to regulate temperature in each section. The largest reefer ship currently is a 9,600 TEU containership that can store 500,000 square meters of refrigerated goods. There are three main types of reefer ships: reefer cargo ships, reefer containerships, and fruit juice carriers. Reefer technology has evolved since the late 1800s to transport temperature-sensitive goods like meat, fish, fruits, and vegetables internationally by sea.
Think about your recent experiences in the airport screening line, the hospital ER, the “fast food” drive through or your neighboring department. Are they always pleasant? Sadly, not all processes function smoothly – often to your customers’ dismay. Through business process optimization, your organization can strive for effectiveness and efficiency through innovation and flexibility. It doesn’t have to be a complicated endeavor – learn how! Presented to Rochester NY IIBA on 28 Jan 2010 by Laura Ribas of The Hartman Group
This document provides instructions for making pizza at home. It details the steps to make the dough by mixing yeast, water, salt, sugar and oil, then gradually adding flour. The dough is kneaded and shaped into a round flat base. Sauce, cheese and optional toppings are added to the dough and baked at 450 degrees Fahrenheit for 20 minutes, until the crust is golden brown and cheese is melted.
Shipping container architecture uses steel shipping containers as structural elements for buildings. Containers are strong, widely available, and inexpensive building materials. They are modular in size, allowing multiple containers to be stacked or arranged in different configurations. Some advantages are low construction costs, short building timelines, and potential for difficult sites. However, containers can have issues with insulation, labor costs, and obtaining permits for residential use. Overall, shipping container architecture provides an affordable and flexible building method.
How to Become a Thought Leader in Your NicheLeslie Samuel
Are bloggers thought leaders? Here are some tips on how you can become one. Provide great value, put awesome content out there on a regular basis, and help others.
The document discusses the transportation of wine over long distances and its history. It notes that over two thirds of New Zealand wine is exported, contributing $1.21 billion to exports. Historically, wines were transported in animal skins, clay vessels, and amphoras over land and sea. The modern transportation of large volumes of wine globally is enabled by standardized shipping containers and flexi tanks that can hold up to 24,000 liters of wine. Transportation over long distances can impact wine quality through heat damage, oxidation if containers are not properly sealed, and "travel shock" from constant movement. Proper insulation and temperature control of transport vessels is important to minimize these effects.
The document summarizes the methods used to transport wine over long distances historically and currently. Historically, Greeks and Romans transported wine in amphorae, dolia, and barrels. Modern transportation methods include flexi tanks, bottles, and cardboard casks. Transporting with bottles is more expensive and has a larger carbon footprint than flexi tanks or casks. Looking ahead, reducing carbon emissions from transportation will be a key challenge for the wine industry due to climate change impacts.
The document summarizes the methods used to transport wine over long distances historically and currently. Historically, Greeks and Romans transported wine in amphorae and dolia over sea. Modern transportation methods include flexi tanks, bottles, and cardboard casks. Transporting has environmental impacts, and future challenges include reducing carbon emissions from shipping to address climate change.
The document summarizes the methods used to transport wine over long distances historically and currently. Historically, Greeks and Romans transported wine in amphorae, dolia, and barrels. Modern transportation methods include flexi tanks, bottles, and cardboard casks. Transporting with bottles is more expensive and has a larger carbon footprint than flexi tanks or casks. Looking ahead, reducing carbon emissions from transportation will be a key challenge for the wine industry due to climate change impacts.
Jug, barrel, bottle.. Wine storage and transportation through the agessabppoints
Wine storage and transportation methods have evolved over 8000 years based on available materials, trade needs, and spoilage considerations. Early vessels included animal skins, clay amphorae, and wooden barrels, while modern options include glass bottles, plastic containers, stainless steel tanks, and bulk shipping. Quality can be affected by transport and storage, so methods are chosen based on wine style and destination. Large storage plays a key role globally, and bulk shipping is increasingly common for efficiency despite quality concerns during bottling.
This document discusses the evolution of materials and containers used for wine storage and transportation over time. It begins with the earliest use of animal skins and earthenware amphorae by ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. It then outlines the development and usage of wooden barrels from 100 BC and glass bottles from the 17th century. The document also examines current storage methods like stainless steel tanks and transportation of wine in bulk via flexi tanks or ISO containers. It concludes by considering potential future directions like smaller plastic bottles and tetra packs that address environmental and consumer preferences.
The transport of wine over long distancesBoran0915
The document discusses the history of wine transportation from ancient times to modern times. In ancient times, Greeks and Romans transported wine in amphorae and dolia, large ceramic containers. By the 3rd century AD, the Romans began using barrels adapted from the Gauls. Nowadays, wine is transported over long distances either in bulk via ISO tanks or flexitanks, or bottled. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages related to costs, risk of spoilage, and environmental impact. Wine producers face challenges of oxidation, contamination, temperature control and reducing carbon emissions during long-distance transportation. In the future, bulk shipping will remain important and industries will aim to reduce environmental pollution and carbon emissions from transportation.
Technology transfer – changes in the materials andbloxhs1
This document discusses the evolution of materials and containers used for storing and transporting wine from 5000 BC to present day. Ancient civilizations used clay jars like Kwevri and amphoras, then oak barrels from 350 BC, and glass bottles became common from 1600 AD as technology advanced. Modern transportation of wine is primarily in bulk via ISO tanks or flexitanks or bottled with packaging materials to prevent breakage. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages regarding oxidation and cost efficiency. Future challenges include reducing environmental impact and using sustainable materials.
The document discusses the history and modern methods of wine transportation. It describes how wine was transported in ancient Roman times using clay amphorae and later barrels during the Middle Ages. Modern transportation involves shipping wine by container, rail, or tanker truck. The largest challenges are controlling temperature fluctuations during transport which can cause chemical and quality changes to the wine. Various methods are discussed to help maintain temperature control including refrigerated containers, insulation blankets, and space blankets.
The transportation of wine over long distances has faced challenges throughout history. Ancient cultures like those in the Western Mediterranean used durable clay containers called dolia to store and transport wine. Barrels have also long been used for wine storage and transport, helping to maintain temperature control. Modern transporters must carefully control factors like temperature, humidity, and shaking to prevent wine deterioration during shipping. Proper cleaning and testing of carrier tanks is also important between loads to ensure the quality of wine remains intact over long journeys.
This document provides information on wine logistic quantities for different bottle sizes that can be shipped in either 20-foot or 40-foot containers. It lists the maximum number of cases of each bottle size that will fit in the containers both with and without dividers. Mixed case quantities of different bottle sizes can also be shipped and maximum capacities are provided.
The earliest vessels used for wine storage and transport were Kvevri, which were buried underground. These were later replaced by amphorae during the Bronze Age for transport and pithoi for storage and Mediterranean transport. Amphorae were widely used by ancient Greeks and Romans to transport and store wine. Modern transportation faces challenges around temperature control, oxidation, breakage, and reducing environmental impact. Wine is transported in bulk via isotanks or flexitanks or bottled in containers, each with advantages and disadvantages regarding cost, spoilage risk, and energy usage.
This document contains 17 summaries of interesting wine facts. Some key facts include:
- Archaeological evidence dates the earliest wine production to 6000 BC in Georgia.
- The oldest known bottle of wine was discovered in Germany in 1867 and dates back to 325 AD, making it around 1680 years old.
- Red wine is the most popular type of wine consumed worldwide, accounting for 55% of wine consumed.
- Champagne is made using the méthode champenoise process which involves a secondary fermentation in the bottle to produce carbonation.
- Fortified wines like port and sherry are wines that have had brandy or another distilled spirit added.
The Salesforce Advantage: Understanding the Why (August 17, 2015)Salesforce Partners
The Salesforce Advantage document discusses the origins and philosophy of Salesforce. It began with a founding question of making enterprise technology as easy to use as shopping on Amazon. The original business plan envisioned allowing any company to easily manage their entire salesforce in the cloud without installing new software. While Salesforce has grown significantly, the core principles of an easy to use cloud platform remain the same. The document outlines Salesforce's competitive advantages including being a trusted multi-tenant cloud with an open ecosystem, complete CRM functionality, and a scalable metadata-driven platform that allows for fast customization and app development.
The document outlines 8 core differentiators of a cloud business and technology model, including being a pioneer in cloud technology, leveraging a multitenant infrastructure to focus on innovation, an open ecosystem of partners extending customer solutions, a complete connected CRM platform, a scalable metadata platform, fast app development and customization, and a business model focused on customer success.
The document discusses different types of tank containers used to transport liquids, including ISO tank containers, special tank containers, and intermediate bulk containers (IBCs). It provides details on ISO tank specifications, components of ISO tanks, the market for tank containers, and the differences between standard ISO tanks and special tanks.
Reefer ships are designed to transport perishable cargo at controlled temperatures. They have bulkheads and insulation dividing the hull into compartments to regulate temperature in each section. The largest reefer ship currently is a 9,600 TEU containership that can store 500,000 square meters of refrigerated goods. There are three main types of reefer ships: reefer cargo ships, reefer containerships, and fruit juice carriers. Reefer technology has evolved since the late 1800s to transport temperature-sensitive goods like meat, fish, fruits, and vegetables internationally by sea.
Think about your recent experiences in the airport screening line, the hospital ER, the “fast food” drive through or your neighboring department. Are they always pleasant? Sadly, not all processes function smoothly – often to your customers’ dismay. Through business process optimization, your organization can strive for effectiveness and efficiency through innovation and flexibility. It doesn’t have to be a complicated endeavor – learn how! Presented to Rochester NY IIBA on 28 Jan 2010 by Laura Ribas of The Hartman Group
This document provides instructions for making pizza at home. It details the steps to make the dough by mixing yeast, water, salt, sugar and oil, then gradually adding flour. The dough is kneaded and shaped into a round flat base. Sauce, cheese and optional toppings are added to the dough and baked at 450 degrees Fahrenheit for 20 minutes, until the crust is golden brown and cheese is melted.
Shipping container architecture uses steel shipping containers as structural elements for buildings. Containers are strong, widely available, and inexpensive building materials. They are modular in size, allowing multiple containers to be stacked or arranged in different configurations. Some advantages are low construction costs, short building timelines, and potential for difficult sites. However, containers can have issues with insulation, labor costs, and obtaining permits for residential use. Overall, shipping container architecture provides an affordable and flexible building method.
How to Become a Thought Leader in Your NicheLeslie Samuel
Are bloggers thought leaders? Here are some tips on how you can become one. Provide great value, put awesome content out there on a regular basis, and help others.
The document discusses the transportation of wine over long distances and its history. It notes that over two thirds of New Zealand wine is exported, contributing $1.21 billion to exports. Historically, wines were transported in animal skins, clay vessels, and amphoras over land and sea. The modern transportation of large volumes of wine globally is enabled by standardized shipping containers and flexi tanks that can hold up to 24,000 liters of wine. Transportation over long distances can impact wine quality through heat damage, oxidation if containers are not properly sealed, and "travel shock" from constant movement. Proper insulation and temperature control of transport vessels is important to minimize these effects.
The document summarizes the methods used to transport wine over long distances historically and currently. Historically, Greeks and Romans transported wine in amphorae, dolia, and barrels. Modern transportation methods include flexi tanks, bottles, and cardboard casks. Transporting with bottles is more expensive and has a larger carbon footprint than flexi tanks or casks. Looking ahead, reducing carbon emissions from transportation will be a key challenge for the wine industry due to climate change impacts.
The document summarizes the methods used to transport wine over long distances historically and currently. Historically, Greeks and Romans transported wine in amphorae and dolia over sea. Modern transportation methods include flexi tanks, bottles, and cardboard casks. Transporting has environmental impacts, and future challenges include reducing carbon emissions from shipping to address climate change.
The document summarizes the methods used to transport wine over long distances historically and currently. Historically, Greeks and Romans transported wine in amphorae, dolia, and barrels. Modern transportation methods include flexi tanks, bottles, and cardboard casks. Transporting with bottles is more expensive and has a larger carbon footprint than flexi tanks or casks. Looking ahead, reducing carbon emissions from transportation will be a key challenge for the wine industry due to climate change impacts.
Jug, barrel, bottle.. Wine storage and transportation through the agessabppoints
Wine storage and transportation methods have evolved over 8000 years based on available materials, trade needs, and spoilage considerations. Early vessels included animal skins, clay amphorae, and wooden barrels, while modern options include glass bottles, plastic containers, stainless steel tanks, and bulk shipping. Quality can be affected by transport and storage, so methods are chosen based on wine style and destination. Large storage plays a key role globally, and bulk shipping is increasingly common for efficiency despite quality concerns during bottling.
This document discusses the evolution of materials and containers used for wine storage and transportation over time. It begins with the earliest use of animal skins and earthenware amphorae by ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. It then outlines the development and usage of wooden barrels from 100 BC and glass bottles from the 17th century. The document also examines current storage methods like stainless steel tanks and transportation of wine in bulk via flexi tanks or ISO containers. It concludes by considering potential future directions like smaller plastic bottles and tetra packs that address environmental and consumer preferences.
The transport of wine over long distancesBoran0915
The document discusses the history of wine transportation from ancient times to modern times. In ancient times, Greeks and Romans transported wine in amphorae and dolia, large ceramic containers. By the 3rd century AD, the Romans began using barrels adapted from the Gauls. Nowadays, wine is transported over long distances either in bulk via ISO tanks or flexitanks, or bottled. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages related to costs, risk of spoilage, and environmental impact. Wine producers face challenges of oxidation, contamination, temperature control and reducing carbon emissions during long-distance transportation. In the future, bulk shipping will remain important and industries will aim to reduce environmental pollution and carbon emissions from transportation.
Technology transfer – changes in the materials andbloxhs1
This document discusses the evolution of materials and containers used for storing and transporting wine from 5000 BC to present day. Ancient civilizations used clay jars like Kwevri and amphoras, then oak barrels from 350 BC, and glass bottles became common from 1600 AD as technology advanced. Modern transportation of wine is primarily in bulk via ISO tanks or flexitanks or bottled with packaging materials to prevent breakage. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages regarding oxidation and cost efficiency. Future challenges include reducing environmental impact and using sustainable materials.
The transport of wine over long distancesJingzai007
The document discusses the challenges of transporting wine over long distances in bulk quantities. It outlines the key requirements for storage vessels, including preventing oxidation and breakage while controlling temperature and humidity. Historically, amphorae and oak barrels were used, and now ISO tanks and flexitanks are common. Transporting in bulk has cost advantages but risks of spoilage, while bottles are ready for sale but have higher risks of breakage and costs. Maintaining suitable conditions is crucial for transporting wine safely in large volumes.
The document discusses the history and evolution of wine storage and transportation containers. It describes how containers have changed from ancient clay pots to modern glass bottles, barrels, and large plastic bladders used in shipping containers. The document also examines current closure methods for bottles sold to consumers, comparing natural and synthetic corks as well as plastic bottles as an alternative to glass.
Technology transfer – changes in the materials and containers used to store a...James Durrans
The document discusses the history of wine storage containers from ancient times to present day. It describes early containers like wineskins, amphorae, and barrels which were made from animal hides, clay, and oak respectively. It then outlines the later development and usage of glass bottles, stainless steel tanks, and modern transportation methods like ISO tanks and flexitanks. The document suggests storage and transportation of wine is unlikely to change significantly in the future but may continue to develop.
The transport of wine over long distances has historically been done for commercial purposes to promote economic prosperity and development. Traditionally, wine was transported in clay amphorae and barrels on land and by ship. Modern transportation of wine over long distances is typically done by truck with temperature-controlled trailers or by ship in bulk containers like flexi-tanks and ISO tanks. Care must be taken to prevent issues like temperature changes, breaking of bulk, oxidation, or re-fermentation during long-distance transport. The costs of long-distance wine transportation are increasing but new technologies aim to better control temperature during transport and reduce carbon emissions.
Wine labelling has evolved significantly over time. Early labelling identified vintage, vineyard and winemaker using pottery or direct etching on clay jars. As transport and storage improved, consistent labelling became more important. In the 1800s, lithography allowed mass printing of paper labels to stick to bottles. Today, regulations require labels to include details like alcohol content, producer and ingredients. The future may include more advanced labelling like UV inks and markers to prevent fraud. Branding and creative labels also help wines stand out and engage consumers.
Dionysus was the Greek god of wine and ritual madness. Winemaking has evolved significantly over time, from simply fermenting grapes in pits to modern technological advances like steel containers. The Romans played a pivotal role in spreading viticulture and wine consumption throughout their vast empire, establishing wine as an important part of daily life and trade. Preserving wine on long voyages involved techniques like using olive oil and tree resins to seal wine jars.
Technology Transfer; Changes in the Materials and Containers used to Store an...musther
The document discusses the history of technology used for wine storage and transportation. Early storage vessels were clay pots dating back 8,000 years, found in a cave in Armenia. Clay remained the primary material for ancient wine storage. The Romans advanced ceramic technology and widely used large clay amphorae, while also developing glass and barrels. In modern times, stainless steel tanks are dominant for fermentation and storage, while glass bottles are universal for final packaging, though alternatives exist. The evolution of storage vessels has enabled the development of global wine trade.
The earliest evidence of winemaking was discovered in Armenia in 2007, dating back to 4100 BC. The Phoenicians played a key role in spreading viticulture around the Mediterranean between 1200-539 BC, introducing wine to Greece and Italy. The Romans further developed winemaking practices and helped spread vines throughout their vast empire. Today, many Mediterranean regions are renowned for specific grape varieties and wine styles, though production challenges like oversupply exist due to changing consumer tastes.
Geographical Indications in the EU, China and Australia: WTO Case Bottling U...Danny Friedmann
The EU is ferociously protecting its Geographical Indications (GIs) in the name of authenticity and rural development. Not only in the countries of the EU, but internationally. Australia and most other New World countries protect geographical names via their trademark system, but also via a sui generis system. This Article is looking at the approaches of the protection of geographical names in the respective systems and on the strategies vintners use to exclude each other in the People’s Republic of China (China), where there is a “gold rush” to export as much wine as possible.
Section 1 provides an introduction to the concept of GIs; Section 2 gives the Old World approach: registration of Appellations of Origin and Section 3 the New World approach: Protection of wine GIs via Trademarks and sui generis systems; Section 4 covers international GI treaties; Section 5 deals with China’s GI system; Section 6 will discuss the bilateral agreements on GIs between the EU and China; Section 7 uses Prosecco as a case study, where Italy and the EU try to “transubstantiate” a grape into a GI; Section 8 provides the conclusion.
Freighting wine over long distances faces challenges of cost, spoilage from heat exposure, and time. Methods include land, sea, and air freight, with air being fastest but most expensive and sea being most common due to lower cost. Proper packaging and climate control during transport are important to prevent spoilage. Electronic temperature loggers can monitor conditions and assure quality is maintained. While more expensive options provide less risk of temperature fluctuations, all methods have options to consider like container choice or truck features that balance cost and quality preservation.
Similar to Transport of wine over long distances (20)
The earliest known vessel, that could have been used for wine is the Kwevri, which is a clay jar, said to date back to 6000 BC. Found by archaeologists in Caucasus, known today as Georgia, the Kwevri seemed to be decorated with bunches of grapes (“history”, n.d.). An Amphora is a vessel that was used to transport and store wine. The oldest amphora to be found by archaeologists, it dated back as far as 4800 BC, and was found in Banpo, China. In Europe, the amphorae were used by the ancient Greeks and the Romans to transport and store wine, and grapes (“amphora” 2010).
The Romans transported their wine by sea in earthenware containers. Until they learnt of barrels from the Gauls in 3rd century AD, and for almost 2000 years barrels was the best option for transporting wine. Unfortunately there have been no archaeological findings of ancient barrels, because unlike the clay vessels, barrels are made of perishable materials (“amphora”, 2010)
In the 20th century these ancient technologies were replaced by pallet and container transportation. The main issues wineries must consider when transporting wine over long distances are minimising wine spoilage, avoiding breakages, expense, convenience and with climate change so important, reducing energy use, and CO2 emissions.
Wine can be shipped in bulk in ISO tanks or flexitanks, or can be bottled, packaged and stacked on pallets for transportation. Both options have their advantages and disadvantages ( Hartley, A. 2008).
ISO tanks are reusable stainless steel tanks that can be easily transferred from truck, to rail or sea transport. They are capable of holding up to 26,000 litres of wine, and because they are stainless steel, if cleaned thoroughly can be safely reused. ISO tanks can transport more wine than the flexitanks, and they are more robust ( Hartley, A. 2008).
Flexitanks are flexible bags that can hold up to 24,000 litres of wine. The bags fit into a standard 20ft container, and are transported from truck to rail or sea quite easily. For the transportation of bulk wine in bags, much research has been done to find a material that is suitable to transport wine without affecting the quality. The latest bag developed is made of polyethylene, and has a barrier material of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) which aides to stop the wine being tainted by organic materials. There is more risk of damage to the wine with the flexitank, in comparison to the ISO tank, as the bag can move during shipping. But Flexitank is the cheaper option of the two ( Hartley, A. 2008).
Transporting wine in bulk is cheaper than transporting in bottle. The flexitank can hold the equivalent of 32,000 bottles, and the ISO tank can hold the equivalent of 35,000 bottles. When transporting bottled product, a standard 20ft container holds approximately 13,000 bottle ( Hartley, A. 2008). Transporting wine in bulk is more environmentally friendly than transporting bottles. To produce and transport one bottle of wine from New Zealand, to the United Kingdom currently uses 13.7MJ of energy, and the CO2 emissions are 1,068.12g. One third of these figures are in relation to the transportation (Rupp,K.J. 2008). The greatest risk of transporting wine in bulk in ISO tanks or flexitanks, if the tank is not thoroughly cleaned if being re used. Contamination and taint from a previous load, can degrade wine. Oxidation can be an issue if there is a defective seal on the tank. This can destroy an entire shipment ( Hartley, A. 2008).
A standard 20ft container will hold 12,000 – 13,000 bottles. Bottles require very effective packaging to avoid breakage, (the most common problem when transporting wine in bottle), but also effective insulatation from temperature swings, to avoid spoilage of the wine. The most commonly used packaging used for shipping bottles over long distances is EPS, Molded Pulp, Corrugated Cardboard , and Formed Plastic Trays ( Tinney, Mc. 2009).
EPS (Styrofoam) is very effective at protecting the wine from breakage, and temperature related damage. It insulates and absorbs shock well, due to the thick materiel it is made from. Although, it is very expensive, needs a lot of storage space, and is the least environmentally friendly choice of packaging (Tinney, Mc. 2009). Corrugated cardboard is a good option for small wineries; this option is ‘middle of the road’ in price, although it can be costly for heavy shipments. Cardboard is very environmentally friendly, and biodegrades quickly. Corrugated cardboard is the least effective at avoiding breakages from the four choices. Over the last decade, Molded Pulp has become widely used in the industry. It protects the wine well from breakage, and the trays insulate well from fluctuating temperatures. Molded Pulp is the most economical, and it is one of the most environmentally friendly, it biodegrade in a landfill only a few years. Formed Plastic Trays are the newest option for packaging wine for transport. They have potential to gain popularity as they prove their ability to prevent breakages. They are durable and space saving, but are the most expensive. They can be recycled, but will not quickly biodegrade in a landfill ( Tinney, Mc. 2009).
Transporting wine in bottle can be an advantage. Product arriving at end destination bottled, labelled and ready for sale, saves a lot of time and hassle for the purchaser. Wineries choosing to transport their wine bottled, must consider many factors. Does the benefit out way the cost? That includes financial cost, and environmental cost. While transporting wine in bulk is less costly, wineries that chose to transport in bulk have to overcome the negative perception the customer/market has of bulk wine transportation ( Hartley, A. 2008).
The ideal temperature for storing wine is 13˚ to 15˚C. Many studies have been done on the fluctuating temperatures that containers are exposed to during long distance transportation, and the negative impact it can have on the wine, such as degradation of aroma, colour and flavour. If a winery was to ship more than one container of the same wine, and only one container was damaged by fluctuating temperature, then the product would not be consistent, this is not good for the wineries reputation, or customer satisfaction. In the transportation of bottled wine, temperature-controlled containers are an option, although they are more costly, this option is more for a wineries premium wines ( Hartley, A. 2008). Breakage is issue with sending bottled wines. Money needs to be invested to use packaging to avoid this.
Oxidation is an issue with transporting wine over long distances for both bulk shipping, and shipping in bottle. Wine that is exposed to air will oxidise. When a wine gets oxidised it changes the colour, aroma, and flavour ( Boehmer, A. 2008) . High temperatures during transportation of bottled wine can displace corks, encouraging oxidation. With bulk transportation, if the seal on an ISO tank is defective that will allow oxygen in. The membranes on the flexitanks can allow the ingress of oxygen ( Hartley, A. 2008) . Taint and contamination can happen when reusable tanks (ISO tanks) are not cleaned thoroughly between cargos, and the wine is tainted by residue of what was previously in it. And with the flexitanks, the membrane of the tank needs to have a barrier layer, such as ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) to prevent leeching of chemicals from the membrane ( Hartley, A. 2008). Re-fermentation usually is only a problem with sweet wines, or commercial wine that has residual sugar. If re-fermentation happens while being transported, it is a problem because it can not be stopped, where as if it happens in a winery it can be stopped by cooling the wine down, or added antimicrobial agents ( Hartley, A. 2008). To prevent re-fermentation of wine during transport the wine should be sterile filtered and contain adequate levels of SO2.
With corporations becoming more conscious of the environment and their carbon footprint, and with the government enforcing carbon taxes, I believe that wine transportation with move more towards the environmentally friendly options. Bulk transportation of wine, with bottling done in country of destination, and use of biodegradable packaging. The emission tr