1. Technology transfer – changes in the materials and containers used to store and transport wine By Sam Bloxham

2. 5000BC-Kwevri A Georgian clay jar. Were burried in the ground with a protruding neck. Stored wine during fermentation (Vinosseur, 2010). Approximately 200L (Kurtiashvili , & Rose, 2006) Kwevri, (Image from: Vinosseur, 2010)

3. 4800BC- Amphora Made from clay. Characterised by their narrow neck and two handles (Amphora, 2011). Used to store wine Used to transport wine. Were placed closely on ships with rope through the handles to hold them together (Amphora, 2011). Amphora, (Image from Amphora, 2011)

4. 350BC-Barrels Made from rounded (moulded) oak Could be rolled and stacked Used from fermentation through to transport Most convenient form of transportation until the 19th century. Oak wine barrels (Myrddin Barrel Club, n.d)

5. 1600AD- Glass Bottles Initially used for wine to be immediately consumed. 1600AD Pigmented glass added weight. Became used to store wine with a cork stopper. 1800ADCylindrical bottles were then made for easier storage (McAdams, 2006). 1630AD 1640AD 1700AD 1730AD 1820AD 1780AD The evolution of wine bottle shapes (Evolution of shapes, n.d).

6. Transporting environment Wine is perishable, for long life transporting conditions must be maintained Ideal temperature must be maintained 13-16°C Humidity should remain constant 70% Wine movement should be minimal Climate controlled containers used for transporting to minimise fluctuations in environment

7. Modern methods for transporting wine Bulk wine transport ISO tanks Flexitanks Pre-packaged wine transport Bottled

8. ISO Tank containers Food grade tanks transport wine internationally on ships. Ullage must be left in tanks. Wine must be stable before transportation to reduce risk of oxidation. 20,000L of wine per ISO tank Tank containers (Tank container logistics, 2011)

9. Flexitanks Bladders that line the inside of containers Used once to reduce contamination. Recyclable plastic 24,000L of wine per flexitank

10. Bottled wine Fragile glass can be broken during transport Packaging materials must be incorporated Wine is able to be sold once at destination 1400 bottles per container Cardboard dividers (http://www.smartpackagingstore.co.uk/acatalog/15%20Bottle%20Budget%20-%20Transit%20Pack.jpg) Polystyrene packaging (http://www.smartpackagingstore.co.uk/acatalog/PolySafe_Bottle_Protection.html) Moulded pulp (http://xiangzhi-molded-pulp-packaging.tradenote.net/product/661296-Wine-Shipper-Bottle.html)

11. Bulk vs. bottled Bulk Limited lost space Cost efficient Oxidation occurs throughout entire product Pre-packaged Lower volume per container More costly Oxidation can be limited

12. Future challenges To reduce CO2 emissions To use recyclable materials Bulk transportation To commit to trading schemes

13. Reference Ampohra. (2011). Retrieved 3 August 2011, from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphora Evolution of shapes. (n.d.). retrieved 12 August 2011, from: http://home.vicnet.net.au/~pwguild/a-botls.htm History of wine. (2011). Retrieved 7 August 2011, from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_wine Kurtiashvili, O., & Rose, B. (2006, Janurary). Grapegrowing, on Georgian wine:an introduction. The Australian and New Zealand Grapegrower and winemaker, 23-24 McAdams, C. (2006) Wine sediments. Wine bottle evolution. Retrieved 1 August 2011,from: http://winesediments.net/2006/11/26/wine-bottle-evolution/ Myrddin Barrel Club. (n.d.). Retrieved 21 August 2011, from: http://www.myrddinwine.com/Barrel%20Club.html Nivala, D. (2007). Oak wine barrels- a short history. Retrieved 8 August 2011, from: http://ezinearticles.com/?Oak-Wine-Barrels---A-Short-History&id=691736 A short history of wine bottles. (2009). Retrieved 1 August 2011, from: http://salutwineco.wordpress.com/2009/04/27/historyofbottles/ Tank container logistics. (2011). Retrieved 7 August 2011, from: http://www.acp-logistics.com/tank-container-logistics.html Trans Ocean. (2011). Retrieved 7 August 2011, from: http://www.transoceanbulk.com/en/index.aspx Vinosseur. (2010). Retrieved 3 August 2011, from: http://vinosseur.com/tag/kwevri/