This document discusses the history of materials and containers used to store and transport wine. It describes how ancient Egyptians used clay pots for storage and transportation before the glass bottle was developed. Amphorae were also used. Glass bottles were initially hand blown in small capacities. Various bottle shapes later developed for different wine types. Cork stoppers became widely used in the 1600s. Wooden barrels were utilized for aging, though initial woods stripped flavors. Modern storage includes stainless steel tanks, PET bottles, lightweight glass, and bag-in-box packaging.
Technology transfer – changes in the materials and containers used to store a...James Durrans
The document discusses the history of wine storage containers from ancient times to present day. It describes early containers like wineskins, amphorae, and barrels which were made from animal hides, clay, and oak respectively. It then outlines the later development and usage of glass bottles, stainless steel tanks, and modern transportation methods like ISO tanks and flexitanks. The document suggests storage and transportation of wine is unlikely to change significantly in the future but may continue to develop.
The transport of wine over long distances has historically been done for commercial purposes to promote economic prosperity and development. Traditionally, wine was transported in clay amphorae and barrels on land and by ship. Modern transportation of wine over long distances is typically done by truck with temperature-controlled trailers or by ship in bulk containers like flexi-tanks and ISO tanks. Care must be taken to prevent issues like temperature changes, breaking of bulk, oxidation, or re-fermentation during long-distance transport. The costs of long-distance wine transportation are increasing but new technologies aim to better control temperature during transport and reduce carbon emissions.
This document provides information about beer, including its key ingredients of fermented malt, hops and brewer's yeast. It discusses the brewing process and the two main types of fermentation used - top fermentation for ales and bottom fermentation for lagers. It also outlines different types of beers and factors that influence their production, such as the yeast and temperatures used. Finally, it details various types of beer glasses and their uses for enhancing the flavors of different styles of beer.
Cork is a layer of water repellent bark tissue that is harvested for commercial use. It has a classic charm and a unique texture that makes it useful to make a wide range of products. From cork bottle lids to coasters, bags and more, we have a wide range of environment friendly cork promotional products.
Cork’s elasticity has made it perfect choice for bulletin boards in schools, homes and offices. Interior designers are experimenting with cork wall paneling ,ceiling highlights and more to create a vintage look to the spaces. Cork is a hot choice in personal fashion as well and is getting featured in bags and wallets because it is moisture resistant features.
This document discusses the history of technology transfer in wine storage and transportation. It describes how ancient civilizations like the Romans stored wine in amphoras and wooden barrels. Amphoras were clay jars that were strong, impermeable, and non-reactive. They had pointed bases for shipping and were sealed with olive oil or wax. Barrels became popular in the 1600s and imparted oak flavors to wine. Modern transportation involves ISO tanks, flexitanks, and climate-controlled containers to maintain ideal temperatures. Bottles were initially hand-blown but standardized sizing increased. Alternative future containers discussed include Tetra Paks, PET bottles, and aluminum cans.
The document outlines a marketing strategy and plan for Pernod Ricard, a major wine and spirits company, to increase market share and awareness of its key brands over five years. It discusses refocusing their strategy on developing existing brands rather than acquisitions after paying a premium for Absolut vodka. The proposed plan focuses on creative packaging, sustainability initiatives, portraying brands as a family, and guerrilla marketing techniques in major cities over the five year period. It provides details on rolling out different elements each year and allocating $296 million more to advertising annually to achieve the goal of growing net sales by 5%.
The document discusses the Sustainable Packaging Alliance (SPA) and its tool called PIQET (Packaging Impact Quick Evaluation Tool). PIQET allows users to conduct rapid life cycle assessments of packaging designs. It was developed with support from RMIT University, Birubi Innovation, and Victoria University to help businesses evaluate and improve the sustainability of their packaging. The document provides an overview of PIQET's features and how it can help companies meet sustainability targets by identifying opportunities to reduce environmental impacts across the packaging lifecycle.
PET Packaging opportunities for growth in barrier applicationsAlies Gonlag
Holland Colours provides coloring solutions for PET packaging. They discussed growth opportunities in PET packaging and highlighted case studies for beer and milk packaging. Specifically, they discussed using oxygen permeable colors and opaque white colors to provide light protection for beer and milk respectively, improving shelf life for these products packaged in PET.
Technology transfer – changes in the materials and containers used to store a...James Durrans
The document discusses the history of wine storage containers from ancient times to present day. It describes early containers like wineskins, amphorae, and barrels which were made from animal hides, clay, and oak respectively. It then outlines the later development and usage of glass bottles, stainless steel tanks, and modern transportation methods like ISO tanks and flexitanks. The document suggests storage and transportation of wine is unlikely to change significantly in the future but may continue to develop.
The transport of wine over long distances has historically been done for commercial purposes to promote economic prosperity and development. Traditionally, wine was transported in clay amphorae and barrels on land and by ship. Modern transportation of wine over long distances is typically done by truck with temperature-controlled trailers or by ship in bulk containers like flexi-tanks and ISO tanks. Care must be taken to prevent issues like temperature changes, breaking of bulk, oxidation, or re-fermentation during long-distance transport. The costs of long-distance wine transportation are increasing but new technologies aim to better control temperature during transport and reduce carbon emissions.
This document provides information about beer, including its key ingredients of fermented malt, hops and brewer's yeast. It discusses the brewing process and the two main types of fermentation used - top fermentation for ales and bottom fermentation for lagers. It also outlines different types of beers and factors that influence their production, such as the yeast and temperatures used. Finally, it details various types of beer glasses and their uses for enhancing the flavors of different styles of beer.
Cork is a layer of water repellent bark tissue that is harvested for commercial use. It has a classic charm and a unique texture that makes it useful to make a wide range of products. From cork bottle lids to coasters, bags and more, we have a wide range of environment friendly cork promotional products.
Cork’s elasticity has made it perfect choice for bulletin boards in schools, homes and offices. Interior designers are experimenting with cork wall paneling ,ceiling highlights and more to create a vintage look to the spaces. Cork is a hot choice in personal fashion as well and is getting featured in bags and wallets because it is moisture resistant features.
This document discusses the history of technology transfer in wine storage and transportation. It describes how ancient civilizations like the Romans stored wine in amphoras and wooden barrels. Amphoras were clay jars that were strong, impermeable, and non-reactive. They had pointed bases for shipping and were sealed with olive oil or wax. Barrels became popular in the 1600s and imparted oak flavors to wine. Modern transportation involves ISO tanks, flexitanks, and climate-controlled containers to maintain ideal temperatures. Bottles were initially hand-blown but standardized sizing increased. Alternative future containers discussed include Tetra Paks, PET bottles, and aluminum cans.
The document outlines a marketing strategy and plan for Pernod Ricard, a major wine and spirits company, to increase market share and awareness of its key brands over five years. It discusses refocusing their strategy on developing existing brands rather than acquisitions after paying a premium for Absolut vodka. The proposed plan focuses on creative packaging, sustainability initiatives, portraying brands as a family, and guerrilla marketing techniques in major cities over the five year period. It provides details on rolling out different elements each year and allocating $296 million more to advertising annually to achieve the goal of growing net sales by 5%.
The document discusses the Sustainable Packaging Alliance (SPA) and its tool called PIQET (Packaging Impact Quick Evaluation Tool). PIQET allows users to conduct rapid life cycle assessments of packaging designs. It was developed with support from RMIT University, Birubi Innovation, and Victoria University to help businesses evaluate and improve the sustainability of their packaging. The document provides an overview of PIQET's features and how it can help companies meet sustainability targets by identifying opportunities to reduce environmental impacts across the packaging lifecycle.
PET Packaging opportunities for growth in barrier applicationsAlies Gonlag
Holland Colours provides coloring solutions for PET packaging. They discussed growth opportunities in PET packaging and highlighted case studies for beer and milk packaging. Specifically, they discussed using oxygen permeable colors and opaque white colors to provide light protection for beer and milk respectively, improving shelf life for these products packaged in PET.
The earliest vessels used for wine storage and transport were Kvevri, which were buried underground. These were later replaced by amphorae during the Bronze Age for transport and pithoi for storage and Mediterranean transport. Amphorae were widely used by ancient Greeks and Romans to transport and store wine. Modern transportation faces challenges around temperature control, oxidation, breakage, and reducing environmental impact. Wine is transported in bulk via isotanks or flexitanks or bottled in containers, each with advantages and disadvantages regarding cost, spoilage risk, and energy usage.
Information on the history, evolution and selection of beer glassware. There are many styles of beer glasses and this presentation will offer information on selection the proper glass as well as other helpful and interesting glassware tidbits.
This document discusses the evolution of materials and containers used for wine storage and transportation over time. It begins with the earliest use of animal skins and earthenware amphorae by ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. It then outlines the development and usage of wooden barrels from 100 BC and glass bottles from the 17th century. The document also examines current storage methods like stainless steel tanks and transportation of wine in bulk via flexi tanks or ISO containers. It concludes by considering potential future directions like smaller plastic bottles and tetra packs that address environmental and consumer preferences.
The transport of wine over long distancesJingzai007
The document discusses the challenges of transporting wine over long distances in bulk quantities. It outlines the key requirements for storage vessels, including preventing oxidation and breakage while controlling temperature and humidity. Historically, amphorae and oak barrels were used, and now ISO tanks and flexitanks are common. Transporting in bulk has cost advantages but risks of spoilage, while bottles are ready for sale but have higher risks of breakage and costs. Maintaining suitable conditions is crucial for transporting wine safely in large volumes.
The document discusses the history and production of beer. It notes that in early 17th century America, beer was consumed as a dietary staple by Pilgrims of all ages and was carried in greater quantities than water on the Mayflower. Beer production began as early as 7,000 BC in Mesopotamia and the first commercial brewery opened in Germany in 1040 AD. The document outlines the ingredients and process for making beer at home or commercially, including malted barley, hops, yeast, water, and the steps of mashing, boiling, fermenting and bottling.
The document provides a detailed overview of the history and production of beer. It discusses how beer was first consumed by early civilizations as a source of nourishment rather than recreation. Beer was a dietary staple for the Pilgrims and was carried in greater quantities than water on the Mayflower. The document then outlines the key ingredients in beer (malted barley, hops, yeast, water), the origins of brewing in ancient Mesopotamia and other early civilizations, and the development of commercial breweries over time. It also summarizes the basic home brewing process which involves malting, mashing, boiling, fermenting, bottling and aging.
The transport of wine over long distancesBoran0915
The document discusses the history of wine transportation from ancient times to modern times. In ancient times, Greeks and Romans transported wine in amphorae and dolia, large ceramic containers. By the 3rd century AD, the Romans began using barrels adapted from the Gauls. Nowadays, wine is transported over long distances either in bulk via ISO tanks or flexitanks, or bottled. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages related to costs, risk of spoilage, and environmental impact. Wine producers face challenges of oxidation, contamination, temperature control and reducing carbon emissions during long-distance transportation. In the future, bulk shipping will remain important and industries will aim to reduce environmental pollution and carbon emissions from transportation.
This document discusses the history of winemaking and collecting wines as valuable items. It notes that the earliest evidence of winemaking dates back over 9,000 years to China and Armenia. Some wines can improve with aging, leading collectors to store wines for decades. Factors like temperature, light and humidity affect aging. While most wines do not increase significantly in value, some prestigious French wines from Bordeaux have sold for thousands per bottle after decades of aging. The document provides tips for starting a wine collection and properly storing wines long-term.
Glassware refers to drink containers used in the foodservice industry. There are many types of glassware suited for different drinks like water glasses, wine glasses, and cocktail glasses. Glassware is made of glass, which has evolved significantly from early glass objects dating back to 800 BC. Modern glass production involves large furnaces and production lines. Glassware comes in various materials, shapes, sizes and styles to best suit different beverages. Proper glassware selection and care helps create a better dining experience.
Wine can be collected both for enjoyment of drinking and as an investment that appreciates over time. When collecting wine, quality, price, producer, and vintage year are most important factors. Winemaking and collecting has a long history dating back thousands of years to ancient Egypt and Rome. The advent of cork stoppers and glass bottles in the 17th-18th centuries allowed for proper aging and transport of wine. Today's market offers opportunities to collect both established wines and new discoveries, though conditions for cellaring and future demand are unpredictable.
The document discusses the transportation of wine over long distances and its history. It notes that over two thirds of New Zealand wine is exported, contributing $1.21 billion to exports. Historically, wines were transported in animal skins, clay vessels, and amphoras over land and sea. The modern transportation of large volumes of wine globally is enabled by standardized shipping containers and flexi tanks that can hold up to 24,000 liters of wine. Transportation over long distances can impact wine quality through heat damage, oxidation if containers are not properly sealed, and "travel shock" from constant movement. Proper insulation and temperature control of transport vessels is important to minimize these effects.
- Beer has been brewed for over 7,000 years, originating in ancient Mesopotamia. It is made by fermenting grains like barley with hops.
- The brewing process involves malting, milling, mashing, boiling, cooling, fermenting, conditioning, filtering and packaging.
- There are various types of beers including ales, lagers, porters, pilsners and stouts which differ in ingredients and flavor profiles.
- Popular international beer brands include Corona, Heineken, Budweiser and Tsingtao while popular Indian beers are Kingfisher and Taj Mahal.
Ancient civilizations like the Romans and Chinese used clay jars called amphoras to store and transport fermented juices as early as 6000 BC. Oak barrels became popular in the 1600s and are still widely used today for aging wine, as the oak imparts flavors and the barrels are easy for coopers to make. In the mid-20th century, new packaging methods like bag-in-box and screw caps were introduced to reduce costs and prevent cork taint issues. While cork closures remain popular, alternative closures are gaining acceptance from both producers and consumers.
This document appears to be a quiz about food and beverages. It contains multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions across 4 rounds. The questions cover topics like famous food films, alcoholic beverages, spices, and dishes from various cuisines. Scoring is detailed for each round, with points awarded for correct answers and penalties for incorrect answers.
This document provides an overview of wine, including its history, types, production process, and naming conventions. It discusses how winemaking began in ancient times and was introduced to the New World. The main types of wine are red, white, rosé, sparkling, and fortified wines. Production involves fermenting grapes, with yeast converting the sugar into alcohol. Wines get their names based on the predominant grape variety, place of origin, or brand. Corks are commonly used to seal bottles, though there is debate around alternative closures.
This document contains 17 summaries of interesting wine facts. Some key facts include:
- Archaeological evidence dates the earliest wine production to 6000 BC in Georgia.
- The oldest known bottle of wine was discovered in Germany in 1867 and dates back to 325 AD, making it around 1680 years old.
- Red wine is the most popular type of wine consumed worldwide, accounting for 55% of wine consumed.
- Champagne is made using the méthode champenoise process which involves a secondary fermentation in the bottle to produce carbonation.
- Fortified wines like port and sherry are wines that have had brandy or another distilled spirit added.
This document provides an overview of beer, including its history, ingredients, production process, types, faults, storage, glasses, and pairing. Beer is made from fermented grains like barley and wheat, uses hops for bitterness and preservation, and there are two main categories - ales (top fermented) and lagers (bottom fermented). The production process involves malting, mashing, boiling, fermenting and packaging. Common beer types include pale ale, IPA, stout, porter, lager and bock. Faults can occur from poor storage, dirty lines or temperature fluctuations. Beer is best stored cold and served in appropriate glasses like pints or pilsners.
The document proposes several ideas for developing the Wellman Building, including a brewery tours, a public market selling German and international foods, a microbrewery with a tasting room, and utilizing existing spaces like the malting room and tunnels for educational purposes. It provides details on potential vendors and products for the public market, as well as historical information on the Dick Brothers Brewery's malting process and facilities like the tunnels that were used for beer storage and aging.
The document provides a history of alcoholic beverages from ancient times to modern day. It discusses how fermented drinks were some of the earliest beverages created by humans over 8,000 years ago. Many early civilizations incorporated alcoholic drinks into their cultures and religions. Wine production originated from grapes and other fruits, while beer was made from grains like barley. Distilled spirits later concentrated the alcohol of fermented drinks. Throughout history, alcoholic beverages have played important roles as medicines, social lubricants, and staple drinks due to the lack of clean water alternatives. Taverns also emerged as important social gathering places.
The document provides a history of alcoholic beverages from ancient times to modern day. It discusses how fermented drinks were some of the earliest beverages created by humans over 8,000 years ago. Many early civilizations incorporated alcoholic drinks into their cultures and religions. Wine production originated from grapes and other fruits, while beer was made from grains like barley. Distilled spirits later concentrated the alcohol of fermented drinks. Throughout history, alcoholic beverages have played important roles as medicines, social lubricants, and staple drinks due to the lack of clean water alternatives. Taverns also emerged as important social gathering places.
Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Tastemy Pandit
Know what your zodiac sign says about your taste in food! Explore how the 12 zodiac signs influence your culinary preferences with insights from MyPandit. Dive into astrology and flavors!
The earliest vessels used for wine storage and transport were Kvevri, which were buried underground. These were later replaced by amphorae during the Bronze Age for transport and pithoi for storage and Mediterranean transport. Amphorae were widely used by ancient Greeks and Romans to transport and store wine. Modern transportation faces challenges around temperature control, oxidation, breakage, and reducing environmental impact. Wine is transported in bulk via isotanks or flexitanks or bottled in containers, each with advantages and disadvantages regarding cost, spoilage risk, and energy usage.
Information on the history, evolution and selection of beer glassware. There are many styles of beer glasses and this presentation will offer information on selection the proper glass as well as other helpful and interesting glassware tidbits.
This document discusses the evolution of materials and containers used for wine storage and transportation over time. It begins with the earliest use of animal skins and earthenware amphorae by ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. It then outlines the development and usage of wooden barrels from 100 BC and glass bottles from the 17th century. The document also examines current storage methods like stainless steel tanks and transportation of wine in bulk via flexi tanks or ISO containers. It concludes by considering potential future directions like smaller plastic bottles and tetra packs that address environmental and consumer preferences.
The transport of wine over long distancesJingzai007
The document discusses the challenges of transporting wine over long distances in bulk quantities. It outlines the key requirements for storage vessels, including preventing oxidation and breakage while controlling temperature and humidity. Historically, amphorae and oak barrels were used, and now ISO tanks and flexitanks are common. Transporting in bulk has cost advantages but risks of spoilage, while bottles are ready for sale but have higher risks of breakage and costs. Maintaining suitable conditions is crucial for transporting wine safely in large volumes.
The document discusses the history and production of beer. It notes that in early 17th century America, beer was consumed as a dietary staple by Pilgrims of all ages and was carried in greater quantities than water on the Mayflower. Beer production began as early as 7,000 BC in Mesopotamia and the first commercial brewery opened in Germany in 1040 AD. The document outlines the ingredients and process for making beer at home or commercially, including malted barley, hops, yeast, water, and the steps of mashing, boiling, fermenting and bottling.
The document provides a detailed overview of the history and production of beer. It discusses how beer was first consumed by early civilizations as a source of nourishment rather than recreation. Beer was a dietary staple for the Pilgrims and was carried in greater quantities than water on the Mayflower. The document then outlines the key ingredients in beer (malted barley, hops, yeast, water), the origins of brewing in ancient Mesopotamia and other early civilizations, and the development of commercial breweries over time. It also summarizes the basic home brewing process which involves malting, mashing, boiling, fermenting, bottling and aging.
The transport of wine over long distancesBoran0915
The document discusses the history of wine transportation from ancient times to modern times. In ancient times, Greeks and Romans transported wine in amphorae and dolia, large ceramic containers. By the 3rd century AD, the Romans began using barrels adapted from the Gauls. Nowadays, wine is transported over long distances either in bulk via ISO tanks or flexitanks, or bottled. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages related to costs, risk of spoilage, and environmental impact. Wine producers face challenges of oxidation, contamination, temperature control and reducing carbon emissions during long-distance transportation. In the future, bulk shipping will remain important and industries will aim to reduce environmental pollution and carbon emissions from transportation.
This document discusses the history of winemaking and collecting wines as valuable items. It notes that the earliest evidence of winemaking dates back over 9,000 years to China and Armenia. Some wines can improve with aging, leading collectors to store wines for decades. Factors like temperature, light and humidity affect aging. While most wines do not increase significantly in value, some prestigious French wines from Bordeaux have sold for thousands per bottle after decades of aging. The document provides tips for starting a wine collection and properly storing wines long-term.
Glassware refers to drink containers used in the foodservice industry. There are many types of glassware suited for different drinks like water glasses, wine glasses, and cocktail glasses. Glassware is made of glass, which has evolved significantly from early glass objects dating back to 800 BC. Modern glass production involves large furnaces and production lines. Glassware comes in various materials, shapes, sizes and styles to best suit different beverages. Proper glassware selection and care helps create a better dining experience.
Wine can be collected both for enjoyment of drinking and as an investment that appreciates over time. When collecting wine, quality, price, producer, and vintage year are most important factors. Winemaking and collecting has a long history dating back thousands of years to ancient Egypt and Rome. The advent of cork stoppers and glass bottles in the 17th-18th centuries allowed for proper aging and transport of wine. Today's market offers opportunities to collect both established wines and new discoveries, though conditions for cellaring and future demand are unpredictable.
The document discusses the transportation of wine over long distances and its history. It notes that over two thirds of New Zealand wine is exported, contributing $1.21 billion to exports. Historically, wines were transported in animal skins, clay vessels, and amphoras over land and sea. The modern transportation of large volumes of wine globally is enabled by standardized shipping containers and flexi tanks that can hold up to 24,000 liters of wine. Transportation over long distances can impact wine quality through heat damage, oxidation if containers are not properly sealed, and "travel shock" from constant movement. Proper insulation and temperature control of transport vessels is important to minimize these effects.
- Beer has been brewed for over 7,000 years, originating in ancient Mesopotamia. It is made by fermenting grains like barley with hops.
- The brewing process involves malting, milling, mashing, boiling, cooling, fermenting, conditioning, filtering and packaging.
- There are various types of beers including ales, lagers, porters, pilsners and stouts which differ in ingredients and flavor profiles.
- Popular international beer brands include Corona, Heineken, Budweiser and Tsingtao while popular Indian beers are Kingfisher and Taj Mahal.
Ancient civilizations like the Romans and Chinese used clay jars called amphoras to store and transport fermented juices as early as 6000 BC. Oak barrels became popular in the 1600s and are still widely used today for aging wine, as the oak imparts flavors and the barrels are easy for coopers to make. In the mid-20th century, new packaging methods like bag-in-box and screw caps were introduced to reduce costs and prevent cork taint issues. While cork closures remain popular, alternative closures are gaining acceptance from both producers and consumers.
This document appears to be a quiz about food and beverages. It contains multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions across 4 rounds. The questions cover topics like famous food films, alcoholic beverages, spices, and dishes from various cuisines. Scoring is detailed for each round, with points awarded for correct answers and penalties for incorrect answers.
This document provides an overview of wine, including its history, types, production process, and naming conventions. It discusses how winemaking began in ancient times and was introduced to the New World. The main types of wine are red, white, rosé, sparkling, and fortified wines. Production involves fermenting grapes, with yeast converting the sugar into alcohol. Wines get their names based on the predominant grape variety, place of origin, or brand. Corks are commonly used to seal bottles, though there is debate around alternative closures.
This document contains 17 summaries of interesting wine facts. Some key facts include:
- Archaeological evidence dates the earliest wine production to 6000 BC in Georgia.
- The oldest known bottle of wine was discovered in Germany in 1867 and dates back to 325 AD, making it around 1680 years old.
- Red wine is the most popular type of wine consumed worldwide, accounting for 55% of wine consumed.
- Champagne is made using the méthode champenoise process which involves a secondary fermentation in the bottle to produce carbonation.
- Fortified wines like port and sherry are wines that have had brandy or another distilled spirit added.
This document provides an overview of beer, including its history, ingredients, production process, types, faults, storage, glasses, and pairing. Beer is made from fermented grains like barley and wheat, uses hops for bitterness and preservation, and there are two main categories - ales (top fermented) and lagers (bottom fermented). The production process involves malting, mashing, boiling, fermenting and packaging. Common beer types include pale ale, IPA, stout, porter, lager and bock. Faults can occur from poor storage, dirty lines or temperature fluctuations. Beer is best stored cold and served in appropriate glasses like pints or pilsners.
The document proposes several ideas for developing the Wellman Building, including a brewery tours, a public market selling German and international foods, a microbrewery with a tasting room, and utilizing existing spaces like the malting room and tunnels for educational purposes. It provides details on potential vendors and products for the public market, as well as historical information on the Dick Brothers Brewery's malting process and facilities like the tunnels that were used for beer storage and aging.
The document provides a history of alcoholic beverages from ancient times to modern day. It discusses how fermented drinks were some of the earliest beverages created by humans over 8,000 years ago. Many early civilizations incorporated alcoholic drinks into their cultures and religions. Wine production originated from grapes and other fruits, while beer was made from grains like barley. Distilled spirits later concentrated the alcohol of fermented drinks. Throughout history, alcoholic beverages have played important roles as medicines, social lubricants, and staple drinks due to the lack of clean water alternatives. Taverns also emerged as important social gathering places.
The document provides a history of alcoholic beverages from ancient times to modern day. It discusses how fermented drinks were some of the earliest beverages created by humans over 8,000 years ago. Many early civilizations incorporated alcoholic drinks into their cultures and religions. Wine production originated from grapes and other fruits, while beer was made from grains like barley. Distilled spirits later concentrated the alcohol of fermented drinks. Throughout history, alcoholic beverages have played important roles as medicines, social lubricants, and staple drinks due to the lack of clean water alternatives. Taverns also emerged as important social gathering places.
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Technology transfer: Changes in Materials and Containers used to Store and Transport Wine
1. Technology Transfer: Changes in
Materials and Containers used to
Store & Transport Wine
Sourced from:
http://www.sha.org/b
ottle/wine.htm
By Haidee Johnson
200900209
2. Before the Wine Bottle Existed
Glassware from 1710.(Sourced from:
http://www.wineintro.com/history/glassware/genera
l.html)
3. Before the Wine Bottle Existed
• Egyptian clay pots were used to store wine.
• Clay is the perfect material as it can be formed
into many shapes and sizes and when fired is
indestructible.
• Wine stored in these vessels are then buried
in the ground for temperature control or put
into smaller vessels for easier transportation.
4. Before the Wine Bottle Existed
• Amphorae developed long
vase, tapered at the bottom
with two handles.
• Designed to fit economic
needs of that time.
Sourced from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp
hora
5. The Bottle Shape is Born
• Initially hand blown glass
• Bottle has a small capacity
suitable for one drinking
session
• Glass as a material allowed
the wine to age and
mature.
Sourced from:
http://www.nps.gov/museum/exhi
bits/revwar/image_gal/morrimg/w
inebottle.html
6. The Bottle Shape is Born
• There was an issue, as each bottle was a
different shape and size so the customer
never knew exactly how much wine they
were getting.
• Glass blowing became easier with time and
the need for long flat shaped bottle became
necessary
• 1979 US set law for bottles to be 750mL
8. Wine Bottle Types
• Bordeaux: short neck and high shoulder with
punt
• Champagne: thick to handle pressure
• German Riesling: Green, tall, and slender
• Italy: Onion shape wrapped in straw
• Bottles were marked instead of labels
9. Bottle Stoppers
• Old: Layer of olive
oil, soaked rags,
wooden stoppers
• Corks: French Monk
Dom Perignon used
for wine in 1600s
• Current: Screw Cap. Sourced from:
http://www.yemmhart.com/news+/wine
No more cork taint corkrecycling.htm
but some view as
cheap
10. Wooden Barrels
• Earliest known cooper
tools date back to 100
B.C
• Romans recognized
barrels are better for
storing liquid than
wine
• Bow shape makes it
easy to roll
• Today French and
American oak used
Sourcedfrom:http://www.clker.com/cl
ipart-10574.html
11. Wooden barrels
• Initial Problems:
• Initially the wood used for the barrels stripped
the wine of all its fruit
• As soon as the cask was opened the wine
would become contaminated and undrinkable
if not consumed within a couple days.
12. Conditions for Transporting Wine
• Wine is perishable so the amount of
movement needs to minimal
• Humidity should remain around 70%
• Temperature needs to be in between 13-
16degrees Celsius
13. Modern Ways to Transport Wine
• Bulk: in ISO tanks (for international) and
flexitank where wine is in bladder
• Bottles: tightly with cardboard dividers or
polystyrene as glass is fragile
14. Current and Future Storage Containers
Sourced from:
http://www.wineanorak.
com/wine_in_pet_bottle
s.htm
15. Current Wine Storage Materials
• Stainless Steel Tanks in wineries
• PET bottles: cheap, light, recyclable but short
shelf life
• Light weight glass bottles: lighter and more
economical
• Bag in Box: from 1960s for bulk wine cost
efficient packaging
• Tetrapak: made from recyclable products, will
reduce gas emissions.
16. References
• Before the Wine Bottle Existed. April 2009. Retrieved from:
http://salutwineco.wordpress.com/2009/04/27/historyofbottles/A Short History of
Wine Bottles
• History of Glass Wine Bottles. (n.d). Retrieved from:
http://www.wineintro.com/history/glassware/general.html
• The History of Wine Part 3: Wine Storage-Barrels. (2009). Retrieved from:
http://www.snooth.com/articles/the-history-of-wine-part-ii-wine-storage-
barrels/?viewall=1
• Pendleton, J. (2007). Wine History-When the Cork Met the Bottle. Retrieved from:
http://thewinehistorian.blogspot.co.nz/2007/09/wine-history-when-cork-met-
bottle.html
• The History of Wine Part 2- Wine Storage- The Early Days. (2009). Retrieved from:
http://www.snooth.com/articles/the-history-of-wine-part-ii-wine-storage-the-
early-days/?viewall=1#ixzz21bSBszLd
• Wine in PET Bottles: Will Plastic Replace Glass?. (n.d). Retrieved from:
http://www.wineanorak.com/wine_in_pet_bottles.htm
Editor's Notes
Evidence from chemical analysis done on old Egyptian jars presenting tartaric acid strongly suggests that the liquid in these jars was wine that had been fermented and stored in (The History of Wine Part2, 2009). Clay was the perfect material because it can be formed into many shapes and when dried and fired is indestructible. Wine stored in these large clay vessels and buried in the ground for temperature control or small vessels for easier transportation (The History of Wine Part2, 2009). However clay was porous so liquid could soak in and even out. To improve porousness the inside of the pot was coated with pitch or resin, this coating altered the flavour of the item stored which was commonly fish, oils, meats, olives, vinegar, and wine so had its flaws (The History of Wine Part2, 2009).
Engineers eventually developed amphora, a long vase which is tapered at the bottom with two handles on top. It was designed to fit the economic needs of that time being able to hold about 6 gallons of wine and be store and transported. The unique shape allowed them to easily fit into stands or packed into ships. It could also be rested on the ground and tipped forward to pour the contents into smaller containers for consumption (The History of Wine Part2, 2009).
This went on for thousands of years until the Romans grew powerful and then developed glass blowing which was quickly found to be a good medium for storing wine as it didn’t affect the flavour and you could see what was in the bottle (History of Glass Wine Bottles, n.d). Coal burning furnace allowed creation of thicker, darker glass paired with cork made a strong glass bottle for wine transport and storing (Before the Wine Bottle Existed, 2009).The Glass bottle is a neutral, porous material which allows the wine to subtly age and mature, it is excellent at protecting the wine from oxidation. It contains small capacity enough for one drinking session which was much more convenient than a big amphorae and oxidisation and contamination wasn’t an issue (Pendleton, 2007).
Manufacturing hand blown glass was an issue because it led to a huge variation in size so consumers never knew exactly how much wine they were getting. For this reason it was illegal to sell wine in bottles in England up until 1860 (Before the Wine Bottle Existed, 2009), instead consumers would bring in their own containers and an amount would be poured from the barrel. As time went on glass blowing became easier and it was found that long flat shapes were better for storing wine as it kept the cork wet (History of Glass Wine Bottles, n.d). So in 1730 it became necessary to store corked bottled wines on their side so it was then that the bottle shape changed to a standard cylindrical bottle (Before the Wine Bottle Existed, 2009). In 1979 the US set requirements that bottles be exactly 750mL to help standardised and keep consistent, also it is economical and easy for winemakers to ship (History of Glass Wine Bottles, 2009).
The shade of green glass varies from light to dark to the level of impurities in the glass (Before the Wine Bottle Existed, 2009). The shape of the bottle was used to represent country such as Bordeaux has short neck and high shoulder with a punt to trap sediment during pouring and allows long and stable stacking and storage (Before the Wine Bottle Existed, 2009). Champagne bottle is thicker to handle the extra pressure and also fit into the special racks during the lengthy production (Before the Wine Bottle Existed, 2009). German Rieslings are personalised by their tall green slender shape (Before the Wine Bottle Existed, 2009). Chianti bottles from Italy are onion shaped wrapped in straw to protect the glass and to allow the bottle to stand upright (Before the Wine Bottle Existed, 2009).Labels were not used; instead bottle would be marked with the Vineyards site, vintage and wine type.
It didn’t take long before people noticed that closure for containers was necessary. Some ancient methods to do this include a layer of olive oil floating on top to prevent wine being exposed from air, insects, and flies but when transporting wine it would spill. Alternative closures include oil-soaked or pinch-covered rags or wooden stoppers. Egyptians also used cork as a stopper but didn’t become dominant until centuries later (The History of Wine Part2, 2009) when French monk Dom Perignon first used cork for wine in the 1600s (The Natural Choice, n.d). Cork made it possible for the current fine wine scene to develop allowing for aging and cellaring (Wine in PET Bottles, n.d).Currently screw cap has taken over, more so in the New World than Old World, with the main advantage being no more cork taint but the disadvantage is that some relate it to a cheap wine.
Earliest cooper tools date back to 100B.C. Pliny the Elder died in 79A.D and he wrote about wine being stored in wooden containers with metal hoops (The History of Wine Part3, 2009). It was the Romans who recognized that barrels were better than clay for storing and transporting liquid as it is lighter and stronger and the bow shape makes it easy to roll onto ships (The History of Wine Part3, 2009). Today French and American Oak barrels are commonly used for fermenting and aging juice/wine.
The wood used for the barrels would strip the wine of fruit making it unpleasant to drink (Pendleton, 2007). Also as soon as you would open it, it would need to be drunk within a couple days or it would rapidly deteriorate due to oxidisation and contamination (Pendleton, 2007).
Wine is very perishable, susceptible to the surrounding environment so when transporting the amount of movement needs to minimal. The humidity should remain around 70% and temperature between 13-16 degrees Celsius so climate controlled containers should be used especially for long distances.
Bulk wine is commonly transported in ISO tanks, and flexitank bladders. Bottled wine is transported tightly in cardboard divisions or polystyrene as glass is very fragile. Wine must first be stable before transporting anywhere.
Wine is stored in stainless steel tanks in wineries where it has fermented and had differing vinification processes occur. Commonly for red varieties and some whites for example Chardonnay oak barrels are used for fermentation and aging.Bag in box wines have been around since 1960s it is currently used for bulk ‘cheap’ wines as it is cost efficient packaging and available in different sizes (Wine in PET Bottles, n.d).Tetrapak weighs 40grams compared to 600g glass bottles. They are made from 70% recycled materials reducing gas emissions and are easily stackable (Wine in PET Bottle, n.d). Light weight glass bottles are a greener and more economical alternative. By slimming down the thickness of glass and removing the punt there will be a 14-16% decrease in glass usage. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles are a future packaging development. It weigh one-eighth that of glass making it more transport efficient and is smaller which is better for storage space during transport. Disadvantages of this material is that the wine quality decreases as oxygen is able to get in creating a much shorter shelf life span, also the implications on health from the plastic is not well understood and most importantly marketing wise, consumers will consider the product ‘cheap’ (Wine in PET Bottles, n.d). These alternative packaging methods are good for wines meant to be drunk in 1-2 years’ time from bottling but wines meant for aging should stick with glass at this stage. There is consideration for global challenges for the future with reducing gas emissions and recyclable products.