The document describes the table-driven programming methodology. It provides examples of using table-driven approaches to replace conditional statements for tasks like getting the number of days in a month, classifying input keys, and implementing a simple calculator. Table-driven programming uses tables to define the program logic and behavior instead of long chains of conditional statements. This reduces comparisons and makes the code more modular and flexible.
Notes for C Programming for MCA, BCA, B. Tech CSE, ECE and MSC (CS) 2 of 5 by...ssuserd6b1fd
C programming language notes for beginners and Collage students. Written for beginners. Colored graphics. Function by Function explanation with complete examples. Well commented examples. Illustrations are made available for data dealing at memory level.
Notes for C Programming for MCA, BCA, B. Tech CSE, ECE and MSC (CS) 3 of 5 b...ssuserd6b1fd
C programming language notes for beginners and Collage students. Written for beginners. Colored graphics. Function by Function explanation with complete examples. Well commented examples. Illustrations are made available for data dealing at memory level.
Notes for C Programming for MCA, BCA, B. Tech CSE, ECE and MSC (CS) 4 of 5 by...ssuserd6b1fd
C programming language notes for beginners and Collage students. Written for beginners. Colored graphics. Function by Function explanation with complete examples. Well commented examples. Illustrations are made available for data dealing at memory level.
Notes for C Programming for MCA, BCA, B. Tech CSE, ECE and MSC (CS) 5 of 5 by...ssuserd6b1fd
C programming language notes for beginners and Collage students. Written for beginners. Colored graphics. Function by Function explanation with complete examples. Well commented examples. Illustrations are made available for data dealing at memory level.
03 of 03 parts
Get Part 1 from https://www.slideshare.net/ArunUmrao/notes-for-c-programming-for-bca-mca-b-sc-msc-be-amp-btech-1st-year-1
Get Part 2 from https://www.slideshare.net/ArunUmrao/notes-for-c-programming-for-bca-mca-b-sc-msc-be-amp-btech-1st-year-2
C is a general-purpose, procedural computer programming language supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope, and recursion, while a static type system prevents unintended operations. C provides constructs that map efficiently to typical machine instructions and has found lasting use in applications previously coded in assembly language. Such applications include operating systems and various application software for computers, from supercomputers to PLCs and embedded system.
Notes for C++ Programming / Object Oriented C++ Programming for MCA, BCA and ...ssuserd6b1fd
C++ programming language notes for beginners and Collage students. Written for beginners. Colored graphics. Function by Function explanation with complete examples. Well commented examples. Illustrations are made available for data dealing at memory level.
Rs. 750/-
Balcony Rs. 500/-
1) The document describes 10 programming experiments involving Java concepts like variables, data types, control structures, methods, classes, arrays, file handling etc.
2) The experiments involve developing applications like a calculator, compound interest calculator, transport charge calculator, pattern generator, digit sum calculator, prime number generator, e-learning application, list box application, billing application with radio buttons, and a movie ticket booking system.
3) Each experiment provides the objective, task to be completed, sample interface, and the Java code with methods required to develop the given application.
Notes for C Programming for MCA, BCA, B. Tech CSE, ECE and MSC (CS) 2 of 5 by...ssuserd6b1fd
C programming language notes for beginners and Collage students. Written for beginners. Colored graphics. Function by Function explanation with complete examples. Well commented examples. Illustrations are made available for data dealing at memory level.
Notes for C Programming for MCA, BCA, B. Tech CSE, ECE and MSC (CS) 3 of 5 b...ssuserd6b1fd
C programming language notes for beginners and Collage students. Written for beginners. Colored graphics. Function by Function explanation with complete examples. Well commented examples. Illustrations are made available for data dealing at memory level.
Notes for C Programming for MCA, BCA, B. Tech CSE, ECE and MSC (CS) 4 of 5 by...ssuserd6b1fd
C programming language notes for beginners and Collage students. Written for beginners. Colored graphics. Function by Function explanation with complete examples. Well commented examples. Illustrations are made available for data dealing at memory level.
Notes for C Programming for MCA, BCA, B. Tech CSE, ECE and MSC (CS) 5 of 5 by...ssuserd6b1fd
C programming language notes for beginners and Collage students. Written for beginners. Colored graphics. Function by Function explanation with complete examples. Well commented examples. Illustrations are made available for data dealing at memory level.
03 of 03 parts
Get Part 1 from https://www.slideshare.net/ArunUmrao/notes-for-c-programming-for-bca-mca-b-sc-msc-be-amp-btech-1st-year-1
Get Part 2 from https://www.slideshare.net/ArunUmrao/notes-for-c-programming-for-bca-mca-b-sc-msc-be-amp-btech-1st-year-2
C is a general-purpose, procedural computer programming language supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope, and recursion, while a static type system prevents unintended operations. C provides constructs that map efficiently to typical machine instructions and has found lasting use in applications previously coded in assembly language. Such applications include operating systems and various application software for computers, from supercomputers to PLCs and embedded system.
Notes for C++ Programming / Object Oriented C++ Programming for MCA, BCA and ...ssuserd6b1fd
C++ programming language notes for beginners and Collage students. Written for beginners. Colored graphics. Function by Function explanation with complete examples. Well commented examples. Illustrations are made available for data dealing at memory level.
Rs. 750/-
Balcony Rs. 500/-
1) The document describes 10 programming experiments involving Java concepts like variables, data types, control structures, methods, classes, arrays, file handling etc.
2) The experiments involve developing applications like a calculator, compound interest calculator, transport charge calculator, pattern generator, digit sum calculator, prime number generator, e-learning application, list box application, billing application with radio buttons, and a movie ticket booking system.
3) Each experiment provides the objective, task to be completed, sample interface, and the Java code with methods required to develop the given application.
The document contains 32 C programming questions and their multiple choice answers. The questions cover topics like operators, control flow, functions, arrays, structures, pointers and macros. Some key questions involve logical operators, recursion, structures, linked lists and string manipulation.
Terminology such as statements, grammar, syntax, and semantics are introduced. The document then discusses the basic components of a compiler including lexical analysis, syntactic analysis, and code generation. Lexical analysis scans source code and identifies tokens. Syntactic analysis recognizes language constructs through techniques like operator precedence parsing and recursive descent parsing.
This document provides an overview of advanced selection concepts in MATLAB including nested if-else statements, if-elseif statements, operators precedence, and while loops. It includes examples of programs to sort numbers in ascending or descending order using these concepts and discusses how to repeat a program an unknown number of times using a while loop.
This document discusses functions and functional notation. It defines a function as a rule that assigns a single output value to each input value. It provides examples of relations and functions using tables, ordered pairs, and equations. It also introduces functional notation to represent functions, where f(x) means the output of the function f when the input is x. The document evaluates example functions using this notation and combines multiple functions.
This document discusses inverse functions, including exponential, logarithmic, and inverse trigonometric functions. It begins by defining an inverse function as two functions f and g where g(f(x)) = x and f(g(y)) = y. It then discusses how to find the inverse of a function by solving an equation like y = f(x) for x in terms of y. For a function to have an inverse, it must assign distinct outputs to distinct inputs. The document provides examples of finding inverses and discusses domains, ranges, and interpretations of inverse functions.
The document discusses various control flow statements in C programming language. It describes selection statements like if-else which allow a program to make decisions on the logical condition evaluated. It also covers iteration statements like while, do-while and for loops that allow repetitive execution of code. The switch statement provides an alternative to chained if-else conditions. Control flow statements allow writing powerful programs by selecting or repeating important sections of code conditionally.
Computers use their memory for storing instructions of the programs and the values of the variables. Memory is a sequential collection of storage cells. Each cell has an address associated with it. Whenever we declare a variable, the system allocates, somewhere in the memory, a memory location and a unique address is assigned to this location.c pointers lecture
Nesting of if else statement & Else If Ladder Vishvesh Jasani
The document discusses nested if-else statements and else-if ladders in C programming. It provides examples of nested if-else statements with multiple conditions to check, and explains how else-if ladders allow evaluating multiple conditions in a chain. The else-if ladder example calculates electricity charges based on different slabs of units consumed.
This document discusses functions in R language and data analysis. It explains control structures like if/else statements, the ... argument which allows a variable number of arguments, function arguments and defaults, lazy evaluation of arguments, and how the ... argument is used when the number of arguments is unknown. Examples are provided to illustrate if/else logic, formals() to view function arguments, and how ... passes variable arguments to functions like paste() and cat().
This document discusses various approaches to implementing a stack data structure in C++ using classes. It begins by showing a basic implementation with arrays and indices, then improves on this by grouping the buffer and index into a struct. Next, it defines the stack as a class with push and pop methods. Further optimizations include making members private, adding a constructor to initialize values, and using dynamic memory allocation to allow stacks of variable sizes. The document concludes by demonstrating the use of a destructor to free allocated memory.
This document discusses control statements in C programming. It covers different types of control statements like decision structures (if, if-else, nested if), the switch statement, and repetition structures (for, while, continue loops). It provides examples of if, if-else, and switch-case statements. Key topics include branching based on conditions, logical and relational operators, compound statements, nested control structures, and avoiding common errors with switch statements.
Top MNC'S Interview questions and answersMadhu Dhare
The document discusses various SQL and PL/SQL concepts:
1. It explains the differences between HAVING and WHERE clauses when used with GROUP BY. HAVING is used for aggregate conditions while WHERE can be used for any non-aggregate conditions.
2. It describes the different types of parameters in PL/SQL - IN parameters which can be referenced but not modified, OUT parameters which cannot be referenced but can be modified, and IN OUT parameters which can be both referenced and modified.
3. It outlines some key differences between value sets and lookups in Oracle - value sets can be attached to concurrent program parameters while lookups cannot, value sets are maintained by administrators while lookups can be maintained by users, etc
The document discusses break and continue statements in C programming. It provides examples of code using break to exit a while loop if a condition is true, and using continue to skip the remaining code in a loop iteration and continue with the next iteration if a condition is true. The examples demonstrate using break and continue with while and for loops to check if a number is prime or to print only numbers divisible by 5 from 1 to 50.
SQL is a database language used to define, manipulate, and retrieve data from databases. It allows for data definition, data manipulation, and view definition. Some key functions of SQL include creating and modifying tables, defining constraints such as primary keys and foreign keys, inserting, updating, and deleting data, and retrieving data using queries with features like WHERE clauses, ORDER BY, and JOINs. SQL follows ANSI and ISO standards.
What We Talk About When We Talk About Unit TestingKevlin Henney
Presented at ACCU (23rd April 2015)
These days unit testing is considered sexy for programmers. Who'd have thought it? But there is a lot more to effective programmer testing than the fashionable donning of a unit-testing framework: writing Good Unit Tests (GUTs) involves (a lot) more than knowledge of assertion syntax.
Testing represents a form of communication and, as such, it offers multiple levels and forms of feedback, not just basic defect detection. Effective unit testing requires an understanding of what forms of feedback and communication are offered by tests, and what styles encourage or discourage such qualities.
What styles of test partitioning are common, and yet scale poorly, are uncohesive and are ineffective at properly expressing the behaviour of a class or component? What styles, tricks and tips can be used to make tests more specification-like and scalable to large codebases? How do we choose between scenario-based and property-based test cases?
En la siguiente guía se estudian las condiciones de continuidad en funciones conocidas tanto en un punto como en un intervalo, así como también la Discontinuidad, sus tipos y aplicaciones
HANDOUT for this is available at http://i-digitals.blogspot.com/2011/08/using-excel-to-manage-student-grade.html
This workshop is an introduction to basic Excel formulas and functions. The emphasis is on the application of the software to manage student scores, and to calculate the letter grade for a class.
This document contains 15 questions and answers related to Java programming. Each question asks the student to design a Java program to perform a specific task such as printing a table of numbers, calculating a Fibonacci series, or checking if a string is a palindrome. For each question, the student provides the code needed to solve the problem along with screenshots of a sample program preview and output.
Este blog contiene artículos sobre fotografía, información sobre el equipo utilizado en sesiones fotográficas, y muestras de las fotografías realizadas.
تعداد زیادی از والدین با مشکل ناآرامی کودک به روان شناسان مراجعه میکنند و اکثراً طبق یک نظر کلی و همهگیر تصور میکنند فرزند آنان بیشفعال است و زمانی که صبر و تحمل آنان از ناآرامی کودک به سر آمده است به مشاور و روانشناس مراجعه میکنند .
The document provides information about a proposed English I text set that would include various short stories and novels to examine themes related to the human condition. It analyzes several potential texts for the set, including The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald as the anchor text. For The Great Gatsby, it provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis, examining factors such as its complexity, vocabulary, and relevance to the unit themes. It also briefly summarizes and evaluates two short stories - "The Cask of Amontillado" by Edgar Allan Poe and "The Most Dangerous Game" by Richard Connell - that could provide introductory texts to build students' reading stamina.
Mr. Aaron Craig Hughes is applying for a security technician position. He has over 15 years of experience as an 11B30 Infantryman in the U.S. Army, currently holding the rank of Staff Sergeant. He has deployed to Afghanistan, Iraq, Germany, and Bouguereau. Mr. Hughes has an Associate's degree in Supervision and Management and experience facilitating training and maintaining records for over 110 personnel. He is proficient in tactical procedures and weapons and has experience with administrative tasks and computer programs.
The document contains 32 C programming questions and their multiple choice answers. The questions cover topics like operators, control flow, functions, arrays, structures, pointers and macros. Some key questions involve logical operators, recursion, structures, linked lists and string manipulation.
Terminology such as statements, grammar, syntax, and semantics are introduced. The document then discusses the basic components of a compiler including lexical analysis, syntactic analysis, and code generation. Lexical analysis scans source code and identifies tokens. Syntactic analysis recognizes language constructs through techniques like operator precedence parsing and recursive descent parsing.
This document provides an overview of advanced selection concepts in MATLAB including nested if-else statements, if-elseif statements, operators precedence, and while loops. It includes examples of programs to sort numbers in ascending or descending order using these concepts and discusses how to repeat a program an unknown number of times using a while loop.
This document discusses functions and functional notation. It defines a function as a rule that assigns a single output value to each input value. It provides examples of relations and functions using tables, ordered pairs, and equations. It also introduces functional notation to represent functions, where f(x) means the output of the function f when the input is x. The document evaluates example functions using this notation and combines multiple functions.
This document discusses inverse functions, including exponential, logarithmic, and inverse trigonometric functions. It begins by defining an inverse function as two functions f and g where g(f(x)) = x and f(g(y)) = y. It then discusses how to find the inverse of a function by solving an equation like y = f(x) for x in terms of y. For a function to have an inverse, it must assign distinct outputs to distinct inputs. The document provides examples of finding inverses and discusses domains, ranges, and interpretations of inverse functions.
The document discusses various control flow statements in C programming language. It describes selection statements like if-else which allow a program to make decisions on the logical condition evaluated. It also covers iteration statements like while, do-while and for loops that allow repetitive execution of code. The switch statement provides an alternative to chained if-else conditions. Control flow statements allow writing powerful programs by selecting or repeating important sections of code conditionally.
Computers use their memory for storing instructions of the programs and the values of the variables. Memory is a sequential collection of storage cells. Each cell has an address associated with it. Whenever we declare a variable, the system allocates, somewhere in the memory, a memory location and a unique address is assigned to this location.c pointers lecture
Nesting of if else statement & Else If Ladder Vishvesh Jasani
The document discusses nested if-else statements and else-if ladders in C programming. It provides examples of nested if-else statements with multiple conditions to check, and explains how else-if ladders allow evaluating multiple conditions in a chain. The else-if ladder example calculates electricity charges based on different slabs of units consumed.
This document discusses functions in R language and data analysis. It explains control structures like if/else statements, the ... argument which allows a variable number of arguments, function arguments and defaults, lazy evaluation of arguments, and how the ... argument is used when the number of arguments is unknown. Examples are provided to illustrate if/else logic, formals() to view function arguments, and how ... passes variable arguments to functions like paste() and cat().
This document discusses various approaches to implementing a stack data structure in C++ using classes. It begins by showing a basic implementation with arrays and indices, then improves on this by grouping the buffer and index into a struct. Next, it defines the stack as a class with push and pop methods. Further optimizations include making members private, adding a constructor to initialize values, and using dynamic memory allocation to allow stacks of variable sizes. The document concludes by demonstrating the use of a destructor to free allocated memory.
This document discusses control statements in C programming. It covers different types of control statements like decision structures (if, if-else, nested if), the switch statement, and repetition structures (for, while, continue loops). It provides examples of if, if-else, and switch-case statements. Key topics include branching based on conditions, logical and relational operators, compound statements, nested control structures, and avoiding common errors with switch statements.
Top MNC'S Interview questions and answersMadhu Dhare
The document discusses various SQL and PL/SQL concepts:
1. It explains the differences between HAVING and WHERE clauses when used with GROUP BY. HAVING is used for aggregate conditions while WHERE can be used for any non-aggregate conditions.
2. It describes the different types of parameters in PL/SQL - IN parameters which can be referenced but not modified, OUT parameters which cannot be referenced but can be modified, and IN OUT parameters which can be both referenced and modified.
3. It outlines some key differences between value sets and lookups in Oracle - value sets can be attached to concurrent program parameters while lookups cannot, value sets are maintained by administrators while lookups can be maintained by users, etc
The document discusses break and continue statements in C programming. It provides examples of code using break to exit a while loop if a condition is true, and using continue to skip the remaining code in a loop iteration and continue with the next iteration if a condition is true. The examples demonstrate using break and continue with while and for loops to check if a number is prime or to print only numbers divisible by 5 from 1 to 50.
SQL is a database language used to define, manipulate, and retrieve data from databases. It allows for data definition, data manipulation, and view definition. Some key functions of SQL include creating and modifying tables, defining constraints such as primary keys and foreign keys, inserting, updating, and deleting data, and retrieving data using queries with features like WHERE clauses, ORDER BY, and JOINs. SQL follows ANSI and ISO standards.
What We Talk About When We Talk About Unit TestingKevlin Henney
Presented at ACCU (23rd April 2015)
These days unit testing is considered sexy for programmers. Who'd have thought it? But there is a lot more to effective programmer testing than the fashionable donning of a unit-testing framework: writing Good Unit Tests (GUTs) involves (a lot) more than knowledge of assertion syntax.
Testing represents a form of communication and, as such, it offers multiple levels and forms of feedback, not just basic defect detection. Effective unit testing requires an understanding of what forms of feedback and communication are offered by tests, and what styles encourage or discourage such qualities.
What styles of test partitioning are common, and yet scale poorly, are uncohesive and are ineffective at properly expressing the behaviour of a class or component? What styles, tricks and tips can be used to make tests more specification-like and scalable to large codebases? How do we choose between scenario-based and property-based test cases?
En la siguiente guía se estudian las condiciones de continuidad en funciones conocidas tanto en un punto como en un intervalo, así como también la Discontinuidad, sus tipos y aplicaciones
HANDOUT for this is available at http://i-digitals.blogspot.com/2011/08/using-excel-to-manage-student-grade.html
This workshop is an introduction to basic Excel formulas and functions. The emphasis is on the application of the software to manage student scores, and to calculate the letter grade for a class.
This document contains 15 questions and answers related to Java programming. Each question asks the student to design a Java program to perform a specific task such as printing a table of numbers, calculating a Fibonacci series, or checking if a string is a palindrome. For each question, the student provides the code needed to solve the problem along with screenshots of a sample program preview and output.
Este blog contiene artículos sobre fotografía, información sobre el equipo utilizado en sesiones fotográficas, y muestras de las fotografías realizadas.
تعداد زیادی از والدین با مشکل ناآرامی کودک به روان شناسان مراجعه میکنند و اکثراً طبق یک نظر کلی و همهگیر تصور میکنند فرزند آنان بیشفعال است و زمانی که صبر و تحمل آنان از ناآرامی کودک به سر آمده است به مشاور و روانشناس مراجعه میکنند .
The document provides information about a proposed English I text set that would include various short stories and novels to examine themes related to the human condition. It analyzes several potential texts for the set, including The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald as the anchor text. For The Great Gatsby, it provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis, examining factors such as its complexity, vocabulary, and relevance to the unit themes. It also briefly summarizes and evaluates two short stories - "The Cask of Amontillado" by Edgar Allan Poe and "The Most Dangerous Game" by Richard Connell - that could provide introductory texts to build students' reading stamina.
Mr. Aaron Craig Hughes is applying for a security technician position. He has over 15 years of experience as an 11B30 Infantryman in the U.S. Army, currently holding the rank of Staff Sergeant. He has deployed to Afghanistan, Iraq, Germany, and Bouguereau. Mr. Hughes has an Associate's degree in Supervision and Management and experience facilitating training and maintaining records for over 110 personnel. He is proficient in tactical procedures and weapons and has experience with administrative tasks and computer programs.
El documento describe el proceso de sinterizado, que consiste en tres pasos: 1) producción de polvo metálico mediante atomización o pulverización, 2) aglomerado del polvo en un molde a presión, y 3) sinterizado de la pieza aglomerada mediante calentamiento para aumentar su resistencia y dureza. Las composiciones de polvo más utilizadas son de cobre, hierro, latón y acero.
Este documento trata sobre varios temas relacionados con operaciones a maquinas, incluyendo mecanizado, transporte de materiales a granel, procesos de almacenamiento, tipos de prensas y su clasificación, limadoras, almacenamiento y maquinas especializadas para almacenamiento, y el proceso de montaje. Explica conceptos clave como mecanizado, transportadores, procesos de almacenamiento, tipos de prensas, componentes de limadoras, equipos para almacenamiento y factores del entorno de montaje.
Este documento introduce los conceptos básicos de la biotecnología, definiéndola como la aplicación de sistemas biológicos para producir o modificar productos. Explica que la biotecnología tradicional se ha utilizado durante siglos para procesos como la fermentación, mientras que la biotecnología moderna se basa en técnicas de ingeniería genética como la clonación de genes y la modificación de proteínas. Finalmente, resume algunas aplicaciones importantes de la biotecnología en industria
Shinya fue seleccionado a la edad de 5 años para ser el prometido de Mahiru Hiiragi, la heredera de la familia Hiiragi. Desde entonces, fue sometido a una dura competencia para sobrevivir contra otros candidatos, donde solo uno podía ganar. A los 10 años, Shinya resultó ser el único sobreviviente y conoció a Mahiru, pero ella le dijo que amaba a otra persona y solo fingiría estar con él para encubrir su verdadero amor. Mahiru propuso fingir estar saliendo para prote
This document provides an introduction to C++ programming concepts including basic syntax, variables, data types, operators, conditionals, and loops. It begins with an overview of basic printing, variables, comments, input/output, and the modulus operator. Examples are given for declaring integer, float, and char variables and performing arithmetic operations. Concepts covered for conditionals include if/else, else if ladders, ternary operators, and switch statements. Examples are provided for taking input and printing output based on conditions. The document concludes with an introduction to loops, focusing on the for loop syntax and using loops to print patterns and tables. Homework questions are provided throughout for additional practice.
The document discusses edit distance and how it can be used to measure the distance between strings by minimizing the number of edits needed to transform one string into the other. It presents an efficient dynamic programming algorithm to calculate edit distance and describes how the dynamic programming table can be constructed and used to reconstruct the edit sequence. It also discusses how the algorithm can be customized for applications like substring matching, longest common subsequence, and finding maximum monotone subsequences.
This document provides an introduction to Python programming concepts including basic arithmetic operations, variables, data types, functions, strings, lists, conditional statements, while loops, and for loops. It explains key Python syntax such as operators, comments, functions, indexing lists, conditional checks, and loop structures. Examples are given for basic math calculations, string manipulation, list indexing/modification, conditional logic, and while/for loops. Key terms like integers, floats, booleans, strings, lists, tuples, dictionaries, if/else statements, comparison operators, and loop types are defined.
The Queue Length of a GI M 1 Queue with Set Up Period and Bernoulli Working V...YogeshIJTSRD
Consider a GI M 1 queue with set up period and working vacations. During the working vacation period, customers can be served at a lower rate, if there are customers at a service completion instant, the vacation can be interrupted and the server will come back to a set up period with probability or continue the working vacation with probability , and when the set up period ends, the server will switch to the normal working level. Using the matrix analytic method, we obtain the steady state distributions for the queue length at arrival epochs. Li Tao "The Queue Length of a GI/M/1 Queue with Set-Up Period and Bernoulli Working Vacation Interruption" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43743.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/other/43743/the-queue-length-of-a-gim1-queue-with-setup-period-and-bernoulli-working-vacation-interruption/li-tao
This document outlines the objectives and units of study for the course GE3151 Problem Solving and Python Programming. The objectives include understanding algorithmic problem solving, learning to solve problems using Python conditionals and loops, defining functions, and using data structures like lists, tuples and dictionaries. The 5 units of study are: Computational Thinking and Problem Solving, Data Types Expressions and Statements, Control Flow Functions and Strings, Lists Tuples and Dictionaries, and Files Modules and Packages. Some example problems and programs are provided for each unit to illustrate the concepts covered.
The document discusses algorithms and their analysis. It begins by defining an algorithm and key aspects like correctness, input, and output. It then discusses two aspects of algorithm performance - time and space. Examples are provided to illustrate how to analyze the time complexity of different structures like if/else statements, simple loops, and nested loops. Big O notation is introduced to describe an algorithm's growth rate. Common time complexities like constant, linear, quadratic, and cubic functions are defined. Specific sorting algorithms like insertion sort, selection sort, bubble sort, merge sort, and quicksort are then covered in detail with examples of how they work and their time complexities.
The document contains code snippets and questions related to C programming. It includes questions on functions to check birthdays, find syntax errors, count odd divisor numbers, check if a number is prime, swap bits, calculate array sums, find maximum of 3 numbers, rotate linked lists, calculate unlocking keys from locking keys, and insert strings into ternary search trees. Solutions to the questions are also provided as code snippets.
The document describes the story of Carl Friedrich Gauss and how he solved the problem of summing all numbers from 1 to 100 in only 5 minutes as a child. It then provides the mathematical explanation of how Gauss used the concept of arithmetic progressions to deduce a formula to easily calculate the sum, rather than doing the additions individually. It also includes pseudo-code for an insertion sort algorithm.
Subset sum problem Dynamic and Brute Force ApprochIjlal Ijlal
The document discusses the subset sum problem and approaches to solve it. It begins by defining the problem and providing an example. It then analyzes the brute force approach of checking all possible subsets and calculates its exponential time complexity. The document introduces dynamic programming as an efficient alternative, providing pseudocode for a dynamic programming algorithm that solves the problem in polynomial time by storing previously computed solutions. It concludes by discussing applications of similar problems in traveling salesperson and drug discovery.
The document contains the solutions to a week 1 quiz with multiple choice questions about Python functions. It provides the question, the student's answer, whether the answer is correct or not, the score awarded, and feedback about the question. The quiz covers topics like defining functions, returning values from functions, loops, and base conversions.
This course provides a strong background about JAVA programming language in the field of computing. The course begins with an introductory overview of the Computer and programs, with distinguishes the terms API, IDE and JDK, and gives a comprehensive knowledge about Java development kits and Java integrative development environments like eclipse and NetBeans. Furthermore, the course prepares student to write, compile, run and develop Java applications which are used to find out the solution for several real life problems, in conjunction with using GUI to obtain input, process and display outputs like message dialog boxes, input dialog boxes, confirmation dialog and so on.
JAVA is a computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.
The aim of this course is to explore Java programming fundamentals related to write, compile, run and develop Java applications that are used to discover the solution for several real life problems.
The official learning outcome for this course is: Upon successful completion of the course the students:
• Must know the basic concepts related JAVA programming language.
• Must know how to write, compile, run and develop java applications.
A combination of lectures and practical sessions will be used in this course in order to achieve the aim of the course.
By MSc. Karwan Mustafa Kareem
Control flow statements determine the order in which program instructions are executed. They include conditional branches (if/else), loops (while, for, do-while), and jumps. Arrays allow storing multiple values of the same type together in contiguous memory locations that can be individually referenced using an index. Multi-dimensional arrays generalize this by storing arrays inside other arrays, allowing modeling of matrices. They require nested loops for processing all elements.
Notebooks such as Jupyter give programming languages a level of interactivity approaching that of spreadsheets.
I present here an idea for a programming language specifically designed for an interactive environment similar to a notebook.
It aims to combining the power of a programming language with the usability of a spreadsheet.
Instead of free-form code, the user creates fields / columns, but these can be combined into tables and object classes.
By decoratively cycling through field elements, loops and other programming constructs can be created.
I give examples from classical computer science, machine learning and mathematical finance, specifically:
Nth Prime Number, 8 Queens, Poker Hand, Travelling Salesman, Linear Regression, VaR Attribution
The document discusses 10 important C programming interview questions. It provides detailed solutions to questions such as swapping two variables without a temporary variable, solving the 8 queens problem, printing a matrix helically, reversing words in a sentence in-place, generating permutations, and calculating the factorial of a number recursively. For each question, it explains the algorithm and provides sample C code to implement the solution.
C programming uses basic elements like expressions, statements, blocks and functions. Expressions combine constants, variables and operators, while statements end with semicolons. A block of statements is treated as a single statement. Standard library functions include printf(), exit() and scanf(). Control structures like if-else, switch, for, while and do-while statements are used for decision making and looping.
The document outlines control structures in programming, including counter-controlled repetition, the for loop structure, the switch multiple-selection structure, and the do/while repetition structure. It provides code examples to demonstrate these structures, including initializing and incrementing counters, using break and continue statements to alter loop flow, and displaying output.
Stanford Splash Spring 2016 Basic Programming lecture introduces Yu-Sheng Chen, the instructor. Chen provides an overview of basic programming concepts like control flows, functions, and data structures. The lecture also solves sample coding problems like calculating trailing zeros in a factorial and validating parentheses to demonstrate these concepts. Complexity analysis is discussed to evaluate algorithm efficiency based on operation counts.
2. Get The Number of Days in a Month
if (month == 1) days = 31;
else if (month == 2) days = 28;
else if (month == 3) days = 31;
else if (month == 4) days = 30;
else if (month == 5) days = 31;
else if (month == 6) days = 30;
Method 1: 12 comparisons
switch(month) {
case 1: days = 31; break;
case 2: days = 28; break;
case 3: days = 31; break;
case 4: days = 30; break;
case 5: days = 31; break;
case 6: days = 30; break;
case 7: days = 31; break;
Method 3: 6 comparisons
if (month == 1) days = 31;
if (month == 2) days = 28;
if (month == 3) days = 31;
if (month == 4) days = 30;
if (month == 5) days = 31;
if (month == 6) days = 30;
if (month == 7) days = 31;
Method 2: 6 comparisons
else if (month == 6) days = 30;
else if (month == 7) days = 31;
else if (month == 8) days = 31;
else if (month == 9) days = 30;
else if (month == 10) days = 31;
else if (month == 11) days = 30;
else if (month == 12) days = 31;
int DaysPerMonth[]={0,31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31};
if ( (month >= 1) && (month <=12) ) {
days = DaysPerMonth[month];
}
Table-Driven Method: 2 comparison
case 7: days = 31; break;
case 8: days = 31; break;
case 9: days = 30; break;
case 10: days = 31; break;
case 11: days = 30; break;
case 12: days = 31; break; }
if (month == 7) days = 31;
if (month == 8) days = 31;
if (month == 9) days = 30;
if (month == 10) days = 31;
if (month == 11) days = 30;
if (month == 12) days = 31;
3. Indirect Function Call
int (*funcptr)(int, int);
void main(void)
{
int func1(int a, int b)
{
return a+b;
int result;
funcptr = func1;
result = (*funcptr)(1,2);
funcptr = func2;
result = (*funcptr)(2,3);
}
}
int func2(int a, int b)
{
return a+b;
}
4. Table-Driven Method
with Indirect Function Call
switch(class) {
case 1:
Statements 001;
break;
case 2:
void func001(void) {
Statements 001;
}
void func002(void) {
Statements 002;
General Method:
Average 50 Comparisons
Table-Driven Method:
Always 0 comparisons
break;
case 2:
Statements 002;
break;
case 3:
Statements 003;
break;
……
……
case 100:
Statements 100;
break;
}
Statements 002;
}
……
void func100(void) {
Statements 100;
}
void (*func_tbl[ ])(void)={
func000, func001, func002,
……… , func099, func100 }
(*func_tbl[class])();
5. Table-Driven Method
with Indirect Function Call(Cont.)
switch(class) {
case 0x0057:
Statements 001;
break;
case 0x0811:
struct {
int id;
void (*funcptr)(void);
} class_tbl[] = {
{ 0x0057, func001 },
General Method:
Average 50 Comparisons
Table-Driven Method:
Average 50 Comparisons but flexible
break;
case 0x0811:
Statements 002;
break;
case 0x0C0C:
Statements 003;
break;
……
……
case 0xABAB:
Statements 100;
break;
}
} class_tbl[] = {
{ 0x0057, func001 },
{ 0x0811, func002 },
{ 0x0C0C, func003 },
……
{ 0xABAB, func100 },
{ 0x0000, NULL }};
for (int i=0; class_tbl[i].id != 0; i++) {
if ( class_tbl[i].id == class) {
(*class_tbl[i].funcptr)();
break;
}
}
6. Example 1:
Message Map in Window MFC Programs
switch(message) {
case WM_CREATE:
Statements 1;
break;
case WM_SIZE:
Statements 2;
struct {
UINT id;
LONG (*pfn)(HWND, UINT, WPARAM,
LPARAM);
} mesg_map[ ] = {
{ WM_CREATE, OnCREATE },
General Method: Table-Driven Method:
Statements 2;
break;
case WM_VSCROLL:
Statements 3;
break;
case WM_PAINT:
Statements 4;
break;
case WM_DESTROY:
Statements 5;
break;
}
{ WM_CREATE, OnCREATE },
{ WM_SIZE, OnSIZE },
{ WM_VSCROLL, OnVSCROLL },
{ WM_PAINT, OnPAINT },
{ WM_DESTROY, OnDESTROY },
{ 0 , NULL }};
for (int i=0; mesg_map[i].id != 0; i++) {
if ( mesg_map[i].id == message)
return ((*mesg_map[i].pfn)(hWnd,
message, wParam, lParam));
}
7. Example 2: Check Number Format
State Transition Diagram
430 2
digitStart
1 5 6
digit digit. E/e +/-
digit 、nullnull
digit
digit 、null digit 、null
Any input
E/e digit
State 0: The start (or Initial) state.
State 1,3,6: The accepting (or final) states.
State 7: The error state.
Examples: 123、123.456、 123E45、 12.34E-23、12e+12
7
Any other input...
8. Example 2: Check Number Format
How to Classify the Input Key ?
switch( buf[index] ) {
case ‘000’:
ctype = 0;
break;
case ‘0’:
case ‘1’:
case ‘2’:
…..
case ‘9’:
const unsigned char keymap[128] =
{
0, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,
5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,
// ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . /
5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 2, 5,
// 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
General Method: Table-Driven Method:
…..
case ‘9’:
ctype = 1;
break;
case ‘.’:
ctype = 2;
break;
case ‘E’:
case ‘e’:
ctype = 3;
break;
case ‘+‘:
case ‘-’:
ctype = 4;
break;
default:
ctype = 5;
break;
}
// 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,
// @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,
// P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ ] ^ _
5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,
// ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o
5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,
// p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~
5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5
};
ctype = keymap[buf[index]];
11. Example 2: Check Number Format
Finite State Machine Real C Code
Char buf[128];
int index;
unsigned state, ctype;
void main(void)
{{
printf("Please input the string to check: ");
scanf("%s", buf);
index = 0; state = S00;
while (1) {
ctype = keymap[buf[index]];
(*state_tbl[state][ctype].operation)();
state = state_tbl[state][ctype].next_state;
++index;
}
}
12. C: Clear key
E: Error input key
N: Number keys
O: Operator keys
S: Signed key
Example 3: Simple Calculator
State Transition Diagram
1
E,N,
S,D,A
C Q
O
S: Signed key
D: Dot key
Q: eQual key
A: All other input keys
State 0: Input operand A state.
State 1: Input operand B state.
State 2: After input operand state.
State 3: After press equal key state.
30
2
C,E,N,
S,D,A
E,O,
S,A
E,Q,A
N,D
Q
C
O
Q
C,N,D
O,S
13. Example 3: Simple Calculator
How to Classify the Input Key ?
switch(key=getch()) {
case ‘c’:
case ‘C’:
class = 0;
break;
case ‘e’:
case ‘E’:
class = 1;
int key_tbl[128] = {
7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7,
7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7,
// ! “ # $ % & ‘ ( ) * + , - . /
7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 3, 3, 7, 3, 5, 3,
General Method: Table-Driven Method:
class = 1;
break;
case ‘0’:
case ‘1’:
case ‘2’:
…..
case ‘9’:
class = 2;
break;
…..
…..
case ‘=‘:
class = 6;
break;
default:
class = 7;
break;
}
// 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 7, 7, 7, 6, 7, 7,
// @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
7, 7, 7, 0, 7, 1, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7,
// P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ ] ^ _
7, 7, 7, 4, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 3, 7,
// ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o
7, 7, 7, 0, 7, 1, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7,
// p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~
7, 7, 7, 4, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7 };
class = key_tbl[key=getch()];
14. Example 3: Simple Calculator
State Transition Table
Input
State
C E N O S D Q A
0 0
cancel
0
erase
0
update
2
set_op
0
sign
0
dot
3
nop
0
nop0 cancel erase update set_op sign dot nop nop
1 0
cancel
1
erase
1
update
2
go_op
1
sign
1
dot
3
go
1
nop
2 0
cancel
2
nop
1
set_B
2
set_op
2
sign
1
dot_B
3
cp_go
2
nop
3 0
cancel
3
nop
0
set_A
2
set_op
2
sign
0
dot_A
3
nop
3
nop
15. FSM States:
State 0: Key Idle.
State 1: Key Pressed.
State 2: Key Pressed & Hold.
Example 4: KeyScan Algorithm
State Transition Diagram
State 2: Key Pressed & Hold.
State 3: Key Released.
FSM Actions:
Key Release w/o TimeOut
Key Pressed w/o TimeOut
Key Release w/ TimeOut
Key Pressed w/ TimeOut
17. Example 4: KeyScan Algorithm
State Transition Table Description
Key Scan State:
KEY_STATE_IDLE: Key without any action.
KEY_STATE_PRESS: Key has been pressed but maybe bouncing.
KEY_STATE_HOLD: Key is not bouncing and still on holding.
KEY_STATE_RELEASE: Key has been released and wait for timeout.
Key Scan Input: Key Scan Input:
ACT_xTMOT_RELEASE: Action release without timeout.
ACT_xTMOT_PRESS: Action press without timeout.
ACT_oTMOT_RELEASE: Action release with timeout.
ACT_oTMOT_PRESS: Action press with timeout.
Key Counter Value:
KEY_COUNT_IDLE: Counter value in state "KEY_STATE_IDLE".
KEY_COUNT_PRESS1: Counter value for 1st key press code to be sent.
KEY_COUNT_PRESS2: Counter value for 2nd key press code to be sent.
KEY_COUNT_PRESSn: Counter value for n>2 key press code to be sent.
KEY_COUNT_RELEASE: Counter value for key release code to be sent.
18. Example 4: KeyScan Algorithm
Sample Code Description
程式一開始註解中, 將 FSM Table 列出來: 此 FSM 中定義了四
個狀態, 與四種可能的輸入值,
而實際表現在程式中就是 2D Array
"fsm_kbd_tbl[KEY_STATE_MAX][ACT_INPUT_MAX]".
Table "key_ctrl_tbl[]" 是描述預期要掃描的按鍵定義 & 預期回傳
的鍵值.的鍵值.
主要函式 "kbd_key_scan( unsigned cur_key_scan )" 預期掛在 ISR
中, 將所有按鍵掃一次.
而以下MACRO定義三段Count時間長度, 單位為ISR被執行的次
數:
#define KEY_COUNT_PRESS1 2 // Tick Period for 1st Key Press
to be Validated
#define KEY_COUNT_PRESS2 15 // Tick Period for 2nd Key
Press to be Validated
#define KEY_COUNT_PRESSn 5 // Tick Period for 2:n Key Press
to be Validated
19. The Restriction of Finite State Machine
Finite State Machine: A machine without
memory to record the past input.
Finite State Machine CAN’T Handle…Finite State Machine CAN’T Handle…
The match of “(” and “)” in the expressions.
The match of “{” and “}” in C/C++ block.
The match of “begin” and “end” in PASCAL.
……...
We can handle above problems if we add a
stack to the FSM Push-Down Automata
20. Hierarchy of Languages(Automata):
Chomsky Hierarchy
Type 3: Regular (Right Linear) Language
Finite-State Automata
Type 2: Context-Free LanguageType 2: Context-Free Language
Push-Down Automata
Type 1: Context-Sensitive Language
Linear-Bounded Automata
Type 0: Contracting Context-Sensitive
Turing Machines