C++ in 10 Hours.pdf.pdf

C++ Programming
in One Shot
11 Laptop/PC
2) Dedication

Chapter 1 : Basics
1) Basic Printing, n and endl wali cheez.
2) Variables, printing variables, int, float, and +,-,*,/ of integers.
3) Variable naming rules.
4) Comments
5) Taking Input
6) Modulus Operator
7) Float to int, int to float
8) Hierarchy
9) Char and ASCII

Basic program in C++
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
cout<<“hello world”;
}
Output
Hello World

How to move in next line?
Example :
cout<<”Hello PW”;
cout<<”Hello CW”;
Output will be :
Hello PWHello CW

'DRY RUN'
Out
·
Hello PW
a ⑧
-
- ·
Hello CW
~

Use of escape sequence endl and ‘n’
Example :
cout<<”Hello PW”;
cout<<endl;
cout<<”Hello CW”;
Output will be :
Hello PW
Hello CW

*
Athing:
1) Cont << Y;
2) Cont<< "Y";
3) cont < < 4+ 3;
1) Cont < < "4+3";

Variables and their Declaration
Let us focus on int data type as of now.
1) Variables as containers :
-
Boxer, Dabbe
Output
s
-
X
I
S
-
-

Printing Variables in C & Updation of Variables
int x = 5;
cout<<x<<endl;
x = 7;
cout<<x<<endl;
x = x + 6;
cout<<x<<endl;
x = x - 20;
cout<<x<<endl;
-
I Output
/
W
S
- / ·
I
X
r · 13
~ 7
= -
7
I
·
S
- x
=
x
-
20 0 =
7
-
x
=
13 - 20
v
~

-
↳ Output
- -
- ·S
X
-
tim
08

Arithmetic operations on int data type
int x = 5;
int y = 2;
cout<<x+y<<endl;
cout<<x-y<<endl;
cout<<x*y<<endl;
cout<<x/y<<endl; </ issue
W
~ Wk ·
7
x y - ·
3
W
~
·
10
~
~
intlnt I·
2

Increment - Decrement operators
int x = 5;
x<+;
cout<<x<<endl;
x<-;
cout<<x<<endl;
<+x;
cout<<x<<endl;
–-x;
cout<<x<<endl;
- Thodi
~
#45
der me
-
⑤S Output
-
X
6
w 6
-
I
S
-
~
S
-
~
~

Post Increment
put
v ·
Y
~
·U
v
-
a ·
S
X
-
Due increment
~
-
~
↳
·4
~
·
S
~ &
S
X

float data type
float x = 3.1;
Storing
- Real Numbers

Arithmetic operations on float data type
float x = 5;
float y = 2;
cout<<x+y<<endl;
cout<<x-y<<endl;
cout<<x*y<<endl;
cout<<x/y<<endl;

Example : Calculating Area of a Circle
- A
=
πr2
d
↓
area radius
3. 1415...

Example : Calculating Simple Interest
SI = PRT P
=
540 SA8. Y
float p;
00
100
2
=
32
float
wi
-
I
t =
3
100
-
S184
float ti sup +
32x3
To
-
float si;
= 318.4

Homework : Calculate Volume of a Sphere

Variable Naming rules
1) Variables can start from an alphabet or underscore _ or $ .
2) Special characters except _ and $ are not allowed.
3) Some particular keywords are not allowed.
4) Commas or blanks are not allowed.
Auto double int break extern enum unsigned while
case sizeof for const static long continue float
else signed do short switch char volatile default
goto struct if union return void register typedef
-
~
~
~
a
E

Variable Naming rules - Examples
Q. Which of the following are invalid variable names and why?
BASICSALARY _basic basic-hra
#MEAN group. 422
population in 2006 over time mindovermatter
FLOAT hELLO queue.
team’svictory Plot#3 2015_DDay

Taking input // Square of a Number

Take 2 numbers input from user and print their Sum

Modulus Operator 8-
5/3
-
aYob is remainder
3 IS
d
wea
is
divided
②5403
+, -
,,1,% by b
-> x
=
S x +
y
=
8
=
2
-y
=
3 x-
y
xxy
=
IS
x/y
=
1
x%y =
2

Modulus Operator ->
importance
is
divisibility
2%8 =
2
Some impant pants:
i) aYob =
a [it a<b>
2) Goa
=
0
3) aY)-b) =
aYob
4) (- a)%b =
-
(a%b]

Typecasting
Ques : Take integer ‘x’ as input and print
half of the number.
->
float tint, inte float
intx;
in x;

Hierarchy of operators
int i = 2 * 3 / 4 ;
cout<<i;
a
very important (BOD MAS)
↓
BY OP D, M/ A,S
L
Left
to
Right
#
(int)
i =
mate,an i =
2
*
3/4
=
6/4
=
2
*
0.75
=In
-D
Ii
=
2
*
3/4
6/4 = 2
*
0
- =
0X

char data type
char ch = ‘a’;
4 a, b, c... 2
A, B, C... 2
!D,H, $, %, v, 2, 1, 1, 2, 4, 3, "is -st, =, 2,3, 11, 2
·
?, I,,., , w
, 2
0,112, 3
... 9

ASCII values
char ch = ‘a’;
-very important [Typecasting]
65 ⑩8
297 B
+ 66
11's 49
b + 98
C3 67
1
199 I
S
I
/
de 100 /
S
/
: i =
90
'9'e57
!
2 + 122

Homework
In b = 6.6 / a + 2 * n ; which operation will be performed first?
(1) 6.6 / a
(2) a + 2
(3) 2 * n
(4) Depends upon compiler

MCQ
Which of the following statements is false
(1) Each new C++ instruction has to be written on a separate line
(2) Usually all C++ statements are entered in small case letters
(3) Blank spaces may be inserted between two words in a C++
statement
(4) Blank spaces cannot be inserted within a variable name
FALSE
TRUE
TRVE
TRUE

Homework
The expression, a = 7 / 22 * ( 3.14 + 2 ) * 3 / 5 ; evaluates to
(1) 8.28
(2) 6.28
(3) 3.14
(4) 0
C. W
.
-
float
d
f i
: i
a
=
7/22*
5.1443/5
-
i f
A
- a O
*
5.14
*
3/5
= i
~ =>) a - 043/S
=) a
=
Is
- C
=
0

Ketant:
float x
=
st
d
5/2 =
2
int 3.0/2 =
2.S
W 5/2.0
=
2.5
3.0/2.0
=
2.S
-
real no
no accept

MCQ
The expression x = 4 + 2 % - 8 evaluates to
(1) -6
(2) 6
(3) 4
(4) None of the above
1, 4,%7+,
-
->
x =
4 +
2 =
6
~ 2% -
8 =
2%8 =
2
a%(b) =
ajob
a%ob
=
a [acb)

**MCQ
What will be the value of d if d is a float after the operation
d = 2 / 7?
(1) 0
(2) 0.2857
(3) Cannot be determined
(4) None of the above
-> Homework

Chapter 2 : Conditionals
1) if, if - else
2) nested
3) Else if ladder
4) Ternary
5) switch

IF - ELSE
ans/output
situation dependent
↑
I
5522 ad

Ques : Take positive integer input and tell if it
is even or odd even
d
int ni
cinn; Is rm
=
0
it
1) Cont "Even"; C
it
=
0 even
2) Cont "Odd"; FO odd
-> a&b
d
a =
=
b,a! =
b

w Output
3
n
I Odd number
I W
I
Enter n:3

HW : Take positive integer input and tell if it is
divisible by 5 or not.

Ques : Take integer input and print the
absolute value of that integer +, -, x, 1, % Ari
OP
int ni
cin;
7 -> 7
==,! =, , ,
plate
10 - 10
if (n >
0) - cout<n -
21 - 21
else ecout-h;

*Ques : If cost price and selling price of an item is
input through the keyboard, write a program to
determine whether the seller has made profit or
incurred loss or no profit no loss. Also determine
how much profit he made or loss he incurred.
int up; it(sp> <p) profit s
sp-cp
in cp; It (cp <
sp) loss -
cp-sP
int sp; if (<p =
=
sp) to
no
cinsp; loss
-

HW : Given the length and breadth of a rectangle,
write a program to find whether the area of the
rectangle is greater than its perimeter.
e,b
d
A =
l* b;
4
=
24(l +
b);

Multiple Conditions
Using && and ||
and d
02

is a three digit number or not.
if (n > 99 and n<1000) cont<< -
1
Ene
true

is divisible by 5 and 3.
if (n%S
=
=
0 && n%3 =
=
0)

is divisible by 5 or 3.
- 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27,30...
- 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 39...
& 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 31,
if (4%5
=
=
0 11 1903 ==
0) -
n
=
22

Ques : Take 3 numbers input and tell if they
can be the sides of a triangle. 20, and
a, b, c
if (19+ b) x and 12+ ap b and (c+
a) > b)
a
1
b
a+
b > c
b +
c = a
c +
a - b

Ques : Take 3 positive integers input and print
the greatest of them.
a, b, c
it (as b and a sc) cont<< a..
else if (b> a && b, c) cont<< b
else contC

Homework : Take 3 positive integers input and
print the least of them.

HW : Take positive integer input and tell if it is
divisible by 5 or 3 but not divisible by 15.
if ((n%s =
=
0 or 4%3 = =
0) and (n%/s!=
0))

Nested If - Else
if ( 12
it -
I else-
Esses
I
3

Ques : Take 3 positive integers input and print
the greatest of them. without
using multiple conditions

HW : If the ages of Ram, Shyam and Ajay are input
through the keyboard, write a program to
determine the youngest of the three.

Ques : Take input percentage of a student and
print the Grade according to marks:
1) 81-100 Very Good
2) 61-80 Good
3) 41-60 Average
4) <=40 Fail

HW : Given a point (x, y), write a program to find
out if it lies in the 1st Quadrant, 2nd Quadrant, 3rd
Quadrant, 4th Quadrant, on the x-axis, y-axis or at
the origin, viz. (0, 0).
I
I
⑧ ⑧
④
⑳ ⑧
-
I IV
-
-
⑧
⑧

Ternary Operator
expression 1 ? expression 2 : expression 3
if-die but
cool banneke liye
d lines bachana
⑨

Switch Statement
another
replacement
for it-else
↓
useless

switch ( integer expression ) {
case constant 1 :
do this ;
case constant 2 :
do this ;
case constant 3 :
do this ;
default :
do this ;
}
Syax: character int
I ↑
n1, n2, op
int Char
Radar's
Recommendation · exam se I
day before
-

Ques : Write a program to create a calculator that
performs basic arithmetic operations (add,
subtract, multiply and divide) using switch case
and functions. The calculator should input two
numbers and an operator from user.
=
int a;
int bi
charch;et,-, 1, A
-> achb
=>
n)
op n2

Predict the output
main( ) {
int x = 10, y = 20 ;
if ( x == y ) ;
cout<<x<<” “<<y ;
}
Output
~ ↳
I
10 20
~

HW : Predict the output
int main( ) {
int x = 3, y = 5 ;
if ( x == 3 )
printf ( "n%d", x ) ;
else ;
printf ( "n%d", y ) ;
}
->
=
I (out xendl;
=> couty endl;

*Predict the output
main( ) {
int x = 3, y, z ;
y = x = 10 ;
z = x < 10 ;
cout<<x<<” ”<<y<<” “<<z ;
}
- W
out
~ X y z
~ (Right
to
Left)
v
true->/
10 O
I
10 10 O
↳ false - 0

Chapter 3 : LOOPS
1) For Loop
2) Break and Continue
3) While and Do While Loop
4) Questions using Operators
5) Pattern Printing Problems
->
repetition

What and
Why?
baar hello world

For Loop
for(int i = 1; i<10; i++){
// code
}
tion int x =
3;
condi
↑ int i =
1;
↓
declaration +
initilization
1
increment
decrement
-
Iterator

Ques : Print hello world ‘n’ times. Take ‘n’ as
input from user Done!

How for loop works : the various parameters.
n
=
3
Initialization
Steps "
-
-
1) Check condition
·
Hello World 3) Increment
W I*
Output
23 Work
Y
M
·
Hello World
3
2 ·
Hello World
/
I
i

Ques : Print numbers from 1 to 100
using for look

Ques : Print all the even numbers from 1 to 100
↓
it (1%2 =
=
0) even
Method-2:
e

HW : Print all the odd numbers from 1 to 100

Ques : Print the table of 19.
↓
19, 38, 57, 76, 95, 114, 133, 152, 171, 190

HW : Print the table of ‘n’. Here ‘n’ is a integer
which user will input.

Ques : Display this AP - 1,3,5,7,9.. upto ‘n’
terms. -
Method-
1 ! nth term formula
-
->
an
=
a +
(n-
1)d
=>
an =
1 +
(n-1)2
=>
an
=
1+ 2n-2
=>
an=
27-1

Ques : Display this AP - 1,3,5,7,9.. upto ‘n’
terms.
4, 7, 10, 13....
-
-
-
rounds
&
Method- 2:
Using extra variable &
keeping'only for the iterations
- -
-

HW : Display this AP - 4,7,10,13,16.. upto ‘n’
terms.
~
a
=
4,d
=
3
an
=
a +
(n -
1)d
an =
4 +
(n-
1).3
an
=
4 +
3n -
3
an
=
3n+ 1
⑳34n
+
1

Ques : Display this GP - 1,2,4,8,16,32,.. upto ‘n’
terms. urvo
x2 x2 x2 x2
2x:
-> 5, 15, 4S, 135,
for lint i= 1,ic
=
n;i+
+)[
cont< a" ";
a =
a
+
2;
3

HW : Display this GP - 3,12,48,.. upto ‘n’ terms.

Break;
↓
thodi der me
ques he saath

Ques : WAP to find the highest factor of a
number ‘n’ (other than n itself)
24 - 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12,24
↓
W
intf= 1; 1If me factor -
for lint i =1; i < m;i +
+
(
1 if (nii ==
0) f =
i;
3

Ques : WAP to check if a number is composite
or not.
it n has extra factor/factors except 1 & then it is
composite
d
if (n%i ==
0) - we found a
factor
L
-
mitt tnk
look -

Ques : WAP to check if a number is prime or
not.
dane

Continue;
d
if you
want
to
skipa
round
↓
print no. From 1 to
20 except
308

Ques : WAP to print odd numbers from 1 to
100.
Hiw.
-
using continue

While Loop
int i = 0;
while(i<10){
// code
i++;
}
- An alternate to for look
I
Kitni baal chalega, weird scenario
↓
multiple conditions

Do- While
Loop
do {
//code
} while ( another == 'y' ) ;
-eK baar kam se kam zun kane

Predict the output
int main( ) {
int x = 1 ;
while ( x == 1 )
x = x - 1 ;
cout<<x<<endl;
}
⑭
W
~
I

Predict the output
main( ) {
int i ;
while ( i = 10 ) {
cout<<i<<endl;
i = i + 1 ;
}
}
->
Infinite look

Predict the output
main( ) {
while ( 'a' < 'b' )
cout<< “malayalam is a palindrome" <<endl ;
}
1972983
Infinite look

main( ) {
int i = 10 ;
while ( i = 20 )
printf ( "nA computer buff!" ) ;
}

main( ) {
int x = 4, y = 0;
while ( x >= 0 ) {
x-- ;
y++ ;
if ( x == y )
continue ;
else
cout<<x<<” “<<y<<endl;
}
}

Questions using
Operators
+ - * / %

Ques : WAP to count digits of a given number.
-> intn; n =
5812
ein; int count =
0;
While (n>0) E
-
#Hint:1)
Integer division
I
n
=
n/10;
-
2) Divide in
by 10
again I count+t;
& again 3

Ques : WAP to count digits of a given number.
n = 123 Y count =
0
n = 123 count-1
n =
12 count= 2
n
=
1 count= 3
O C ~
n
=
0
count= 4
ans
finish

Ques : WAP to print sum of digits of a given
number.
n
=
1234 Sum =
12 +
3 + 4 =U
# Fit:1) Modulus (%) operator
2) 2%10 gives the last digit
3) 1 +
2+
3 +
y =
4 +
3 +
2 +
1
n
=
512843

Ques : WAP to print sum of digits of a given
number. 1 +
2+
3 +
y
=
4 +
3 +
2+
1 ed =
n%10
Algorithm:
e
n =
1234 ed =
Y Sum= 4
n = 123 3 7
12
2 9
I 1 10
⑧
look
finished

HW : WAP to print product of digits of a given
number. (There won't
be a zero in the number)
For ex: n = 1234
pro
=
12*3 *y =
24

HW : WAP to print sum of all the even digits of
a given number.
n =
1234
I 2 +
y
=
6

Ques : WAP to print reverse of a given
number.
A
n
=
1234 + 5
=
4321
#Hint: 1) sum of digits
2) 4321
=
0,0,4, 40, 43, 430, 432,4320,4321

Ques : WAP to print reverse of a given
number. v =
2 10
-
n =
153412/3 x 0 E
Algorithm r
=
r
+
ld
- 430/4328
~
=
0 44043 /432 - 4321
ed =
YBR 1
1) Id
2) 2
4 =
10
3)2 +
=
ld
4) n1=
16

HW : WAP to print the sum of given number
and its reverse.
n =
1234,2
=
4321

Ques : Print the factorial of a given number ‘n’.
-
Find the sum
from in ent
↳
5!
=
SX4x4X2x1
8!
=
8x 7 x6x5x4x3x2x1
n! =
nxn-Dx(n-2) . . . . 3 x2 x1
02
1x 2x3x4....(n-1)xh

HW : Print the factorials of first ‘n’ numbers
d
#Hint: n!
n
=
3,
11
=
I
2!
=
2x1
=
2
3=
3x2x1 =
6
4!
=
4x3x2x1
=
24
5!
=
Sx4x3x2x
=
120

HW : Write a program to print all the ASCII values
and their equivalent characters of 26 alphabets
using a while loop. 65
65 A 66
66B .
67C
90
I
:
90 Z

Pattern Printing
Questions
****
****
****
Chapter:4
-
nee
↓
Nested Looks
d
Nested it-else
L
ek ke andar ek

Ques : Print the given pattern
*****
*****
*****
Solid Rectangle
n ↓
-
mxy ka star rectange
I 1
m
=
2
M
n = 6
↓
* * *
* * X
& A & H Y A

****
****
****
****
Solid Square

1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
Number Square
-n=
4
n
=
3
123
123
123

Homework: n =
S
- n=
Y n
=
2
111
- 1 11
33333
-ih
22
2222 2
44n4y
SSSSS

A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
Alphabet Square
n =
4 n =
3
A BC
A
BC
A BC

HW:
1 HW: 2
- -
b
A
A A A
a c
(n =
3)
B BBB a b c
cc CC a b c
DDD D

*
**
***
****
Star Triangle
I 23 Y -j
I i
=
1,j =
1
1
2
jc
=
l
3
i
=
2,j =
1,2 E
Y i =
3,j
=
1,2,3
I i =
4,j
=
1,2,3,4
I

1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
Number Triangle
-
-
H. W.
Number
-
Square - j =
=
u
d
code
jc
=
i

HW : Print the given pattern
A
A B
A B C
A B C D
Alphabet Triangle

I- row no.
- jecol no.
I ne no.
of rows
HW:
22
I
m
=
no.
of cols
333
AX X 123 I 1
yyy Y
x X X 123 222
*** 123 333
↳ I
A
BC
Seid
ABC -
A
BC

*HW : Print the given pattern
1
A B
1 2 3
A B C D
1 2 3 4 5
Alphabet Triangle
n
=
S
n
=
3
I
A B
I 2 3
#
Hint: If else
-

****
***
**
*
Star Triangle Ulta
↓
I I 234sj
I
i =
1, j
=
1,2,3,4
2
i
=
2,j =
1,2,3
-
it
jmax =
n+1
3
Y
i
=
3ej =
1,2
=> Imax =
n+ 1 -
i
i =
4,1j=
1
I *
-1-
i
2* *
E
3 a* * jc
=
1
y * * * a

1 2 3 4
1 2 3
1 2
1
Number Triangle Ulta
H.W.
M.W.
I 1 I I
Y
and 22
2
and 93
3 3 432
432 I
4

Alphabet Triangle Ulta
A B C D
A B C
A B
A

1
1 3
1 3 5
1 3 5 7
Odd Number Triangle
1 2 3 4 -
j
I
! 2
-> 13579...
AP W
2
1 2 3
3 1 2 3 Y
i
du
i jus

*Ques : Print the given pattern
1
2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9 10
Floyd’s Triangle
24
I 3 ej
I
2 n
=
2
3 I
23
Y
↓
n=
4
I

1
0 1
1 0 1
0 1 0 1
0 & 1 Triangle
I 2 345+ j
when
I
(i+j7%2 =
=
0 - 1
2
else -0
3
Y
S I 0 10 I

*
*
*****
*
*
Star Plus
n
=
odd
12345 -j
1 ## ## it(i=
=
311j =
=
3) - x
2 # # #
#
else - #
4
## #
# n
=
3
S ## #
# #
A I
↓ * **
I n=
S #
a #

******
* *
* *
******
Hollow Rectangle
I 23456 -
j
I
2
stars -
first now
- - -
-
i
- - last sow
first
col
d
last
col
i

* *
* *
*
* *
* *
Star Cross
modd
- -
- - -
-
- -
-
-
- -
- -

*
**
***
****
Star Triangle Reverse
↓
I look me ander 2 looks
I I D
--- I - -
2
2 2 * X
- -
3 -
-
3
-
-
t
3 x x x
-
4
y ya x ax

1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
Number Triangle Reverse

Alphabet Triangle Reverse
A
A B
A B C
A B C D

****
****
****
****
Rhombus
I X & & X
I
I -
-
2
- - -
2 - -
t
2
x x x &
- -
- 3 x a x a
3 -
Y &
-
Y x & & &
y

*
***
*****
*******
Star Pyramid

Number Pyramid
1
1 2 3
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Alphabet Pyramid
A
A B C
A B C D E
A B C D E F G

**Ques : Print the given pattern
*
***
*****
*******
*****
***
*
Star Diamond
Recommend !
College Wallah Youtube Channel
-
d
playlists
d
c
Programming
Course
↓
Lecture 4-PP
L
Badiya (Tough)

What and
Why?
DRY
as not repeat yourself
d
1) to tackle repetition
2) There are certainpeice of code that
we use a lot
of times
in
problem.

Output
·
How are
you?
~-
·
Hey
~
I
·Good
Morning
~
function call ·
Good
Morning
of scall
·
How are
you?

main()
return ;
-> It cannot be called more than once
1Reyword jisse function ka khatma ho jaata
kind of like break;

Kaam ki baate :
1) main() ek hi baar aata hai.
2) Starts with main
3) unlimited functions

How functions work : ek ke andar doosra,
doosre ke andar teesra

Parameters:formal parameters/
-
↑ dabbe
Outat
7 90
- 7 90
a D
values
W W
I
·
Fetual parameters
I
I
Pass
by value

Return type : Sum function se samajte hai
72 9 d
Out
81 81
81
-
Learntake
integer
a, be Sum
I

Library functions
Squtt
<but()
min()
max()
pow (a,b) e
ab

Ques : Combination and Permutation
↓
In,
2 -> >
->
pr =
me!
"c =
a =
a)(byc)
⑱x (-
x!
↓
①
3
I
=
6xSx1 =15
·:u!"*- O
y!x2! ⑰x1x2x1

Ques : Pascal triangle ~ For Look, Pattern
printing
D
O 12345 ej Nested for roofs
0 I
I 1 I ,
I 2 I I 2 I
↳ 133 I I 33 1
Y 146y I I Y
I
S I S 10 10 S I I is
" S I
d
I
e;

Formal parameters and Actual Parameters
d
I ↓
actual values
Done v
that
variables
are
dabbe
passed

Ques : Swap 2 numbers
MI:
↳
X y temp
temp =
x
x
=
y
y
=
temp

Ques : Swap 2 numbers
M-2 - without
using extra variable
-
-
Y
2
+
Y
-
Lie
2 +
Y
2
X My
X
y
X y
=>
x =
x+
y
=>
y
=
x
-
y
I x
=
x -
y

Pass by value & Pass by reference
swap(x,3
Y
Output
12:45 W
~ x y temp &
~
~
↳ ↳
-
v
Pass by value
12
45
12
I
S
12 US
- X
y
12 YS
⑧

*Pointers
->
Y bytes
int x
=
2;
↳ E
int
I x
y
IIIIIIIIIIIIIII
ibyte

*Pointers
0x16....
int x
=
3; - i
ptr
I int* ptr
=
2 x; x
0x14
coutyptrendl;
0x1I
1
Access the value of of the variable whose address is
in the
pointer is
using dereference/I operator

*Pointers
Outfit
3
12
~ 23
X ptr
~
W ⑲
I
-
-
~
Ox1Y 0x26
~
W
↓
Pass by Reference

*Pointers
v
-
0x12 0x19
W
12 4S
⑭ in
&
v 1/ *a =
45 a b
temp
- 0x22 0x44 0x 90
-
~ 12
w
*
US
w ~ ~
⑧
Pass by Reference
0x12 0x19
I
-
Output
~ X
y

State TRUE or FALSE :
1) The same variable names can be used in different
functions without any conflict. YES!

2) Every called function must contain a return
statement.
3) A function may contain more than one return
statements.
avoid
FALSE
TRUE

5) A function may be called more than once from any
other function TRUE

Function calling itself
↓
1) Repetition
2) Infinite Loop

Ques : Print n to 1 ->
print
in no point
↓
n =
S s
:
G
quintin-1
I
w

-- Output
↓ :3
~
-
↳
I
I
2
&
~
In
:
-
- I
Base Case -
condition

~ X out
-
- ⑳
:
3
~ ·
= I
·E
& o
~
v
⑧
2
b
S
-

Ques : Print 1 to n [Recursion]
↓
contnendl;
I
2 print (n+1)
"
:
C

Ques : Print 1 to n (after recursive call)
en
~
Without extra Parameter

Proper Dry Pun
men
-
Output
⑧
· Enter n :3
-
-
"
W ·
I
-
- I
-
-
! Is ·
a
⑧
X
⑧
.
3
3 -
X
⑧
⑯
↳
·

Ques : Print sum from 1 to n (Parameterised)
iw -
College Wallah
I
Playlist
↓
C
programming
↓
Lecture - 6 Recursion
↓
sum 1 to
N parameterised

Ques : Print sum from 1 to n (Return type)
E
-> n =
5
->
1+
2+
3+
4 +
5
=
15
+
-> 1 +
2 +
3 +
4+
3
=
5 +
4+
3+
2 +
1
=>
sum(r)
=
n +
..3
+
2 +
1
sum(n) =
n
+
sumi-1)

Ques : Make a function which calculates the
factorial of n using recursion.
3!
=
5x4x3x2x1
-> n! =
nxn-xn-2x....3x2x)
-
n! =
ux(n -
1)!
d
fact(n)
=
n x
fact(n-1)
d
fact(1) =
1

Ques : Make a function which calculates the
factorial of n using recursion.
Tree
Diagram : 120
ener
fact( S C
2 24
n
=
3
S*
fact (4)
↓46
4 x
fact(3)
22
3 *
factfati

Ques : Make a function which calculates ‘a’
raised to the power ‘b’ using recursion.
a =
3
3" =
81
3
=
3x3x3 x3
I
b =
Y
-> a = axa xqx a... a
-
b times
->
ab =
a xab-
1
=>
pow(a,b)
=
a x
powla,b-1)
-> base case e b =
0 ea:
1

*Multiple Calls
Ques : Write a function to calculate the nth
fibonacci number using recursion.
1123381321345589 . .
n
=
12345678
9 10 11
fibo(8)
=
fibo(z) +
fibols)
-> fibo(n)
=
fiboln-1) +
fiboln-2);
-> fibo() =
1
fibo(2) =
1

fibol
- ·
L 8 ↑
34 3
L fibo(s) + fibo(y)
3 - 2
1
fibolus Fiboli) Hottu
t
·
b0(2)
L
Gro
2
fibr+
Fibulz Fibiesfibores finisfied
L
11
fibo(2) +
Sibol Enterthe
tree

HW : Power function (logarithmic)
L
I -
⑳2
x
abz
X
8
a
= 28 =
24x24
2 -
2 x 2
2" =
22 x
22
27 =
2x26
- 22 =
2'xz
⑧
2
6
- 2x2
S
2' =
2x2
2 - 2x2
Y
z4 -
2x23
24 =
2x22
=
2x21
i 0
I 2 x 20

Arrays
DSA e data structures &
algorithms
1
data stone - variable -> intx;

What is an array?
d
I
List -> list
of integers e 11,76,13,88,46
list of char is A, B, A, C, F
list of float e 99.4,93.1,90.8,94.6, 50.S
el declaration se multiple dabbe band Santa noon.

Syntax and Declaration -
Indexing
0 I 2 3 Y
int x
(5];
X Y 2 6 -
2 10
x[0] =
4 e
initializing of array elements (individual)
x[1] =
2
x [4) =
10
x(2) =
6
x(3] = -
2

Accessing Elements of Array
↓ Very simple
using square brackets
arr [41;

Printing Output and Taking Input
using looks

Ques : Are the following array declarations correct?
int a (25) ;
int size = 10, b[size] ;
int c = {0,1,2} ;
X int a [25];
v
X intc(3)
=
20, 1, 23;
or
intc[1=
20,1,23;
int size =
10;
int b(size);

Ques : Which element of the array does this
expression reference?
num[4] int num [6];
d
4,
5th element from start
&
the 4th
index element

Memory Allocation in Arrays
Elllllllllllllll
int arr[3]=
24,3,23;

Passing Array to Functions
Reference
-
-
~
-
arrity
-
I
Output
w
-

Ques : Calculate the sum of all the elements in the
given array. 01 2 3 4 S
intavr[] =
[5, 1, 2, 4, 6,33;
↓
Sum
=
0;
G sum+=
arr[0];
sum+=
arr(1]
&
&
!
sum+=
arr[s];

Homework : Calculate the product of all the elements
in the given array.

Ques : Find the maximum value out of all the elements
in the array. 0 1 2 3 4
intarr[] =
[1,5,6,4,33;
-
intrx =
arr[O]; mx = 56
d
mx
=
max(mx, arr(i])

Homework : Find the minimum value out of all the
elements in the array.

HW : What is the difference between the 5’s in these
two expressions?
int num[5] ;
num[5] = 11 ;
1. first is particular element, second is type
2. first is array size, second is particular element
3. first is particular element, second is array size
4. both specify array size
unit,

1. The array int num[26] has twenty-six elements.
2. The expression num[1] designates the first element in
the array
3. It is necessary to initialize the array at the time of
declaration.
4. The expression num[27] designates the
twenty-eighth element in the array.
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE

HW : Given an integer n. Create an array containing
squares of all natural numbers till n and print the
elements of the array.
-> int ni n
=
4
cinn;
↓
intains;
9/10

Ques : Given an array of integers, change the value of
all odd indexed elements to its second multiple and
increment all even indexed value by 10.
Homework;
-
>
01 2 3 Y
intarr(s) =
[1,2,3,4,53;
↳ ↳1, 4, 3,8,53
↳ [11, 4, 13,8,153

Ques : Count the number of elements in given array
greater than a given number x.
Homework
- -
-
-
intarr[] =
21,3, 0, 10, 2, 5, 63;
intx =
4;
int count= 0;
↳
if (arrlit,x) count++;

HW : Find the difference between the sum of elements
at even indices to the sum of elements at odd indices.
01 2 3 4 5 6
intaur)1=21,3,0,10,2,5,03;
sumeven=
9
sumOdd =
18
↳ 9 - 18 -

Ques : Find the second largest element in the given
Array.
intarr[] =
< 10, 1, 0,9, 4, 12, 1, 23;
int mx =
INT-MIN; my =
INN 1012
for (int i =
0; ic; it+ (2 smax:
EMIN 10
I mx =
max(mx, awr [i]);
3
int smax:
INT-MIN;
for (int :=
0:ic; it+d
I if (aw(i)! =
mx) smax =
max/Smax, aur[i]);
3

Ques : Write a program to copy the contents of one
array into another in the reverse order.
intads] =
3 1,2,3,4,53;a REALs
intb[S];
bit."
for (i=
0; ic=
4;i+
+
)[
i -
i =
n - 1- i;
i+
j =
n-
1
b(i)
=
a [s];
E
3 E-i

Ques : Write a program to reverse the array without
using any extra array.
01 2 3 4 i =
0;
intal] =
[5, 2, 3, 4, 13; j =
n-
1;
i
I
I
# Lit 1) Swap - a [i], al;]
2) Two variables
in;

Homework : If an array arr contains n elements, then
check if the given array is a palindrome or not.
arr=
[1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 13 W
= >
E 1,2,3,3,2,13 w
=
[1,2,3,4,2,13 X

2D Arrays
10 students
1) Basics
Eddi
2) It Else
P CM E
3) Loope
4) PP
5) Function & Pointers
6) Revision
2) Arrays Array - list
2D
Arrays Away
Table

What and
Why?
So far we have explored arrays with only one dimension. It is also
possible for arrays to have two or more dimensions. The two
dimensional array is also called a matrix.
int arr[r][c];
This is a 2D array where r depicts number of rows in matrix and c
depicts number of columns in the matrix.
grid
ecolumns
↳ras

declaration.
e
↳ int arr[4][3]; int als): ,"I
alz] =
3
O 12
O
I
2 11 9 ->
ar(2]/2): 9
3 20
awe
↳
arr[3][T =
20
arr[2]/0]=11

int an [2][3];
O I 2 -j 612 64
O 6 I 2
-
435 13
G
I Y 35 2S
I
an [0][0] =
6 arr (1](0)
=
Y
aur (OIC1)
=
1 arr[1] [11: 3
arr [0](2):2
arr[1] (2):
3

Initialisation of a 2-Dimensional
Array
int arr[4][2] = { { 1234, 56 }, { 1256, 43 }, { 1434, 32 }, { 1312, 96 } } ;
int arr[4][2] = { 1234, 56 , 1256, 43 , 1434, 32 , 1312, 96} ;
int arr[2][3] = { 12, 34, 56, 78, 91, 23 } ;
int arr[ ][3] = {12, 34, 56, 78, 91, 23 } ;
2
2D
array -
array of away

intarr[333] =
[[1,2,33, (4,5,63,[7,8,933;
O 12
O I 2 3
I 436
2 I 89
aww
intaur (3[33:
(91,2,33,44,5,63,97,8,933;
int avr[][3]=
[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,93;

Ques : Write a program to store roll number and
marks obtained by 4 students side by side in a
matrix.
4 students -
Ragnar, Harsh, Sanket, Urvi
76 13 82 88
0 I 8 I
76 91 90
R O 16 81 0 I 2 3
H I
13 76 0 7613 82 88
S 2 82 al I 81
to 90
90
U
3 88 90
R U

Ques : Write a program to store 10 at every index of
a 2D matrix with 5 rows and 5 columns.
int aur [S][S];
0 12 3 Y
10 18
"" is
co
2 10 10 10 10 10
3 10 10 10 10
10
Y 10 10 10 10 10

Ques : Write a program to add two matrices.
Homework
- -
-
0 I 2
0 I 2 0 12
O 9 4 2 O 2 I 6 O 11 S S
t I
I O I 7 I 3 9 Y I S 10 11
a b C
-> cliJi):
a(i][] +
b(i][i];

Ques : Find the maximum element in a given
matrix. ↓
Ditto Same as ID
away
↓
int mx
=
INT-MIN;
busing nested look
traverse the entire ID
array
L
mx
=
max (mx, arr(i)(i));

HW : Find the minimum element in a given
matrix.

HW : Find the sum of all elements in a given
matrix. d
int sum
=
0;
↓
Sum+=
arr[i];];

HW : Find the product of all elements in a
given matrix.
int product: 1;
product x =
aur(i)(i);

HW : Given a matrix ‘a’ of dimension n x m and 2
coordinates (l1, r1) and (l2, r2). Return the sum of
the rectangle from (l1,r1) to (l2, r2).
O I 2 3 -j (11) and (4, 2)
O I 2 3 ↳
2
12
13 16
i=
1 to Y
I
I
S
9 10 11
3 7
13 17 19
4 8 17 18 20
-j =
1 to 2
I int a[8][4];

Ques : Write a program to Print the transpose
of the matrix entered by the user. -> create
d
AW
the
Already done 1 transpose
store it
Column Wise Prin
ting in a new
O I matrix
O I 2
O 7 2 3 0 I Y
->
I Y
S 6 I 2 S
2x3
3 6
2
3x2

2) Vector,
2D vector
2) DS A
L
Time & space complexity
Sorting, searching
DW I Linked list, stack, Quene, Trees, maps, Set, leaps
Graphs, DP, OOPS
skills
Decode 2.0 Batch - C++, DSA (Paid) Mrvi,
Sanket
PWskills &
College Wallah -
Playlist eC++&DSA
foundation course

Strings
1D Array raghar
I I
integer away
char
array (6):
float, Char E','hav
!

What are strings
and Why are
they used?
-> Char Arrays
L
questions

Declaration of Strings
and taking Input
string str;
~
strings:
"Raghav Garg",
d
↓
string si
getline/cin,s);
cins;
cout<<S;

Indexing of
characters in
Strings
strings:
"abc";
d sitic
strings:
"raghar";
cont << S90]://v
I
length)).
ASCII - O
"o'-hull character
cont<S;
d

Ques : Input a string of length n and count all
the vowels in the given string.
->

Updation of a
single character
in string
↓
Done

Ques : Input a string of size n and Update all
the even positions in the string to character
‘a’. Consider 0-based indexing.
H.W.
-
⑦@°=I>
-
-
012345678910
strings:
"Raghav Garg";
E aaahavaGara

Built-in string functions
d
STL
↓
standard template library

size() / length()
d
baat kar le hai

push_back() & append()
strings:"raghar";

pop_back() & clear()
string to empty string

reverse()
↓
strings:"raghar";

Ques : Input a string of even length and
reverse the first half of the string.
i I
012345
-> string s = "raghar";
-
↳ garhav

Ques : Input a string of length greater than 5 and
reverse the substring from position 2 to 5 using
inbuilt functions.
Homework
-
-
-
strings:
"raghar";
012345
↳
reverse (s. begin))+2, s. begin() +
1);
6

to_string() -> int to
string
d
int x
=
12345;
4
strings:
to-string(x);

Ques : Return the total number of digits in a
number without using any loop.
Hint : Try using inbuilt to_string() function.
x
=
91632

stoi
d
string =
"1412361";
intx =
stoils);

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