Introduction of Irrigation & it's Methods Crop Classifications Inland Navigation Water Resources Engineering

1. RAMANUJ JALDHARIV Sem

2. INTRODUCTON

3. INTRODUCTON

4. IRRIGATION
 Irrigation is the artificial application of water to
the land or soil.
 It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural
crops, maintenance of landscapes, and
revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and
during periods of inadequate rainfall.

5. IRRIGATION

6. COMMAND AREA
 The Command area is the area around the
dam/ project, where the area gets benefits
from the dam, such as irrigation water,
electricity, etc.
 It is an area which can be irrigated from a
scheme and is fit for cultivation.Command
Area
CCAGCAGross Command Area Cultivable Command Area

7. COMMAND AREA
A
C
a
c
D
d
b
B
GCA = Area ABCD CCA = Area abcd

8. COMMAND AREA
Classification of Irrigation Projects in India:
 Classification is made based on CCA value
[Cultivable Command Area] which will indicate
the irrigation potential.
Type of Project CCA Value
Major Irrigation Project >10,000 ha
Medium Irrigation Project 2000 - 10,000 ha
Minor Irrigation Project < 2000 ha 1 Hectare = m2
104

9. Why do We
need
Irrigation
System???

10. NECESSITY OF IRRIGATION
 Insufficient rainfall
 Uneven distribution of rainfall
 Improvement of perennial crop
 Development of agriculture in desert area

11. BENEFITS OF IRRIGATION
 Increase in crop yield
 Cultivation of superior crops
 Cultivation of Cash crops
 Increase Prosperity
 Domestic and industrial water supply
 Protection from famine
 Economic development
 Inland Navigation

12. INLAND NAVIGATION
 Transport by Canal & River.
 The act of conducting ships from one place to
another, including, more especially, the
method of determining a ship's position,
course, distance passed over, etc., on the
surface of the globe, by the principles of
geometry and astronomy.
 Inland Navigation also describe as NATIONAL
WATERWAY.

13. NATIONAL WATERWAY
 Officially 111 NW’s I India. (As per NW Act-
2016)
 In which 106 created in 2016.
 Mentioned as NW-1, NW-2, NW-3 etc.

14. WATERWAY

15. NATIONAL WATERWAY
Name River States
Length
(km)
Operational
(Y/N/P(artia
l))
NW1
Prayagraj-Haldia stretch of the
Ganga-Bhagirathi-
Hooghly Rivers
UP, Bihar, Jharkhand,
West Bengal
1620 Y
NW4
(a) Kakinada-Puducherry stretch
of canals and the Kaluvelly Tank
(b) Bhadrachalam-Rajahmundry
stretch of Godavari River.
(c) Galagali-Wazirabad-
Vijayawada stretch of Krishna
River.
Puducherry, Andhra
Pradesh, Telangana
1095 Y
NW110 Yamuna River Haryana, UP & Delhi 1089 P
NW2
Sadiya-Dhubri stretch of
Brahmaputra River
Assam 891 Y
NW97 Sunderbans waterways West Bengal 654 Y

16. WATERWAY

17. ILL EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION
 Rising of water table
 Formation of marshy land
 Water Logging
 Dampness in weather
 Loss of valuable lands

18. PRESENT STATUS OF IRRIGATION IN
INDIA
 Only about 36.7% of total agricultural land in
India was reliably irrigated and remaining 2/3rd
cultivated land in India is dependent on
Monsoons.
 65% of the irrigation in India is from
groundwater.
 Currently about 51% of the agricultural area
cultivating food grains is covered by irrigation.
 % of Cultivated Area
 Punjab on Top Position
 Rajasthan on 14th Position

19. CROPS CLASSIFICATION
Crops are classified in basically three ways
which are follows:
1. Agricultural Classification
2. Crop Season Classification
3. Irrigation Requirement Classification

20. CROPS CLASSIFICATION
1.Agricultural Classification
a) Field Crops
b) Commercial Crops
c) Oil Seed Crops
d) Horticultural Crops
e) Plantation Crops
f) Forage Crops

21. CROPS CLASSIFICATION
2. Crop Season Classification
Sub
Name
Sowing Harvesting Examples
1. Rabi
Crops
Winter
crops
Octobe
r
March Wheat, Chickpea
(Gram), Pea, Barley,
Mustard etc
2. Kharif
Crops
Monsoo
n crops
June Septemb
er
Paddy, Maize, Soybean,
Groundnut, Cotton, Urd
3. Zaid
Crops
Summe
r crops
March May Moong, Watermelon,
Pumpkins, Gourds etc.

22. CROPS CLASSIFICATION
3. Irrigation Requirement Classification
a) Dry Crops------Rain Water Sufficient
b) Wet Crops-----Can't grow without Irrigation
c) Garden Crops----Required irrigation
throughout year in limited quantity.
Paddy
cultivation

23. TYPES OF IRRIGATION

24. METHODS OF IRRIGATION

25. METHODS OF IRRIGATION
The choice of method of irrigation depends on the
following factors:
i) Size, shape and slope of the land to be irrigated.
ii) Soil characteristics
iii) Natural and availability of water sources.
iv) Types of crop to be grown
v) Depth of water table
vi) Rate of infiltration of the soil
vii) Amount of water to be applied during each
irrigation.

26. METHODS OF IRRIGATION
SURFACE IRRIGATION
Water is either ponded on the soil or allowed to flow continuously
over the soil surface for the duration of irrigation.
• Gives uniform application of water to fields
• Requires minimum labour.
• Loss due to infiltration and deep percolation
• Method of irrigation is costly and time consuming

27. FLOODING METHOD
Uncontrolled or Wild Flooding
• Water is flooded on a smooth flat land without control.
• Generally used in inundation irrigation system.
• Applicable during flood seasons only.
• Practiced largely where there is abundant and inexpensive water.
Controlled flooding
• Water is spread over the land with proper methods to control the depth
of application
• Controlled flooding can be achieved by free flooding contour laterals,
border strips or by check flooding.

28. FLOODING METHOD

29. FIELD CHANNELS METHOD
Free flooding method consists of dividing the entire land to be irrigated
into small strips by a number of field channels known as Laterals.
• These laterals may be either at right angles to the sides of the field or at
right angle to the contour lines, as shown.
• When the laterals are aligned at right angles to the sides of the field
irrigation is possible only to one side of the lateral.
• When the laterals are aligned at right angles to the contours, irrigation
can be done on both sides of the lateral.
• Spacing of laterals 10-50 m
• Slopes 1 in 100 to 1 in 300

30. BORDER STRIP METHOD
• Land to be irrigated is divided in to a series of long narrow strips
• Strips about 10 to 20 m wide and 100 to 400 m long separated from
each other by low levels or bunds.
• Each strip is supplied water by the field channel.
• The strips will have slope along the direction of flow.
• Water flows in the form of a sheet to the lower end of the field.

31. BORDER STRIP METHOD

32. CHECK FLOODING
• Most common method
• Also called method of irrigation by plots
• Land is divided into small plots surrounded by checks or levees.
• Each plot has nearly level surface.
• Area of each plot is between 400 to 500 m2.

33. CHECK FLOODING

34. BASIN METHOD
• Suitable for fruit trees a basin is created surrounding each tree.
• Field channel supplies water to the basin.
• Used for irrigation of orchards.

35. FURROW IRRIGATION
• Water is applied to the land to be irrigated by a series of long, narrow
field channel called furrows.
• It reduces evaporation losses.
• Suitable for row crops such as maize etc.
• Water is not spread over the land.
• Water flowing in the furrows infiltrates into the soil and spreads
laterally to the roots of plants.
• It has high water application efficiency

36. FURROW IRRIGATION

37. CONTOUR FARMING
• Practiced in hilly regions where the land will be having steep slopes
• Also controls erosion due to rain.
• Irrigation only in one direction.
• Spacing depends on slope and soil types.

38. CONTOUR FARMING

39. FLOODING METHOD

40. Any Query……???