This document provides an overview of several traditional Indian medicine systems including Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Yoga, Homeopathy, and their key principles. It discusses their origins, diagnostic approaches, treatment methods which may incorporate herbs, diet, exercise. For example, it states that Ayurveda views health as a balance of doshas (vata, pitta, kapha) and treats the whole person through personalized regimens. Unani is based on the theory of four humors and uses herbal remedies. Siddha also focuses on balancing humors and incorporates minerals in treatments prescribed by vaidyas.
INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE, UNIT1, MPHARM PCG SEM2
Fundamendal concepts of Traditional Medicine
Ayurveda
Siddha
Unani
Homeopathy
Ayurveda – Pharmacopoiea, Analysis of formulations
Siddha – Gunapadam, Types of medicines,Dhatu Jeevam moolikai Purification(Suddhi)
what is TSM?
WHO defines traditional medicine as including diverse health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal, and/or mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises which can be used to maintain well-being, as well as to treat, diagnose or prevent illness.
TYPES OF TSM (AYUSH)
A-AYURVEDA
Y-YOGA & NATUROPATHY
U-UNANI
S-SIDDHA
H-HOMEOPATHY
Classification of Ayurvedic dosage form
INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE, UNIT1, MPHARM PCG SEM2
Fundamendal concepts of Traditional Medicine
Ayurveda
Siddha
Unani
Homeopathy
Ayurveda – Pharmacopoiea, Analysis of formulations
Siddha – Gunapadam, Types of medicines,Dhatu Jeevam moolikai Purification(Suddhi)
what is TSM?
WHO defines traditional medicine as including diverse health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal, and/or mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises which can be used to maintain well-being, as well as to treat, diagnose or prevent illness.
TYPES OF TSM (AYUSH)
A-AYURVEDA
Y-YOGA & NATUROPATHY
U-UNANI
S-SIDDHA
H-HOMEOPATHY
Classification of Ayurvedic dosage form
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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2. Introduction
Allopathy (Modern system of medicine)-
This system was developed in western countries. In
this system of drugs are manufactured using
synthetic chemical/chemicals derived from natural
products like plant, animal, and minerals etc.
Medicine of this system criticized for its treatment of
symptoms rather than cause of the disease, harmful
side effect of certain drugs and for being out of poor
people due to the high cost of drugs and treatment.
3. Traditional system of medicine
WHO defines traditional medicine as including
diverse health practices, approaches, knowledge and
beliefs incorporating plant, animal and/or mineral
based medicine, spiritual therapies, manual
techniques and exercise which can be used to maintain
well-being, as well as to treat, diagnose or prevent
illness.
4. Types of traditional system of
medicine
Folk medicine and (AYUSH)
Ayurveda
Yoga (Naturopathy)
Unani
Siddha
Homeopathy
Yoga and naturopathy are drugless therapies
5. Homeopathy
Homeopathy is a system of medicine created in 1796.
The Origin:-
Homeopathy has been in practice for 170 years by
thousand of practitioners and there are over 100 .It is
created in 1796 by Samuel.
Principle-
This system of medicine based on the principle “like
cures like”.
6. Eg.
Peeling an onion leads to sore, runny eyes, itchy nose
and sneezing- Allium cepa is used for the treatment of
hay fever and cold.
Nettle stings produce a burning, itchy wheal on the
skin- Urtica urens is a good remedy for similar skin
lesions.
Arsenic poisoning causes severe vomiting and diarrhea
with burning pain and Arsenicum alb.V. effective in
gastroenteritis and food poisoning.
7. diagnosis
Homeopathic diagnosis lies in holistic
approach. The diagnosis of disease involve
identifying its cause. Causative factors are
identified by examination of Pulse, eyes,
color of body, tongue, status of digestive
system, urine. The practitioner consider all
Mental, Physical, and Emotional aspects.
8. Treatment
Homeopathy has effective treatment for individuals with
chronic disease such as diabetes, arthritis, bronical
asthma ,skin ,allergic ,and immune system disorder,
mental disorder and other several disorder. The
remedies are prepared from plants ,animals , metal
and mineral substance .
9. Ayurveda
Ayurveda is an ancient system of medicine in India.
Its documentation dates to Veda(5000B.C.) The word
“Ayurveda”(Ayur+veda) implies THE SCIENCE OF
LIFE. The Ayurveda has been used and
transmitted from one generation to another. The
oldest healing science in existence, from all other
system emerged. Ayurveda is the oldest Medical
System of Medicine.
Definition- Ayurveda is a science dealing not only
with treatment of some disease but is a complete way
of life.
10. Principles
Ayurveda’s fundamental approach to well-being is
that you must reach your unique state of balance in
your whole being—body, mind, and spirit.
Ayurveda views the world in light of 3 constitutional
principles:
. Vata
. Pitta
. Kapha
11. Diagnosis
Diagnosis of Ayurveda system is done on the basis of
history taking and examination of pulse, urine,
faces, tongue and eyes etc.
Treatment- The treatment in Ayurveda is
individualized. It requires not only diagnosis of
disease to prescribe medicine but also study of
various factors such as: Age and sex ,temperature
,sleep and rest ,Work pattern ,diet ,metabolic fire.
Treatment include preventive curative measures.
Preventive measures include personal hygiene.
The curative measures including Aushadi i.e.
drugs, Anna i.e.Diets,Vihara i.e. exercise and
general mood of life.
12. Practices and drug standards
Ayurveda is popular in most of the states but it is more
popular in the states of Kerala, Himachal Pradesh,
Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh. It mainly deals with problems related to
nervous system ,respiratory system, gastrointestinal
tract, integumentary system, musculoskeletal system.
Some of the Vedas even treat cancer, AIDS. The
Ayurvedic drugs are available as raw drugs and
manufactured drugs. There are 5000 licensed
pharmacies and 13 Government assisted pharmacies
which manufacture Ayurvedic drugs. Research
institutions and laboratories and Universities are
being involved in standard of drugs.
13. YOGA
Yoga is science which helps to co-ordinate body and
mind more effectively. It promotes mental , physical,
social, spiritual health. It is also helps in prevention
and cure of various psychosomatic disorders, psychic
and physical disorders.
The Origin :-Yoga is originated from Veda, oldest India
( 4000B.C.)and systematically presented by Patanjali
Yoga sutra in around 150 B.C.
Definition- According to Yoga sutra of Patanjali-“Yoga
is restraints of the activities of the mind”
14. Components-
Maintaining physical posture.
Breathing exercise.
Restraining of sense of organs.
Restraints in every sphere of life.
Contemplation..
Meditation.
Smadhi
15. Benefits
All round fitness.
Builds muscle strength.
Betters your bone health.
Increase blood flow.
Drops blood pressure.
Protect spine.
Weight loss.
Stress relief.
Help in focus.
Boosts your immune system.
Helps in deeper sleep.
Inner peace.
Improvement in personal, social behavior.
Better circulation of oxygenated blood in the body.
16. UNANI
Introduction-
The Unani System of Medicine has a long and
impressive record in India. It was introduced in
India by the Arabs sometime around the eleventh
century. Today, India is the one of the leading
countries in so for as the practice of Unanimedicine
is concerned.
The Origin:-The Unani System of Medicine has its
origin in Greece before Christ under the
Hippocrates(377-460Bc) . It was introduced in
Indian around the 11th century by the Arabs and.
Although this system has originated in Greece, but it
has been taken to various countries such as Arabia,
Iran, China, and India.
17. Hormone therapy of Hippocrates
There are four Hormone theory of Hippocrates :
Blood
Phlegm
Yellow bile
Black bile
The hormones are assigned temperature i.e; blood is hot
and moist, phlegm is cold and moist, yellow bile is hot
and dry, black bile is cold and dry. As long as hormone
are in balance the individual remain healthy. Any
imbalance and disturbance in hormones result in
disease occurrence.
18. Diagnosis
The diagnosis of a disease is done by feeling
pulse, observation of urine, stool, color of
skin and gait etc. The treatment comprise of
3 components namely Preventive, Pro-
motive and Curative.
19. TREATMENT
The treatment comprises 3 components namely
Preventive, Pro-motive and Curative. Treatment is
carried out in 3 forms i.e; Pharmacy therapy, Diet
therapy. Regimental Therapy and Surgery. Pharmacy
therapy makes the natural drugs mainly herbal but also
includes animals, minerals and marine drugs.
Regimental therapy is specialty of Unani system of
medicine. It has 12 methods for specific and
complicated diseases and include methods like
cupping, leeching .
20. Continued…..
For the prevention and promotion of health ,the Unani
System of Medicine lays emphasis on developing
defense mechanism of the body and advocate 6
essential. These 6 essential are:-
Exercise
Rest, Sleep
Psychic movements
Sleep
Wakefulness
Evacuation
Retention
21. SIDDHA
Introduction-
Siddha System of Medicine in an ancient Science,which
belongs to Dravidian culture. It is very useful in
maintenance and restoration of good health. Siddha
system accounted for total 4448 disease symptoms and
its cure. Thousand of herbs and mineral were Included
in Siddha system providing good and easy management
of chronic to degenerative, viral to cardiac disease.
The Origin:-Its origin is also traced to mythological
sources belonging to the Shiva tradition. According to
the tradition ,lord Shiva conveyed the knowledge of
medicine to his wife Parvati. The knowledge were passed
from her to Nandi and finally it was given to Siddhas.
Siddha is largely practiced in Tamil nadu
22. Principle of Siddha
The basic principle of Siddha is that there is an intimate
link between man and environment. The equilibrium
of humor is considered health and its disbalance is
disease. Based on principle of Triguna-
Vatta
Pitta
Kapha
23. Elements
Body are composed of these elements:-
Earth
Water
Fire
Space
Air
Food is the basic building material of the body which
gets processed into 3 doshas, 7 dhatus, 3 malas. The
equilibrium of humor is considered health and its
misbalanced is disease .
24. Diagnosis
The diagnosis of disease involve identifying
its cause. Causative factors are identified by
examination of Pulse ,eyes , color of body
,tongue, status of digestive system ,urine
and study of voice.
25. Treatment
Treatment based on all the diagnostic character of
patient. Treatment takes into account about
environment age ,sex ,race , habit , diet ,appetite
,physical and physiological condition. Vaidya has the
knowledge of herbs and its effectiveness. Siddha
system extensively use drug of vegetable source as well
as mineral origin. Use of metal like gold ,silver,
sulphur, zinc ,mica etc are only seen in Siddha system
of medicine.