Symbian OS was originally developed by Symbian Ltd. as a mobile operating system used primarily in Nokia smartphones. It was formed as an independent consortium in 1998 led by Psion, Nokia, Ericsson, and Motorola. The first Symbian OS phone was the Ericsson R380 in 2000. By 2008, Symbian OS was running on approximately 75% of all mobile phones and had over 82 million cumulative shipments. The operating system was made up of several layers including user interface frameworks, core application frameworks, middleware services, and the kernel. However, Symbian struggled in later years due to poor internet performance, lack of apps, an outdated interface, and issues with its partner network.