SYA 4010 Sociological Theory
Analytical Essay – Outline Worksheet
DUE: Friday March 15, 11: 59 P.M.
Name: Iman Nayton
My topic is:
The government shutdowns impact on the finances of families/especially the lower class and their unwavering devotion to Donald trump (how their continuous support is detrimental to their own good)
The theorist whose ideas I will use to analyze my topic is:
Max Weber’s Charismatic Dominance and his ideal types
The reason I have chosen this theorist to analyze this topic is:
Weber’s theories best apply to today’s current political climate. Specifically Charismatic domination explicitly touches on the persuasiveness of leaders and how they emerge during periods of weakness within societies and his ideal types specifically affectual and value rational pertains to peoples current views/political decisions that go based on their emotions or religious values
Main ideas of theorist (bulleted list):
· Social action
· Verstehen
· Value rational/Traditional/Etc
· Ideal types
Specific theoretical ideas or concept/s that I will apply to topic (bulleted list if needed):
· Charismatic Domination
· Ideal types
· Verstehen
· Social Action
Citation/s for theory: (Cite as you will in your reference list. Consult the ASA’s citation style guide):
THOMPSON, K. AND WOOCOMMERCE, B.
Max Weber’s Social Action Theory
In-text: (Thompson and WooCommerce, 2019)
Your Bibliography: Thompson, K. and WooCommerce, B. (2019). Max Weber’s Social Action Theory. [online] ReviseSociology. Available at: https://revisesociology.com/2017/01/26/max-webers-social-action-theory/
Citation/s for topic: (Cite as you will in your reference list. Consult the ASA’s citation style guide):
JAN, T. AND WAN, W.
Food stamps, rent aid and the safety net for American’s poorest at risk as shutdown drags on
In-text: (Jan and Wan, 2019)
Your Bibliography: Jan, T. and Wan, W. (2019). Food stamps, rent aid and the safety net for American’s poorest at risk as shutdown drags on. [online] Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/food-stamps-housing-subsidies-and-other-services-for-vulnerable-americans-in-jeopardy-as-shutdown-drags-on/2019/01/09/e025549c-1374-11e9-803c-4ef28312c8b9_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.c79197aed2d0
2
Social Psychology Exam 2 Study Guide
Broad questions to consider:
What specific psychological theories, concepts or processes from ch 7-9 help us understand the behavior demonstrated by:
a) The prisoners and guards in the Zimbardo prison study?
b) The members of Jonestown/Peoples Temple?
c) The research participants in the Milgram obedience study?
Chapter 7: Attitudes, Behaviors, Rationalization
Vocab:
Attitudes
· an evaluation of an object in a positive or negative fashion that includes three components: affect (emotion), cognition, and behavior.
· Measured most often on a likert scale
· Measuring attitudes:
· Accessibility- how readily it comes to mind
· Centrality- how prevalent in one’s belief .
Introduction to Social Psychology
I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
RESPOND TO THE 3 POST BELOW WITH A MINIMUM OF 250 WORDS EACH AND LIS.docxpeggyd2
RESPOND TO THE 3 POST BELOW WITH A MINIMUM OF 250 WORDS EACH AND LIST REFERENCES USED PER EACH.
RESPONSE 1 (SYLVIA):
Part 1
One experiment that always stands out in my mind in terms of ethics is Milgram’s experience on obedience and authority. Perhaps this draw comes from the almost militant quality this experiment has in the regards to how far the human psyche can be pushed in response to authoritative prompting. Another fascination I have in regards to this experiment is that Milgram sought out to test how far someone could be pushed past their own personal coconscious beliefs when prompted by an authority figure in an effort to bring some insight to the German soldiers who stated they were just following orders during the horrific events that took place during WWII. In doing so he pushed volunteers from differing backgrounds and professions to administer increasing levels of shock to another human being (or so they thought) as directed by an experiment authority figure. While no individual was actually shocked during this experiment, there was psychological harm done to those who were being directed to administer the shock. Many of these individuals had saw some of their darker potentials to inflict harm on another human being (something that they did not think they were capable of prior to this experiment) and suffered short- and long-term psychological distress as a result. While I do believe there is undeniable insight gained from this experiment and the potential we all have in respect to how far we may go when we believe or trust the person of authority above us, I can see that it came with a cost. Looking back, I think that perhaps the participants could have been better prepared by informing them that they may be put in “high-stress” situations which may affect them after the testing has been completed. I believe an immediate de-briefing could have been done to allow the participants to be fully aware that no individuals were harmed during the testing and have proper support on hand to help resolve any traumatic activations that may have taken place during the experiment, as well as long term access to these professionals should they have further questions or need further support. If I were the researcher this is the route I would have taken to ensure first and foremost my volunteer participants ar3e taken care of to the best of my ability.
Part 2
This course has been a great expansion of my knowledge in regards to the influences that social culture has on the field of psychology. One element that stands out to me is the influence of pop culture and marketing persuasion on our culture. Although the documentary video we had watched covering this topic was quite dated, it was eye opening to see how far the reaches of pop culture had on the way we act and interact within our communities on a pretty deep level. It was also startling to see how far some of these major companies were willing to go to capture the next “big thing” .
RESPOND TO THE 3 POST BELOW WITH A MINIMUM OF 250 WORDS EACH AND.docxpeggyd2
RESPOND TO THE 3 POST BELOW WITH A MINIMUM OF 250 WORDS EACH AND LIST REFERENCES USED PER EACH.
RESPONSE 1 (SYLVIA):
Part 1
One experiment that always stands out in my mind in terms of ethics is Milgram’s experience on obedience and authority. Perhaps this draw comes from the almost militant quality this experiment has in the regards to how far the human psyche can be pushed in response to authoritative prompting. Another fascination I have in regards to this experiment is that Milgram sought out to test how far someone could be pushed past their own personal coconscious beliefs when prompted by an authority figure in an effort to bring some insight to the German soldiers who stated they were just following orders during the horrific events that took place during WWII. In doing so he pushed volunteers from differing backgrounds and professions to administer increasing levels of shock to another human being (or so they thought) as directed by an experiment authority figure. While no individual was actually shocked during this experiment, there was psychological harm done to those who were being directed to administer the shock. Many of these individuals had saw some of their darker potentials to inflict harm on another human being (something that they did not think they were capable of prior to this experiment) and suffered short- and long-term psychological distress as a result. While I do believe there is undeniable insight gained from this experiment and the potential we all have in respect to how far we may go when we believe or trust the person of authority above us, I can see that it came with a cost. Looking back, I think that perhaps the participants could have been better prepared by informing them that they may be put in “high-stress” situations which may affect them after the testing has been completed. I believe an immediate de-briefing could have been done to allow the participants to be fully aware that no individuals were harmed during the testing and have proper support on hand to help resolve any traumatic activations that may have taken place during the experiment, as well as long term access to these professionals should they have further questions or need further support. If I were the researcher this is the route I would have taken to ensure first and foremost my volunteer participants ar3e taken care of to the best of my ability.
Part 2
This course has been a great expansion of my knowledge in regards to the influences that social culture has on the field of psychology. One element that stands out to me is the influence of pop culture and marketing persuasion on our culture. Although the documentary video we had watched covering this topic was quite dated, it was eye opening to see how far the reaches of pop culture had on the way we act and interact within our communities on a pretty deep level. It was also startling to see how far some of these major companies were willing to go to capture the next “big thing”.
Introduction to Social Psychology
I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
RESPOND TO THE 3 POST BELOW WITH A MINIMUM OF 250 WORDS EACH AND LIS.docxpeggyd2
RESPOND TO THE 3 POST BELOW WITH A MINIMUM OF 250 WORDS EACH AND LIST REFERENCES USED PER EACH.
RESPONSE 1 (SYLVIA):
Part 1
One experiment that always stands out in my mind in terms of ethics is Milgram’s experience on obedience and authority. Perhaps this draw comes from the almost militant quality this experiment has in the regards to how far the human psyche can be pushed in response to authoritative prompting. Another fascination I have in regards to this experiment is that Milgram sought out to test how far someone could be pushed past their own personal coconscious beliefs when prompted by an authority figure in an effort to bring some insight to the German soldiers who stated they were just following orders during the horrific events that took place during WWII. In doing so he pushed volunteers from differing backgrounds and professions to administer increasing levels of shock to another human being (or so they thought) as directed by an experiment authority figure. While no individual was actually shocked during this experiment, there was psychological harm done to those who were being directed to administer the shock. Many of these individuals had saw some of their darker potentials to inflict harm on another human being (something that they did not think they were capable of prior to this experiment) and suffered short- and long-term psychological distress as a result. While I do believe there is undeniable insight gained from this experiment and the potential we all have in respect to how far we may go when we believe or trust the person of authority above us, I can see that it came with a cost. Looking back, I think that perhaps the participants could have been better prepared by informing them that they may be put in “high-stress” situations which may affect them after the testing has been completed. I believe an immediate de-briefing could have been done to allow the participants to be fully aware that no individuals were harmed during the testing and have proper support on hand to help resolve any traumatic activations that may have taken place during the experiment, as well as long term access to these professionals should they have further questions or need further support. If I were the researcher this is the route I would have taken to ensure first and foremost my volunteer participants ar3e taken care of to the best of my ability.
Part 2
This course has been a great expansion of my knowledge in regards to the influences that social culture has on the field of psychology. One element that stands out to me is the influence of pop culture and marketing persuasion on our culture. Although the documentary video we had watched covering this topic was quite dated, it was eye opening to see how far the reaches of pop culture had on the way we act and interact within our communities on a pretty deep level. It was also startling to see how far some of these major companies were willing to go to capture the next “big thing” .
RESPOND TO THE 3 POST BELOW WITH A MINIMUM OF 250 WORDS EACH AND.docxpeggyd2
RESPOND TO THE 3 POST BELOW WITH A MINIMUM OF 250 WORDS EACH AND LIST REFERENCES USED PER EACH.
RESPONSE 1 (SYLVIA):
Part 1
One experiment that always stands out in my mind in terms of ethics is Milgram’s experience on obedience and authority. Perhaps this draw comes from the almost militant quality this experiment has in the regards to how far the human psyche can be pushed in response to authoritative prompting. Another fascination I have in regards to this experiment is that Milgram sought out to test how far someone could be pushed past their own personal coconscious beliefs when prompted by an authority figure in an effort to bring some insight to the German soldiers who stated they were just following orders during the horrific events that took place during WWII. In doing so he pushed volunteers from differing backgrounds and professions to administer increasing levels of shock to another human being (or so they thought) as directed by an experiment authority figure. While no individual was actually shocked during this experiment, there was psychological harm done to those who were being directed to administer the shock. Many of these individuals had saw some of their darker potentials to inflict harm on another human being (something that they did not think they were capable of prior to this experiment) and suffered short- and long-term psychological distress as a result. While I do believe there is undeniable insight gained from this experiment and the potential we all have in respect to how far we may go when we believe or trust the person of authority above us, I can see that it came with a cost. Looking back, I think that perhaps the participants could have been better prepared by informing them that they may be put in “high-stress” situations which may affect them after the testing has been completed. I believe an immediate de-briefing could have been done to allow the participants to be fully aware that no individuals were harmed during the testing and have proper support on hand to help resolve any traumatic activations that may have taken place during the experiment, as well as long term access to these professionals should they have further questions or need further support. If I were the researcher this is the route I would have taken to ensure first and foremost my volunteer participants ar3e taken care of to the best of my ability.
Part 2
This course has been a great expansion of my knowledge in regards to the influences that social culture has on the field of psychology. One element that stands out to me is the influence of pop culture and marketing persuasion on our culture. Although the documentary video we had watched covering this topic was quite dated, it was eye opening to see how far the reaches of pop culture had on the way we act and interact within our communities on a pretty deep level. It was also startling to see how far some of these major companies were willing to go to capture the next “big thing”.
Feminist Therapy
Introduction
Feminist therapy puts gender and power at the core of the therapeutic process. It is built on the premise that it is essential to consider the social and cultural context that contributes to a person’s problems in order to understand that person.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Established 1982). Dr. Kritsonis earned his PhD from The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; M.Ed., Seattle Pacific University; Seattle, Washington; BA Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. He was also named as the Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies at Central Washington University.
SW 619Infancy and Early Childhood Development of Drug Addicted.docxmabelf3
SW 619
Infancy and Early Childhood Development of Drug Addicted Children
While in the womb fetus is in the it feeds off the food intake and nourishment through the
placenta, which also means that any substances such as drugs, alcohol or tobacco that enters the
mothers system flows through the placenta and is delivered to the fetus as well. From birth to three
years old is the most critical period in a child’s development process. Children of mothers that use
drugs while they are pregnant increase the likelihood that the child will suffer from some form of
birth defect and oftentimes born prematurely. The lasting effects of prenatal cocaine affect the
growth of the fetus physically. The results of the increase of premature birth, and generalized growth
retardation including decreased birth weight, shorter body length, and smaller head circumference
(Bigsby et al, 2011; Covington et al, 2002; Gouin et al, 2011; Mayes et al, 2003).
These toxic chemicals can sometimes have irreversible damage that affect the child’s normal
development process with regards to proper development of organs and brain function.
From the ages of 0-2 months old a child are expected to have develop motor skills that would
include the ability to recognize different colors and shapes, kicking waving, have the ability to
recognize familiar voices and their sleeping patterns would change, meaning that as they grow older
children should be sleeping a little longer than a new born baby. Children from the ages of 2
months old should be able to extend their arm and reach and pick up toys and other objects,
hand coordination by shifting objects from one hand to another. The child should be able to pick up
finger food and bring it to their mouths. Identifying a problem with a child is when they are not able
to perform these age appropriate task.
A toddler ages 3 to 5 years old should be able to perform task such as holding crayons drawing horizontal lines, circles and have the ability to fold and snip paper with scissors. Children that have been exposed to substance may struggle with completing these tasks or will develop these cognitive skills at a slower rate. One study using play behavior (Rodning, Beckwith, & Howard, 1989a) found that preterm toddlers exposed to cocaine
and other drugs to show poorly developed play behaviors, and a lack of interest and motivation in
unstructured situations, in comparison to a group of high risk preterm children. Using play behavior,
one study found preterm toddlers exposed to cocaine and other drugs to show poorly. However, by
3 years of age, there were no changes associated with fine motor performance or behavior observed
with the child externalizing behavioral problems at age 5 years old. Stress and psychological
symptoms of caregivers were found to be in direct correlation with increased child behavioral issues;
indicating that the effected children may have m.
SWK311 Assessment 2 Final EssayWhat is t.docxmabelf3
SWK311 Assessment 2
Final Essay
What is the policy and its impact on vulnerable groups?
Why should/could you influence change?
How can you influence social policy change?
Developing your own practice framework for influencing policy change
What, Why and How
Critical analysis of social policy
Application of theory to practice
Adherence to academic conventions of writing (eg referencing; writing style)
At least 8 references
Assessment Criteria
a) Critically examine the policy or policies that you consider impact upon a client group
Suggest ways that policy could be changed to improve the life outcomes for those with whom you are working.
Part 1
What is this?
Not just describing
Critical analysis – a reminder
Critically examine
What is the political and ideological underpinning of the social policy?
What is the intended outcome of the policy? Is it achieving this gaol?
How the policy impacts your client group – both positive and negative impacts
How is the policy implemented – for example income support as delivered through Centrelink
Is it the policy or the service delivery that is the problem
Prompt questions
Consider vulnerable populations/clients you work with or those that interest you.
There are likely to be many policies that impact the group you choose. It is important to acknowledge the ways that economic and social policies intersect.
You can select one main policy or several policies for the purpose of the assignment.
e.g. women – are impacted by economic policy, income support, parenting payments and family tax benefits, child care support and many more.
recap
As you have worked through this unit, there are likely to have been topics or issues that have resonated with your , or really grated you.
For example, do you feel angry that people on income support payments appear to be allowed to just sit around and do nothing? Do you think the government supports them to just do nothing?
What would happen if there was a continued tightening of conditions for receiving income support?
Would anyone suffer? Would this matter? Would this impact society?
Why influence change?
Do you consider the government approach to income support is punitive?
Does the approach of welfare conditionality under a neoliberal government leave vulnerable people at risk?
What would drive your approach to intervene in this area of macro policy compared to the approach you would take if you fully supported government’s tightening of access to income support?
Alternatively
It is important to know your current world view and values as you enter any field of human services practice.
This will ensure that your tactics and strategies for influencing policy are transparent and appropriate.
Do your own values and philosophy align with those of your professional association?
Articulate your own theoretical perspective
Develop a framework that you would adopt for influencing policy change th.
More Related Content
Similar to SYA 4010 Sociological TheoryAnalytical Essay – Outline Worksheet.docx
Feminist Therapy
Introduction
Feminist therapy puts gender and power at the core of the therapeutic process. It is built on the premise that it is essential to consider the social and cultural context that contributes to a person’s problems in order to understand that person.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Established 1982). Dr. Kritsonis earned his PhD from The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; M.Ed., Seattle Pacific University; Seattle, Washington; BA Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. He was also named as the Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies at Central Washington University.
SW 619Infancy and Early Childhood Development of Drug Addicted.docxmabelf3
SW 619
Infancy and Early Childhood Development of Drug Addicted Children
While in the womb fetus is in the it feeds off the food intake and nourishment through the
placenta, which also means that any substances such as drugs, alcohol or tobacco that enters the
mothers system flows through the placenta and is delivered to the fetus as well. From birth to three
years old is the most critical period in a child’s development process. Children of mothers that use
drugs while they are pregnant increase the likelihood that the child will suffer from some form of
birth defect and oftentimes born prematurely. The lasting effects of prenatal cocaine affect the
growth of the fetus physically. The results of the increase of premature birth, and generalized growth
retardation including decreased birth weight, shorter body length, and smaller head circumference
(Bigsby et al, 2011; Covington et al, 2002; Gouin et al, 2011; Mayes et al, 2003).
These toxic chemicals can sometimes have irreversible damage that affect the child’s normal
development process with regards to proper development of organs and brain function.
From the ages of 0-2 months old a child are expected to have develop motor skills that would
include the ability to recognize different colors and shapes, kicking waving, have the ability to
recognize familiar voices and their sleeping patterns would change, meaning that as they grow older
children should be sleeping a little longer than a new born baby. Children from the ages of 2
months old should be able to extend their arm and reach and pick up toys and other objects,
hand coordination by shifting objects from one hand to another. The child should be able to pick up
finger food and bring it to their mouths. Identifying a problem with a child is when they are not able
to perform these age appropriate task.
A toddler ages 3 to 5 years old should be able to perform task such as holding crayons drawing horizontal lines, circles and have the ability to fold and snip paper with scissors. Children that have been exposed to substance may struggle with completing these tasks or will develop these cognitive skills at a slower rate. One study using play behavior (Rodning, Beckwith, & Howard, 1989a) found that preterm toddlers exposed to cocaine
and other drugs to show poorly developed play behaviors, and a lack of interest and motivation in
unstructured situations, in comparison to a group of high risk preterm children. Using play behavior,
one study found preterm toddlers exposed to cocaine and other drugs to show poorly. However, by
3 years of age, there were no changes associated with fine motor performance or behavior observed
with the child externalizing behavioral problems at age 5 years old. Stress and psychological
symptoms of caregivers were found to be in direct correlation with increased child behavioral issues;
indicating that the effected children may have m.
SWK311 Assessment 2 Final EssayWhat is t.docxmabelf3
SWK311 Assessment 2
Final Essay
What is the policy and its impact on vulnerable groups?
Why should/could you influence change?
How can you influence social policy change?
Developing your own practice framework for influencing policy change
What, Why and How
Critical analysis of social policy
Application of theory to practice
Adherence to academic conventions of writing (eg referencing; writing style)
At least 8 references
Assessment Criteria
a) Critically examine the policy or policies that you consider impact upon a client group
Suggest ways that policy could be changed to improve the life outcomes for those with whom you are working.
Part 1
What is this?
Not just describing
Critical analysis – a reminder
Critically examine
What is the political and ideological underpinning of the social policy?
What is the intended outcome of the policy? Is it achieving this gaol?
How the policy impacts your client group – both positive and negative impacts
How is the policy implemented – for example income support as delivered through Centrelink
Is it the policy or the service delivery that is the problem
Prompt questions
Consider vulnerable populations/clients you work with or those that interest you.
There are likely to be many policies that impact the group you choose. It is important to acknowledge the ways that economic and social policies intersect.
You can select one main policy or several policies for the purpose of the assignment.
e.g. women – are impacted by economic policy, income support, parenting payments and family tax benefits, child care support and many more.
recap
As you have worked through this unit, there are likely to have been topics or issues that have resonated with your , or really grated you.
For example, do you feel angry that people on income support payments appear to be allowed to just sit around and do nothing? Do you think the government supports them to just do nothing?
What would happen if there was a continued tightening of conditions for receiving income support?
Would anyone suffer? Would this matter? Would this impact society?
Why influence change?
Do you consider the government approach to income support is punitive?
Does the approach of welfare conditionality under a neoliberal government leave vulnerable people at risk?
What would drive your approach to intervene in this area of macro policy compared to the approach you would take if you fully supported government’s tightening of access to income support?
Alternatively
It is important to know your current world view and values as you enter any field of human services practice.
This will ensure that your tactics and strategies for influencing policy are transparent and appropriate.
Do your own values and philosophy align with those of your professional association?
Articulate your own theoretical perspective
Develop a framework that you would adopt for influencing policy change th.
Surname 1
Student's Name
Professor's Name
Course
Date
Kanopy Films Option 6: Arab Invasion of Andalusia
The film, Arab Invasion of Andalusia (AIA), narrates the story that ignited a period of 800 years of what would be the Muslim reign in the region of the Iberian Peninsula. Information regarding the said events has been hard to come by with the available sources lacking the much-needed reliability. However, armed with minimal sources of information, the creators of the documentary set to answer tricky questions on a topic where most people have failed. While AIA presents a fascinating experience for history scholars and other interested parties alike, the film still lacks in terms of the accuracy of the submitted data, making it unreliable to some extent.
The documentary is primarily based on the accounts detailed in a document whose author did not live the said ordeals. A first-hand account experience of events usually is accurate since the narrator can give more details, which are valid and reliable. However, in the mentioned film, the creators rely on data contained in a document known as “The chronicle of 754”. According to Gearon, the author of the material was a native Christian who lived in Iberia, whose real identity was unknown (Gearon, 45). Gearon further highlights that the said author lived in a location far from the center of all the action. Among the unproven details mentioned in The Chronicle of 754 is the inaccurate number of combat participants present in different battles. Other accounts such as that of Abd al-Hakem equally fall short in detail since the author was over 3,000 miles away from the invasion. Therefore, AIA fails in providing accurate data to some of the pressing questions that the audience may have.
The documentary fails to convince the audience if the events qualified to be termed as an ordinary raid or a full-blown invasion. As Gearon points out, Tariq's team that comprised of Berbers had set out on a grabbing spree since they knew the riches that the Iberian Penisula possessed (Gearon 47). Their knowledge was informed by the previous trade engagements they had with the locals. Several accounts on Andalusia, modern-day Spain, confirm that the region was vastly abundant in diverse ways ranging from natural resources to other essentials that were prominent for prosperity (Shamice 129). The area also enjoyed a rich culture championed by its residents. Therefore, personal gain, which topped the agenda of Tariq's troops, most likely quenched their thirst for a proper invasion. Invasions, unlike raids, are meant to achieve a complete takeover of the targeted region.
Two explanations further put to doubt the idea of invasion, as presented in the film. The first one centers on the composition of the invaders and those invaded. For it to qualify to be an Arab invasion of Andalusia (Spain), the invaders had to comprise of individuals solely from an Arab background. If not, a majority of them had to have links t.
SWK 527 -Signature Assignment Social Work Theory and Practice Ass.docxmabelf3
SWK 527 -Signature Assignment: Social Work Theory and Practice Assignment
EPAS 2015 - Competency 8: Intervene with Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, and Communities Social workers understand that intervention is an ongoing component of the dynamic and interactive process of social work practice with, and on behalf of, diverse individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities. Social workers are knowledgeable about evidence-informed interventions to achieve the goals of clients and constituencies, including individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities. Social workers understand theories of human behavior and the social environment, and critically evaluate and apply this knowledge to effectively intervene with clients and constituencies. Social workers understand methods of identifying, analyzing and implementing evidence-informed interventions to achieve client and constituency goals. Social workers value the importance of inter-professional teamwork and communication in interventions, recognizing that beneficial outcomes may require interdisciplinary, inter-professional, and inter-organizational collaboration.
Social workers:
· Critically choose and implement interventions to achieve practice goals and enhance capacities of clients and constituencies;
· Apply knowledge of human behavior and the social environment, person-in-environment, and other multidisciplinary theoretical frameworks in interventions with clients and constituencies;
· Use inter-professional collaboration as appropriate to achieve beneficial practice outcomes;
· Negotiate, mediate, and advocate with and on behalf of diverse clients and constituencies; and
· Facilitate effective transitions and endings that advance mutually agreed-on goals.
The Signature Assignment: (200 Points)
Signature Assignments are those assignments chosen by the WNMU School of Social Work faculty to evaluate a student’s ability to demonstrate the CSWE-mandated core competencies and related practice behaviors. In addition to measuring student competency, the assignments are used as indicators of program efficacy. Signature assignments are clearly identified in all School of Social Work syllabi. Students must demonstrate competency in order to pass each course. Students must complete all signature assignments throughout their program of study.
This Signature Assignment is an opportunity for you to apply critical thinking to explore topics of your professional interest related to social work theories, areas of social work practice and interventions that help our clients. The goal of the assignment for you to identify 2 theoretical perspectives that interests you and plan to use in your social work practice. Your chosen theories should be presented in relation to related area of practice, client system/population and supporting interventions. In order to optimize your learning, you encouraged to choose new areas of learning, rather than areas in which you hav.
SURNMAE3
Self-assessment
Student name
Professor name
Institution
Course
Date
Introduction
The purpose of my speech is to describe the validity and importance of the social justice warriors group of individuals bringing out the key milestones required for one to be regarded as a real warrior that fought against social injustices in the society which in turn let to increased social justice. My speech explains how these group of individuals have been perceived wrongly despite their efforts to bring into existence cases like civil rights, feminism and anti-racial discrimination. In my speech I unleashed some of the ways in which you can identify these warriors in the and appreciate their actions and support towards fighting social injustices in the society. With the rampant increase in cases of social injustices as well as the lost reputation over this group of people whom some took the advantage to start seeking for self-enrichment like through politics and thus lead to the controversies on how to determine the real warrior of social justice.
Body
To open up my speech I brought in the statistics of the world victims of social justice and an indication of how individuals have risen to fight against social injustices through advocating for feminism, civil rights in the society, demolition of human discrimination based on race and country of origin. These actions have activated the need for such individuals to be termed as the heroes in the support of social justice but since them they have faced strong opposition from the divergent opinions from the public that support the need to have social justice believers and not heroes (Soli.et.al. pg 440). My thesis statement was very clear and supported with visuals where pictures of how victims of social justice beneficiaries portrayed a healthy outlook as compared to how they appeared when injustice was ruling the land. I believe my presentation of the thesis statement was a bit fair since the main points were stated and even attached some illustrations on how these warriors are being despised in the society.
Within my presentation I was able to make clear transitions in terms of visuals and the illustrations with an aim to get in touch with the audience who looked attentive based on their facial expression (Justice.et.al. pg 85). This made me confirm that most of them had gone through different cases of social injustice and were really ready to listen and integrate the ways on how join up the campaign against social injustices where one of the ways is to identify and appreciate the social justice warriors in the society.
Strengths and Weaknesses
My strengths during the presentation were from the personal presentation skills where I could speak with a lot of courage and boldness in that it was difficult for most people to doubt my words. Stage management and audience involvement provided a boost to my presentation since they enabled my audience to be free and could ask questions freely. The main .
Surname 2
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
Course Code
Date
Turning Point
When growing up, children grow up wishing to be doctors, lawyers, surgeons, engineers or pilots mostly because these careers are regarded as high prestige in the society. However, very few of them desire to be teachers due to the perception that it is tiresome, low paying and requires a lot of work input. However, teaching is one of the most exciting jobs since it gives on a chance to help mold future career paths of different specialists such that in one class, it can consist of over fifty careers. Alternatively, good teachers act as role models due to their constant advice, sharing’s on life experiences and challenging students not to limit themselves to small achievements. As such, even as students go about their daily activities or after school, they always remember the teachings of a particular teacher and relate the activities thus being able to make better choices. Alternatively, the joy of teaching emanates from seeing other people make it in life or achieve their dreams and associating with their success.
The person who led me to consider a turning point was Peter Banks, my high school English teacher. He was inspiring in his lessons which he taught through life experiences and although he lacked technical expertise, when he talked, everyone played attention since he would communicate emotionally and make the whole process exiting using facial expressions, voice variations and using rhetorical questions which led us to think critically. Before he came along, English lessons were boring since we would lead literature books throughout the lessons, a process that had become tiring and monotonous which resulted to fall in grades. By good luck, the board of education showed concern on the issue and terminated the previous teacher. Peter would come to class, ask everyone to close their books and ask us to write what was on our thoughts even though it was ridiculous which would then discuss as a class. One of his major lessons was learning to write based on feelings as a way of being truthful to oneself and aiding the reader to form a connection.
Most teachers want to come to class, give assignments and wait for the time to lapse especially at the beginning of an academic year. However, this was not the case for Peter who would use any available chance to counsel us on what to expect in college and how to cope. He would share stories of his college life and in one particular case, he told us about the first time he was late for an exam because he overslept but he lied to the professor that he had fainted on the way to class and had to be rushed to the campus clinic. As such, Banks taught us on the importance of honest and ways of avoiding misconducts in future which could result in huge implications. For those of us who loved writing, he encouraged us to read most of the books in the library and analyze them amongst ourselves. Peter also supported talented individuals.
Switching costs ____________________________.
Question 1 options:
a)
that are high provide good opportunities for new partners or suppliers to enter this market (picture).
b)
in consumer markets can be high due to investments that partners make in matching buying and ordering.
c)
can be kept lower by utilizing a sole supplier.
d)
are more important for businesses, than for consumer buyers, due to the close buyer-seller relationships that develop.
e)
that are kept high are a good long-term tactic to keep buyers locked into poor quality service.
Question 2
(3 points)
Which of the following applies to Intellectual Property law?
Question 2 options:
a)
copyrights provide protection for trade secrets.
b)
copyrights provide protection for the original works of authors, musicians, and photographers.
c)
confidentiality agreements are only required for customers.
d)
requires a substantiality test to gain property protection.
e)
tends to reduce competition and decrease innovation.
Question 3
(3 points)
Business buyers
are similar
to final consumers in that:
Question 3 options:
a)
They purchase products and services that support the production of other products.
b)
Ensuring that revenues exceed costs always the primaryconsideration when evaluating a product for purchase.
c)
They purchase products to add to and make their own final product
d)
Customer satisfaction is determined by the customer when the product or service is consumed.
e)
Products purchased are often incorporated into the buying organization's offering to its own customers.
Question 4
(3 points)
Based on the Endries Fastener Company video, the goal of the President of Endries Supply Company was to __________________________.
Question 4 options:
a)
save their customers at least 4% of the cost of their fasteners.
b)
not get involved in Endries' customers' buying decisions until the Deliver
Solution
Stage
c)
be the sole supplier of all the fastener needs of Endries' customers by getting involved all the way through their manufacturing processes.
d)
be the number two fastener provider for the U. S. Department of Defense.
e)
be the number one fastener provider for the women's fashion industry.
Question 5
(3 points)
A good example of Natural Law is ______________?
Question 5 options:
a)
behaving naturally and not getting too excited when a crisis occurs in your company.
b)
the belief that some people are just naturally bad and the more of these bad people that we lock up the better.
c)
when executives just naturally look out for themselves and take company funds for their personal use.
d)
a belief that taking anyone's life is wrong, even for the government when terrible mass murders are committed, like those by the young man in Charleston at a church prayer meeting.
e)
protecting the natural environment by restricting access to wilderness areas
Question 6
(3 points)
Which of the following takes place.
swer the following questionsWhy would it be important for you.docxmabelf3
swer the following questions:
Why would it be important for you, an investor and a manager, to be able to read and analyze financial statements?
Do you think it would be important for a nonprofit entity to provide statements. Why?
Do you think statements are relevant given the estimates, assumptions, and biases involved?
.
Swifts A Modest Proposal is one of the most famous examples of sa.docxmabelf3
Swift's "A Modest Proposal" is one of the most famous examples of satire in the English language. Why would he argue for the very behavior that he would want readers to shun?
Make sure you understand what the satire is and who is being criticized. Think about what Swift would want to see changed. Entry should be 350 - 400 words
A Modest Proposal
For preventing the children of poor people in Ireland,
from being a burden on their parents or country,
and for making them beneficial to the publick.
by Dr. Jonathan Swift
1729
It is a melancholy object to those, who walk through this great town, or travel in the country, when they see the streets, the roads, and cabbin-doors crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags, and importuning every passenger for an alms. These mothers, instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood, are forced to employ all their time in stroling to beg sustenance for their helpless infants who, as they grow up, either turn thieves for want of work, or leave their dear native country, to fight for the Pretender in Spain, or sell themselves to the Barbadoes.
I think it is agreed by all parties, that this prodigious number of children in the arms, or on the backs, or at the heels of their mothers, and frequently of their fathers, is in the present deplorable state of the kingdom, a very great additional grievance; and therefore whoever could find out a fair, cheap and easy method of making these children sound and useful members of the commonwealth, would deserve so well of the publick, as to have his statue of him set up for a preserver of the nation.
But my intention is very far from being confined to provide only for the children of professed beggars: it is of a much greater extent, and shall take in the whole number of infants at a certain age, who are born of parents in effect as little able to support them, as those who demand our charity in the streets.
As to my own part, having turned my thoughts for many years upon this important subject, and maturely weighed the several schemes of our projectors, I have always found them grossly mistaken in their computation. It is true, a child just dropt from its dam, may be supported by her milk, for a solar year, with little other nourishment: at most not above the value of two shillings, which the mother may certainly get, or the value in scraps, by her lawful occupation of begging; and it is exactly at one year old that I propose to provide for them in such a manner, as, instead of being a charge upon their parents, or the parish, or wanting food and raiment for the rest of their lives, they shall, on the contrary, contribute to the feeding, and partly to the clothing of many thousands.
There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme, that it will prevent those voluntary abortions, and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children, alas! too frequent.
Sweep up a small area of your floor. Take a look at the trace evide.docxmabelf3
Sweep up a small area of your floor. Take a look at the “trace evidence” that is contained within your home. Write a short 200 word essay detailing what you found and how you could collect known samples from items in your home or outside your home that a lab could compare to your “trace evidence”.
Please use APA format, Times New Roman 12 point font with 1" page margins
.
sweep things under the rug or pre-tend it never happened. in.docxmabelf3
sweep things under the rug or pre-
tend it never happened. in worship
services, take time to share with the
people how rich they are in god’s
grace rather than just telling them
how they should behave. in this sec-
tion of the book, the author does get
very specific on how to make sure
grace is shared publicly. Whether it is
in the worship service or dealing with
visitors as they walk in the door,
making sure people experience christ
is vital.
“Portable grace,” as Eclov calls it,
reveals how to minister outside the
walls of the church through hospital
ministry, death and grief, childbirth
visits, or home and work visitation.
One practical application that pastors
should hear is that one does not need
to be invited to go. As young pastors,
we usually do not go where we are
not invited, but the author recom-
mends challenging that thinking by
going proactively. i have taken this
advice, and it really has been a great
blessing for me and for those i’m
visiting.
Probably one of the most practical
chapters in the book is “March into
the Smoke.” When times are scary,
cloudy and daunting, a leader can
easily experience disorientation and
loss of focus. this section of the book
is for such pastors who are weary and
tired. it emphasizes the importance
of being healthy on the inside so that
you can take care of those on the out-
side. the pastor may project unre-
solved anger onto the congregation
without even realizing it. the things
he brings up are valid, but one thing
he is lacking is the how-to or even
the call to action for the pastor to get
help with anger or depression.
One concluding critique: in the
midst of his stories and encounters,
the author interjects his unique doc-
trinal understandings in the mix of
his stories and illustrations.
consequently, some of the conversa-
tions and interactions with others
would be very different if processed
in different faith tradition contexts.
the reader simply needs to filter and
adapt accordingly.
Pastoral Graces is a good book for
those who need encouragement. i
found the book to be helpful when it
comes to personal connections with
parishioners. As pastors, we can get
burned out and depressed, and feel
very much alone. this book is not a
fix-all, but it is a reminder that god
really does love us and care about us
as his messengers of grace. i cannot
say this book is for every pastor, but i
do recommend it for the young pas-
tors, new pastors, and discouraged
pastors who are on the verge of giv-
ing up. i believe the author accom-
plished what he set out to accom-
plish.
StEPhEN cArLiLE is a student in the Andrews
University Master’s of Pastoral Ministry extension
program and serves as church pastor of Adventist
Fellowship in tulsa, Oklahoma.
CHANGE LEADER:
LEARNING TO DO WHAT
MATTERS MOST
By Michael Fullan
San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass/Wiley
(2011)
Hardback, 172 pages
Reviewed by JORGE PEREZ
in Change Leader, Michael Fullan
argues for the importance of practice
as a learning tool for .
Susan serves on the city building commission.The city is plannin.docxmabelf3
Susan serves on the city building commission.
The city is planning to build a new subway system to extend the reach of the subway further out from the city center.
Susan’s cousin, Sam, owns Subway Mobility Co., submitted the lowest bid for the system.
Susan knows that Sam could complete the job for the amount in his bid.
But she also knows that once Sam finishes this job, he will probably sell his company and retire.
Susan is concerned that Subway Mobility’s subsequent management might not be as easy to work with if revisions need to be made on the subway system after its completion.
She is torn as to whether she should tell the city about the potential changes in Subway Mobility’s management.
If the city knew about the potential change in Subway Mobility’s management, it might prefer to give the K to one of Subway’s competitors, whose bid was only slightly higher than Subway’s was..
Does Susan have an ethical obligation to disclose the information about Sam to the city planning commission?
.
Susan serves on the city building commission.The city is plann.docxmabelf3
Susan serves on the city building commission.
The city is planning to build a new subway system to extend the reach of the subway further out from the city center.
Susan’s cousin, Sam, owns Subway Mobility Co., submitted the lowest bid for the system.
Susan knows that Sam could complete the job for the amount in his bid.
But she also knows that once Sam finishes this job, he will probably sell his company and retire.
Susan is concerned that Subway Mobility’s subsequent management might not be as easy to work with if revisions need to be made on the subway system after its completion.
She is torn as to whether she should tell the city about the potential changes in Subway Mobility’s management.
If the city knew about the potential change in Subway Mobility’s management, it might prefer to give the K to one of Subway’s competitors, whose bid was only slightly higher than Subway’s was..
Does Susan have an ethical obligation to disclose the information about Sam to the city planning commission?
How would you apply duty-based ethical standards to this question?
What might be the outcome of a utilitarian analysis?
Discuss each fully
.
SUSAN GLASPELL TRIFLES SCENE The kitchen in the now aba.docxmabelf3
SUSAN GLASPELL: TRIFLES
SCENE: The kitchen in the now abandoned farmhouse of John Wright, a gloomy kitchen, and left without having been put in order—unwashed pans under the sink, a loaf of bread outside the breadbox, a dish towel on the table—other signs of incompleted work. At the rear the outer door opens, and the Sheriff comes in, followed by the County Attorney and Hale. The Sheriff and Hale are men in middle life, the County Attorney is a young man; all are much bundled up and go at once to the stove. They are followed by the two women—the Sheriff’s Wife first; she is a slight wiry woman, a thin nervous face. Mrs. Hale is larger and would ordinarily be called more comfortable looking, but she is disturbed now and looks fearfully about as she enters. The women have come in slowly, and stand close together near the door.
County Attorney (rubbing his hands): This feels good. Come up to the fire, ladies.
Mrs. Peters (after taking a step forward): I’m not—cold.
Sheriff (unbuttoning his overcoat and stepping away from the stove as if to the beginning of official business): Now, Mr. Hale, before we move things about, you explain to Mr. Henderson just what you saw when you came here yesterday morning.
County Attorney: By the way, has anything been moved? Are things just as you left them yesterday?
Sheriff (looking about): It’s just the same. When it dropped below zero last night, I thought I’d better send Frank out this morning to make a fire for us—no use getting pneumonia with a big case on, but I told him not to touch anything except the stove—and you know Frank.
County Attorney: Somebody should have been left here yesterday.
Sheriff: Oh—yesterday. When I had to send Frank to Morris Center for that man who went crazy—I want you to know I had my hands full yesterday. I knew you could get back from Omaha by today, and as long as I went over everything here myself—
County Attorney: Well, Mr. Hale, tell just what happened when you came here yesterday morning.
Hale: Harry and I had started to town with a load of potatoes. We came along the road from my place;and as I got here, I said, “I’m going to see if I can’t get John Wright to go in with me on a party telephone.” I spoke to Wright about it once before, and he put me off, saying folks talked too much anyway, and all he asked was peace and quiet—I guess you know about how much he talked himself;but I thought maybe if I went to the house and talked about it before his wife, though I said to Harry that I didn’t know as what his wife wanted made much difference to John—
County Attorney: Let’s talk about that later, Mr. Hale. I do want to talk about that, but tell now just what happened when you got to the house.
Hale: I didn’t hear or see anything; I knocked at the door, and still it was all quiet inside. I knew they must be up, it was past eight o’clock. So I knocked again, and .
SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT, GOVERNANCE, AND POLICY A COMPARATIVE.docxmabelf3
SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT, GOVERNANCE, AND POLICY: A COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF EU POLICIES AND PROJECTS
Case Studies – Energy Efficiency
• Integrating Energy Efficiency and Urban Sustainability
• The Dutch Kadaster
• The Solar Atlas of Berlin
• The Sicilian “Carta del Sole”
Need a research paper on these above 4 case studies and APA format references are mandatory.
.
Susan Wolf thinks that that meaning has both a subjective and an.docxmabelf3
Susan Wolf thinks that that meaning has both a subjective and an objective component. On one hand, a person must enjoy, appreciate, or, in some broad sense, engage positively with something in order for it to contribute to their life’s meaning. On the other hand, they must be making an objective contribution to something that is valuable on its own, not something valuable just for how it benefits them. Meaningful lives participate in something larger than the individual whose life it is. Begin your paper by explaining the "passion view," the "larger than oneself view," and Wolf's own hybrid view of meaning in life.
Then, give your own example of something that does or could ass extraordinary meaning to your life. Do not use Wolf's own examples - be creative! Explain how that thing conforms to Wolf's hybrid theory of meaning in life. Then identify what you think is the biggest obstacle to living a meaningful life in today's society. Why is it such a big obstacle? This can be either an obstacle that you yourself are facing or something that you think prevents other people from living a life that is as meaningful as it could be.
.
Sustainable Urban Development, Governance and Policy A Comparative .docxmabelf3
Sustainable Urban Development, Governance and Policy: A Comparative Overview of EU Policies and Project which should Consist of below 4 modules:
CHAPTER SUMMARY: Summarize chapter presented during the week. Identify the main point (as in "What's your point?"), thesis, or conclusion of the key ideas presented in the chapter.
SUPPORT: Do research outside of the book and demonstrate that you have in a very obvious way. This refers to research beyond the material presented in the textbook. Show something you have discovered from your own research. Be sure this is obvious and adds value beyond what is contained in the chapter itself.
EVALUATION: Apply the concepts from the appropriate chapter. Hint: Be sure to use specific terms and models directly from the textbook in analyzing the material presented and include the page in the citation.
SOURCES: Include citations with your sources. Use APA style citations and references.
.
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
SYSTEMS
1 | P a g e
Table of Contents:
List of Tables: ................................................................................................................................ 1
Introduction: .................................................................................................................................. 2
Energy Audit of New Castle House: .............................................................................................. 2
House Description: .................................................................................................................... 2
Electronic Appliances & Energy Consumption: ......................................................................... 3
Cost of Energy Consumption: ................................................................................................... 5
Potential Saving in Electricity: ....................................................................................................... 5
Energy Saving in Refrigerators: ................................................................................................ 6
Energy Saving in Washing Machine & Dryers: ......................................................................... 6
Energy Saving in Electric Oven: ............................................................................................... 7
Energy Saving in Lighting Load: ............................................................................................... 7
Energy Saving in Water Heating & Space Heating: .................................................................. 7
Summary of Energy and Cost Saving: .......................................................................................... 7
Conclusion: ................................................................................................................................... 8
References: ................................................................................................................................... 9
List of Tables:
Table 1. Household appliances with their wattage and average daily usage ............................... 4
Table 2. Average annual consumption of energy (kWh/year) by the household appliances ........ 4
Table 3. Cost of energy consumption by the appliances annually ................................................ 5
Table 4. Potential saving in energy consumption and saving in energy cost ............................... 8
2 | P a g e
Sustainable Energy System
Introduction:
In any modern societies in the world there are continuously increasing concerns over availability
of energy, energy consumption efficiency and reduction in losses over network. In developed
countries it is a challenging task to achieve sustainability in energy efficiency and growth. On the
other hand for developing countries challenge is to achieve self-reliance and ene.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
1. SYA 4010 Sociological Theory
Analytical Essay – Outline Worksheet
DUE: Friday March 15, 11: 59 P.M.
Name: Iman Nayton
My topic is:
The government shutdowns impact on the finances of
families/especially the lower class and their unwavering
devotion to Donald trump (how their continuous support is
detrimental to their own good)
The theorist whose ideas I will use to analyze my topic is:
Max Weber’s Charismatic Dominance and his ideal types
The reason I have chosen this theorist to analyze this topic is:
Weber’s theories best apply to today’s current political climate.
Specifically Charismatic domination explicitly touches on the
persuasiveness of leaders and how they emerge during periods
of weakness within societies and his ideal types specifically
affectual and value rational pertains to peoples current
views/political decisions that go based on their emotions or
religious values
Main ideas of theorist (bulleted list):
· Social action
· Verstehen
· Value rational/Traditional/Etc
· Ideal types
Specific theoretical ideas or concept/s that I will apply to topic
2. (bulleted list if needed):
· Charismatic Domination
· Ideal types
· Verstehen
· Social Action
Citation/s for theory: (Cite as you will in your reference list.
Consult the ASA’s citation style guide):
THOMPSON, K. AND WOOCOMMERCE, B.
Max Weber’s Social Action Theory
In-text: (Thompson and WooCommerce, 2019)
Your Bibliography: Thompson, K. and WooCommerce, B.
(2019). Max Weber’s Social Action Theory. [online]
ReviseSociology. Available at:
https://revisesociology.com/2017/01/26/max-webers-social-
action-theory/
Citation/s for topic: (Cite as you will in your reference list.
Consult the ASA’s citation style guide):
JAN, T. AND WAN, W.
Food stamps, rent aid and the safety net for American’s poorest
at risk as shutdown drags on
In-text: (Jan and Wan, 2019)
Your Bibliography: Jan, T. and Wan, W. (2019). Food stamps,
rent aid and the safety net for American’s poorest at risk as
shutdown drags on. [online] Available at:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/food-
stamps-housing-subsidies-and-other-services-for-vulnerable-
americans-in-jeopardy-as-shutdown-drags-
on/2019/01/09/e025549c-1374-11e9-803c-
4ef28312c8b9_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.c79197aed
3. 2d0
2
Social Psychology Exam 2 Study Guide
Broad questions to consider:
What specific psychological theories, concepts or processes
from ch 7-9 help us understand the behavior demonstrated by:
a) The prisoners and guards in the Zimbardo prison study?
b) The members of Jonestown/Peoples Temple?
c) The research participants in the Milgram obedience study?
Chapter 7: Attitudes, Behaviors, Rationalization
Vocab:
Attitudes
· an evaluation of an object in a positive or negative fashion
that includes three components: affect (emotion), cognition, and
behavior.
· Measured most often on a likert scale
· Measuring attitudes:
· Accessibility- how readily it comes to mind
· Centrality- how prevalent in one’s belief system a topic is
· Response latency- how much time it takes to respond to a
stimulus reflects how strongly one feels about that particular
idea
4. · Implicit attitudes:
· Measures non-conscious attitudes
· Nonverbal measures
· Physiological responses
Decision-related dissonance
· hard decisions cause feelings of dissonance because the
rejected alternative must have some desirable features, the
chosen alternative must have some undesirable features or both
Overjustification effect
· occurs when an expected external incentive such as money or
prizes decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation to perform a
task .
Insufficient justification
· when an individual utilizes internal motivation to justify a
behavior
Consistency motive
· the urge to get a response that verifies what someone currently
thinks of their self
Self-perception theory
· the theory that people that come to know their own attitudes
by looking at their behavior and the context in which it occurred
and inferring what their attitudes must be.
Systems justification theory
· the theory that people are motivated to see the existing
sociopolitical system as desirable, fair, and legitimate.
Cognitive dissonance
· the theory that inconsistency between a person’s thoughts,
sentiments, and actions creates an aversive emotional state
(dissonance) that leads to efforts to restore consistency.
Impression management
· a conscious or subconscious process in which people attempt
to influence the perceptions of other people about a person,
object, or event by regulating and controlling information in
5. social interaction
Self-affirmation theory
· the idea that people can maintain an overall sense of self-
worth following psychologically threatening information by
affirming a valued aspect of themselves unrelated to the threat
Effort justification
· the tendency to reduce dissonance by justifying the time,
effort, or money devoted to something that turned out to be
unpleasant or disappointing.
Terror management theory(TMT)
· the theory that people deal with the potentially crippling
anxiety associated with the knowledge of the inevitability of
death by striving for symbolic immortality through preserving
valued cultural worldviews and believing they have lived up to
the culture’s standards
Implicit attitude measures
· an indirect measure of attitudes that does not involve a self-
report
Questions:
How can consciously introspecting about the reasons for our
attitudes actually undermine the quality of our decisions, at
least in some contexts?
· Our behavior can change what is in our heads
· If we let this happen over and over – it can change how we
behave
· We become that way
· Attitude does not always influence someone’s behavior
· One attitude doesn’t always count for everything that comes
into play with behaviors
· Attitudes are also very inconsistent
· Really good at their job but do some pretty awful things
· Conflicting
· Introspecting
· Easily articulated things don’t really drive our attitude
6. · Having to deeper think about it and give reasons may change
attitude or behavior
· Regular people vs. food critics
Describe how a “mismatch” in the specificity of a measured
attitude and the behavior it is supposed to predict can
undermine the ability of that attitude to predict behavior.
· LaPiere – 1934
· Traveled first with Orientals and only got denied by one place
· Then sent letters asking if they would let people in and many
people said no
· This shows us that we can’t always trust attitudes predicting
behavior
Be familiar with research studies discussed at length in the text
regarding cognitive dissonance (as well as those discussed in
class).
· Stanford Prison Experiment
· Aronson & Mills pg 215
· Page 217 the ikea effect/lego study
· Page 219 induced compliance and attitude change
· Bettors at a racetrack pg 214
· After bidding on certain horse, dismiss negative qualities
about horse and relate failures to muddy track, looks highly
upon positive qualities.
Be able to describe the major methods, results, and
conclusions/findings of Aronson/Mills (1959).
· Methods
· Volunteers were obtained to participate in group discussions
· They were randomly assigned to one of three mental
conditions: severe, mild, and control
7. · Severe conditions were required to read embarrassing material
before joining the group; mild condition the material they read
was not very embarrassing, and the control condition were not
required to read any material before joining
· Each S (participant) listened to the same tape recording which
was an ongoing discussion by the members of the group that had
just joined
· 33 women volunteered to participate in a series of group
discussions on the psychology of sex
· The other 30 were tested at a later date and were captive
volunteers from a psychology course who elected to participate
in the group discussions on the psychology of sex in preference
to several other experiments
· Each S was told that they were joining a group that had been
meeting for several weeks and that they were just taking the
place of a girl who had to leave because of scheduling
difficulties
· The experimenter “explained” that the purpose of the
experiment was to investigate the “dynamics of the group
discussion process” – sex was chosen as the topic to discuss
· Each participant was placed in an individual room as sex is
embarrassing to talk about and this way they can freely talk
about sex without people staring at them – this is what they
were told in order for them to hear the tape recording
· They then had to read aloud some sexually oriented material in
order to be put into the group – controls were just told that they
were being put into the group – the S’s were told that the
embarrassment test was a recent innovation and that the other
members had joined the group before it was required for
admission
· Severe condition – test consisted of very obscene words
· Mild condition – words related to sex but not obscene
· After each condition they were told they had performed
satisfactorily and were a member of the group now
· They had to get S to not participate in the discussion because
she would realize that the discussion was recorded
8. · Results and discussion
· S’s in the severe condition rated both the discussion and the
participants higher than did those in the control and mild
conditions
· The results clearly substantiate the hypothesis – persons who
undergo a severe initiation to attain membership in a group
increase their liking for the group
· According to the cognitive dissonance theory, Ss in the severe
initiation condition held the cognition that they had undergone a
painful experience to become members of the discussion group
· The initiation must be severe enough to constitute a genuine
investment and to render it difficult to reduce dissonance by
playing down the extent of the pain/uncomfortability involved.
· If Ss in the severe condition had less need to distort their
perceptions of the participants than their perception of the
discussion, their evaluations of the participants could be
expected to be closer to the evaluations of the participants made
by Ss in the control and mild conditions
· Conclusion
· Subjects who underwent a severe initiation perceived the
group as being significantly more attractive than did those who
underwent a mild initiation or no initiation
Describe different contexts in which cognitive dissonance can
occur, and the different factors that can produce high levels of
dissonance. (Alternatively, when does an inconsistency between
cognitions and behaviors not necessarily result in dissonance?)-
· Different cultures may see things differently – where one
culture is completely against doing something and another is
completely for it
Compare and Contrast self-perception theory with cognitive
dissonance.
· Cognitive dissonance theory – inconsistencies among a
9. person’s thoughts, sentiments, and actions cause an aversive
emotional state (dissonance) that leads to efforts to restore
consistency. (The result of measuring our behaviors with
previous attitudes).
· Self-perception theory – people come to know their own
attitudes by looking at their behavior and the context in which it
occurred, and inferring what their attitudes must be.
(Understanding identity based on previous behaviors).
Describe some contexts in which the overjustification effect can
undermine motivation.
· Stereotypes give ideological support to the status quo, making
people more accepting of current gender roles and more
accepting of the broader sociocultural status quo
· EX- Sometimes if you over justify a given award for a
behavior you make take away the given baseline, overlooked
motivation. If there was an initial liking for working out and
you always receive an award, for an athlete where there may be
a given inclination to workout, so you may award you for when
you worked out, your natural
Chapter 8: Persuasion
Vocab:
Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)
· a model of persuasion maintaining that there are 2 different
routes to persuasion: the central route and the peripheral route
Source characteristics
· characteristics of the person who delivers a persuasive
message, such as attractiveness, credibility, and certainty
Identifiable victim effect
· the tendency to be more moved by the vivid plight of a single
individual than by a more abstract number of people
10. Need for cognition
· an individual’s tendency to engage in and enjoy activities that
require thinking
Attitude inoculation
· small attacks on people’s beliefs that engage their preexisting
attitudes, prior commitments, and background knowledge,
enabling them to counteract a subsequent larger attack and thus
resist persuasion
Central processing route
· a route to persuasion wherein people think carefully and
deliberately about the content of a persuasive message,
attending to its logic and the strength of its arguments, as well
as to related evidence and principles
Message characteristics
· aspects, or content, of a persuasive message, including the
quality of the evidence and the explicitness of its conclusions
Metacognition
· secondary thoughts that are reflections on primary thoughts
(cognitions)
Agenda control
· efforts of the media to select certain events and topics to
emphasize, thereby shaping which issues and events people
think are important
Peripheral processing route
· a route to persuasion wherein people attend to relatively easy-
to-process, superficial cues related to a persuasive message,
such as its length or the expertise or attractiveness of the source
of the message
Audience characteristics
· characteristics of those who receive a persuasive message,
including need for cognition, mood, and age
Self-validation hypothesis
· the idea that feeling confident about our thoughts validates
those thoughts, making it more likely that we’ll be swayed in
their direction
11. Questions:
According to ELM, under what circumstances are individuals
likely to attend to a message through the central route? The
peripheral route?
Central
· System 2
· Quality of arguments, points, and facts (strong)
· Policies
· Motivation and ability must be present
Peripheral
system 1
confidence
attractiveness
Credibility
Be able to analyze a persuasion attempt in such a way that you
can identify which elements of it are intended for the central
route or peripheral route of processing.
· JonesTown
Central
· Credibility of actually seeing it
· “whatever you need me to be, I’ll be it”
· Other churches provided good things in the afterlife whereas
he promised and provided good things now
Peripheral
· Pastor (Jim) speaking with anyone who walks through the door
· Claimed to heal people – see the woman walk – the healing
and people crying
· Seeing all the energy
What does research suggest about the effectiveness of fear-
based persuasion attempts?
· In general, fear-eliciting persuasive messages that provide
12. clear, concrete information that can be acted on can be highly
effective
· Shouldn’t go overboard
· Sometimes people are so unnerved by scary messages that they
will choose to deny the danger rather than act to combat it,
especially if there is no clear recommendation about how to
respond to the threat
Be familiar with the notion of “the hostile media phenomenon.”
· Page 259 talks about the whole phenomenon
Be familiar with general factors that enable people to resist
persuasion attempts.
· People are inclined to attend selectively to information that
confirms their original attitudes
· We look favorably on material that agrees with our point of
view and critically on information that contradicts it
· Many persuasive messages fail because they can’t overcome
the target audience’s previous commitments
· Prior knowledge makes people engage with persuasive
messages through the central route, thereby leading them to
scrutinize those messages carefully
Chapter 9: Social Influence
Vocab:
13. Conformity
· changing one’s behavior or beliefs in response to explicit or
implicit pressure (real or imagined) from others.
Autokinetic phenomenon
· the sense that a stationary point of light in a completely dark
environment is moving
Confederate
· an actor who participates in a psychology experiment
pretending to be a subject but in actuality working for the
researcher
Normative influence
· the influence of other people that comes from the desire to
avoid their disapproval and other social sanctions (ridicule,
barbs, ostracism)
Door-in-the-face technique
· starting with a big request where your intended person or
audience is going to say no, then asking/coming back with a
smaller, more capable/graspable request- they will or are more
likely to comply after that 2nd request.
Compliance
· responding favorably to an explicit request by another person
Tight vs. Loose cultures-
Obedience
· in an unequal power relationship, submitting to the demands
of the person in authority
Informational influence
· the influence of the other people that results from taking their
comments or actions as a source of information about what is
correct, proper, or effective
Descriptive norms
· the behavior exhibited by most people in a given context
Reactance theory
· the idea that people reassert their prerogatives in response to
the unpleasant state of arousal they experience when they
believe their freedoms are threatened
14. Norm of reciprocity
· a norm dictating that people should provide benefits to those
who benefit them
Legitimate authority
· the legitimate power with one person or a group holds and
exercises over another
Foot-in-the-door technique
· a compliance approach that involves making an initial small
request with which nearly everyone complies, followed by a
larger request involving the real behavior of interest
Prescriptive norms
· the way a person is supposed to behave in a given context;
also called injunctive norm
Internalization
· private acceptance of a proposition, orientation, or ideology
Questions:
Describe the main findings and conclusions of the Asch “line”
and Sherif “autokinetic effect” studies. How are these studies
similar and different (psychologically) in their examinations of
conformity? How does normative and/or informational influence
help us understand them?
· Asch “line” study
· See 3 lines and a compare line
· Individually – people got about 99% correct
· Asch wanted to see if there was conformity
· Had more people come in room
· Confederates get it right for a while but then start saying the
wrong answer
· Sometimes participants would conform
· ¾ conformed at least once
· Overall – 1/3 of the time participants conformed
15. · Sherif’s autokinetic effect study
· Sheriff put individual participants in a darkened room,
presented them with a stationary point of light on trial after
trial, and had them estimate how far it “moved” each time
· He brought the participants into a room together and had them
call out their estimates
· Estimates seemed to converge over time
· The uncertainty of the light’s movement left the participants
open to the influence of others – informational social influence
· Similar
· Wanted to see how people changed their opinions/judgments
based on other people’s
· What extent do people conform?
· Asch predicted that in a case of clear conflict between a
person’s own position and the viewpoint of the group, there will
be far less conformity than that observed by Sherif
· Asch’s study is so well known because of how often
participants actually did conform, even when they thought the
group was out of its collective mind
·
Describe the conditions mentioned in the textbook that can
maximize/minimize conformity pressures.
· Group size
· Larger groups exert both more normative social influence and
more informational social influence than smaller groups
· The larger the number of people who express a particular
opinion, the more likely it has merit – but only to a certain
point
· Group unanimity
· Have an ally if you want to state your own opinion
· The person who breaks the group’s unanimity doesn’t need to
offer the correct answer – just one that departs from the group’s
answer
· Anonymity
· Eliminates normative social influence and therefore should
substantially reduce conformity
16. · Expertise and status –
· Because we grant greater status to those with expertise, and
we often assume (not always correctly) that those with high
status are experts
· The disapproval of high-status individuals can hurt more than
the disapproval of people we care less about
· Culture
· People reared in interdependent cultures are therefore likely to
be more susceptible to both informational social influence (they
consider the actions and opinions of others more telling) and
normative social influence (they consider the high regard of
others more important)
· Tight and loose cultures
· “tight” – have strong norms regarding how people should
behave and do not tolerate departure from those norms
· “loose” their norms are not as strong, and their members
tolerate more deviance
· Gender
· Women are raised to value interdependence and to nurture
important social relationships more than men are, whereas men
are raised to value and strive for autonomy and independence
more than women are
· Women tend to conform more than men
Be generally familiar with the effects of a positive and negative
mood on people’s likelihood to comply with a request.
· Positive mood
· Feeling good clearly makes people more likely to agree to
requests and, more generally, to help others
· Tends to increase compliance for two main reasons
· Our mood colors how we interpret events – we are more likely
to view requests for favors as less intrusive and less threatening
when we’re in a good mood
· Mood maintenance – it feels good to feel good, and we
typically want the feeling to last as long as possible
· Negative mood
· Even the slightest introspection reveals that certain types of
17. bad moods are likely to increase compliance
· Participants have been led to feel guilty by being induced to
lie, tricked into thinking they’ve broken a camera, maneuvered
into knocking over stacks of carefully arranged index cards, or
convinced they’ve injured an adorable laboratory rat
· Other types of bad moods, not just those produced by guilt,
can also increase compliance
Describe the procedures and major findings of the Milgram
obedience studies.
· Procedure
· One man is a teacher – delivering the shock
· One man is a learner – he will try to say the words back and
get shocked if he gets them wrong
· The learner (confederate) tells the teacher and experiment that
he has heart trouble
· Each different teacher gets a shock so that they can feel what
the shocks are like
· If learner gets it wrong
· Teacher says “wrong”
· Tells how many volts
· Delivers shock
· Tells actual answer
· One man refused to continue until they figured out if learner
was okay
· Another guy refused to hurt another guy if he said to stop –
said he wouldn’t listen to Mr. Williams or anyone
· Major findings
· 50% went all the way on shocks while most people predicted
that very few would go through with it
· One guy kept going all the way to 450 volts because he was
told to keep going
· He said there’s nothing the learner could have said to make
him stop
· Said he was about to walk out (he probably wasn’t)
· Even with a lot of reluctance – this guy still went on
18. · People said those who went all the way are sadistic
· People aren’t
· They are just obedient
· Which the victim was made more personal to the teacher
obedience went way down
· Can human nature be counted on to help those who are victims
of brutality?
· Government might be able to take control this way
What psychological factors/mechanisms increased or decreased
rates of obedience in the Milgram studies, as discussed in class
and in the textbook?
· If the learner was in the same room the obedience went way
down – especially if the teacher had to move the learners hand
onto the plate to shock him
· The more removed we are from others, the easier it is to hurt
them
· Also when the experimenter removes himself from the room –
it is much easier for the teacher to say no and to stop the
experiment
How is “obedience” different from other types of social
influence such as persuasion and conformity?
· Obedience
· People feel as if there is a legitimate authority that they have
to listen to
· Most people don’t have to be persuaded to or conform to
anything while being obedient
· They just don’t want to break the rules as that usually results
in consequences
Chapters 1-2
Vocab
· Independent variable
· In experimental research, the variable that is manipulated; it is
hypothesized to be the cause of a particular outcome.
19. · Dependent variable
· In experimental research, the variable that is measured (as
opposed to manipulated); it is hypothesized to be affected by
manipulation of the independent variable.
· Hindsight bias
· People’s tendency to be overconfident about whether they
could have predicted a given outcome
· Random sampling
· Essential for accurately describing the attitudes or behavior of
a particular population
· Such as students at a certain university, residents of a town, or
the population of a country as a whole
· Naturalistic fallacy
· Claim that the way things are is the way they should be
· Convenience sampling
· Is a non-probability sample in which the researcher uses the
subjects that are nearest and available to participate in the
research study.
· Self-selection
· Correlational research: situation where the participant (instead
of the researcher) determines the participant’s level of each
variable- creates the problem that it could be these unknown
properties that are responsible for the observed relationship
· Automatic processing
· Give rise to implicit attitudes and beliefs that can’t be readily
controlled by a the conscious mind; and controlled, conscious
processing results in explicit attitudes and beliefs that we’re
aware of even though these may become implicit or
nonconscious over time
· Reverse causation
· When variable 2 causally influences variable 1
· Correlation does not establish causation
· Gestalt Psychology
· An approach that stresses the fact that people perceive objects
by active, nonconscious interpretation of what the object
represents as a whole
20. · Internal Validity
· Experimental research: confidence that only the manipulated
variable could have produced the results
· Experiments lack internal validity when there is a 3rd variable
that could account for the difference between the different
conditions
· Random assignment
· Assigning participants in experimental research to different
conditions randomly, so they are as likely to be assigned to one
condition as to another, with the effect of making the types of
people in the different conditions roughly equal.
· Controlled processing
· Certain amount of thinking that you are aware of in the
moment; consciously on your mind (controlled)
· If something is important to us...
· 3rd Variable problem
· A variable that can be the true explanation for the relationship
between two other variables in correlational research
· External validity
· How well the results of a study generalize to contexts outside
the conditions of the lab
· When researchers can’t generalize the results to real-life
situations this = poor external validity
· Schemas
· Knowledge structure consisting of any organized body of
stored information that is used to help in understanding events
· Reliability
· The degree to which the particular way researchers measure a
given variable is likely to yield consistent results
Other issues to consider:
· Describe the difference between automatic/intuitive (System
1) and controlled/deliberate processing (system 2), and provide
examples
· The mind processes information in two different ways
· Automatic/nonconscious-based on emotional factors
· Systematic/conscious-more likely to be controlled by
21. deliberate thought
· Ex: seeing someone with a backpack looking agitated and
sweating profusely
· Automatic thought: you might see that person and have a
fearful reaction, thinking the backpack has a bomb in it without
any special thought about it
· Systematic thought: you might realize the person might have
just come inside from the heat and might look agitated because
they’re late for their flight
· Describe and be able to identify the strengths and weaknesses
of experiments and correlational studies
· Experiments: It is easy to replicate because of a standardized
procedure. Experiments allow prices control of independent
variable.
· Subject to human error
· Personal bias of researcher may intrude
· Sample may not be representative.
· Correlational Studies: Allows researchers to collect much
more data than experiments. Allows the researcher to draw
conclusion in the causal relationship among variables.
· Only uncovers a relationship
· It cannot provide a reason why there is a relationship.
· Explain the difference between hypotheses and theories
· Hypotheses- A prediction of a particular situation under
certain circumstances
· Theories- A set of tested hypothesis intended to describe a
phenomenon
· Review the Stanovich article for its main topics and
conclusions regarding correlational and experimental research.
What was his purpose in discussing the Goldberger/pellagra
study in depth?
· Birth control & household appliances
· Related w/ out causal relationship
· Pellagra was seemed to be caused by unsanitary, bad sewage
(spurious correlation)
· In reality, after experimenting by eating the feces of infected
22. people, conclusions showed it was actually a result of a poor
diet, most likely from low SES
· 3rd variable problem
· Surface level correlations do not account for causation
· What is the use of “getting artificial” in experiments? That is,
why is it not always advisable to conduct a study that tries to be
“natural”? The Stanovich reading is very relevant on this issue.
· Explain the phrase, “correlation does not equal causation.” Be
able to recognize when a study can provide evidence for
causation, and when it cannot
Chapter 4
Vocab
· Scheme: (I have this on my notes but I am not 100% sure)
· Expectations. Way to simplify the ways of the world around
us. An scheme is the expectations that you have about what is
going to be the outcome of certain situation. It can also narrow
the attention of a person in a social situation.
· Confirmation bias
· the tendency to test a proposition by searching for evidence
that would support it.
· You tend to pay attention to things that are parallel to your
beliefs
· Regression toward the mean
· You will return to your average. Fluctuation is normal, and
may look like you are improving or getting worse but you will
always go back your “mean”
· Pluralistic ignorance
· When people act in ways that conflict with their personal
beliefs due to a certain social situation
· Acting like you understand course material because it seems
like everybody else does
· Priming
· the presentation of information designed to activate a concept
and hence make it accessible. A prime is the stimulus presented
23. to activate the concept in question.
· Counterfactuals
· Can be self-focused: a relationship someone treasures, the
relationship falls apart- the people start blaming themselves
(“what could I have done differently?”)
· 9/11: “if only airport security had done a better job” “if only
the CIA had investigated this matter better”
· “Cherrypicking” factors
· Not picking out a cause, but picking out one factor that could
have prevented something from happening- lots of emotional
significance for people but are not always fair
· Rape- people focus on the victim- “if she hadn’t been wearing
that she wouldn’t have been raped”
· Construal level theory
· A theory about the relationship between temporal distance
(and other kinds of distance) and abstract or concrete thinking;
psychologically distance actions and events are thought about in
abstract terms; actions or events that are close at hand are
thought about in concrete terms
· Top-down vs. bottom-up processing
· Top-Down Processing: “Theory driven” mental processing, in
which an individual filters and interprets new information in
light of preexisting knowledge and expectations.
· Bottom-Up Processing: “Data driven” mental processing, in
which an individual forms conclusions based on the stimuli
encountered in the environment.
· Illusory correlation:
· The belief that two variables are correlated when in fact they
are not.
· Behavioral confirmation
· Parallel to self-fulfilling prophecy
· Base-rate information:
· Information about the relative frequency of events or of
members of different categories in a population.
· Planning fallacy
· one's tendency to underestimate the time, cost, and risk it will
24. take them to do something, even if they already have the past
knowledge of exactly what the task entails. It represents overly
optimistic plans that are unreasonably close to the best-case
scenario.
· Self-fulfilling prophecy:
· The tendency for people to act in ways that bring about the
very thing they expect to happen.
Other issues to consider:
· What are the different ways in which schemes or
preconceptions can affect our memories and judgments of
people? Be able to provide relevant research examples.
· Understand and be able to give examples of the
representativeness and availability heuristics
· Explain several different ways (and provide specific
examples) in which schemas can guide or distort our judgements
· Contrast controlled processing with automatic processing.
What are examples/contexts of each in social cognition?
· Provide specific examples of “framing effects”
· Under what conditions does it appear that people are more
likely to rely on heuristics for making social judgments? How
does the use of heuristics relate to the distinction between
System 1 and System 2 processing?
· Know the design and main findings/conclusions of Snyder,
Tanke, and Berscheid.
Chapter 5
Vocab
· Belief in a Just World
· People get what they deserve in life and deserve what they get.
· Karma
· People who score high on this belief are more likely to blame
victims of a crime
· Specific attributions would be more internal
· Attribution Theory
· Concepts explaining how people assign causes to the events
around them and the effects of their assessments
25. · How people understand the causes of events
· Causal Attribution
· How people explain both their own and others behavior
· Augmentation principle
· The idea that people will assign reduced weight to a particular
cause of behavior if other plausible causes might have produced
it.
· Emotional Amplification:
· An increase in an emotional reaction to an event that is
proportional to how easy it is to imagine the event not
happening.
· Fundamental Attribution Error
· The failure to recognize the importance of situational
influences on behavior, along with the corresponding tendency
to overemphasize the importance of dispositions on behavior.
· Explanatory Style
· A person’s habitual way of explaining events, typically
assessed along three dimension: internal/external,
stable/unstable, and global/specific.
· Controllability
· causes one can control such as skills vs. causes one cannot
control such as luck, others’ actions, etc.
· Counterfactuals
· Thoughts of what could have, might have, or should have
happened “if only” something had occurred differently.
· Behavioral confirmation:
·
· Covariation principle:
· The idea that behavior should be attributed to potential causes
that occur along with the observed behavior.
· Self-serving Attributional bias:
· The tendency to attribute failure and other bad events to
external circumstances and to attribute success and other good
events to oneself.
· Perceptual salience
·
26. · Discounting principle
Other issues to consider:
· What factors or conditions help explain why people are prone
to the FAE?j
· What are some factors that facilitate the generation of
counterfactual thoughts?
· Be familiar with some research examples that illustrate the
FAE and the actor-observer difference
· How do attributions play a role in our judgements about other
people’s successes and failures? What role do they play in our
judgments about our own successes and failures?
· Describe how cultures may differ in their attribution patterns