This document provides an overview of SWOT analysis, a tool used to evaluate an organization's internal strengths and weaknesses, and external opportunities and threats. It describes how to conduct an internal analysis by examining resources, capabilities, and core competencies. Key areas of an organization's internal environment that are assessed include financial, managerial, infrastructural, supplier, manufacturing, distribution, marketing, innovation resources, and brand equity. The objective is to identify the unique sources of competitive advantage. The document also discusses how to analyze external factors such as competitors, industry trends, and the broader business environment to identify opportunities and threats.
This document discusses factors that can help companies build and sustain competitive advantages. It analyzes leadership, organizational culture, design, and systems. Leadership is important through setting vision, mission, and governance. A company's values and culture also influence competitive advantage. Resources and capabilities are key, and must be valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable, and non-substitutable to provide sustained advantages. The document examines early strategy models and proposes that integrating multiple internal and external factors is needed to identify and sustain sources of competitive advantage.
This document discusses factors that can help companies build and sustain competitive advantages. It analyzes leadership, organizational culture, design, and systems. Leadership is important through vision, mission, and governance. A company's values and culture also influence competitive advantage. Bringing the right people together and having the right incentives, structure, and systems in place can collectively help companies develop unique resources and capabilities to gain competitive advantages.
Discuss the relationships between competitive avantage, istinctive c.pdfinfo706022
Discuss the relationships between competitive avantage, istinctive compentencies, resources,an
capabilities.
Solution
Resources
The activities and processes of the organization utilize certain assets. These assets are called
resources. These resources can be created within the organization. They form the internal
resources. Such generated resources are organization-specific. Otherwise they could be obtained
externally from the suppliers available in the resource markets. They form the external resources.
The externally obtained resources are organization-addressable. In addition resources can be
categorised as specific or non-specific. Those resources which can only be used for extremely
specialized intentions and are significant to the organization in adding value to goods and
services are called specific resources.
Resources
Resources of the firm can include all assets, capabilities, organizational processes, firm
attributes, information and knowledge. In short resources can be considered as inputs that
facilitate the organization to perform its activities.
All resources that an organization has may not have strategic relevance. Only certain resources
are capable of being an input to a value creating strategy which put the organization in a position
of competitive advantage. An organization’s resource should have four attributes to provide the
potential for competitive advantage. These form the VRIN characteristics.
The VRIN characteristics
The important features for a resource to be strategically important are as below
The VRIN characteristics mentioned above are individually necessary for the resources to be
valuable.
Non-specific resources are less specific and are less significant in adding value. Also resources
can be broadly classified as tangible and intangible. The physical assets that an organization
possesses are called tangible resources. The physical resources, human resources and final
resources come under this category.
The intellectual resources, technological resources and the organizational reputation together
form the intangible resources. The patents and copyrights of the organization are typical
examples of intellectual resources. The innovation capacity and innovation speed are examples
of technological resources. Reputation is basically good-will that the organization has acquired
among the customers. It is a critical resource of an organization.
Competencies
An organization should posses some characteristics in order to have the ability to compete with
other organizations in the market place. These characteristics form the competencies of the
organization. For any organization to survive in an industry competencies are must. At the same
time competencies cannot be useful to an organization when they stand alone. It is when they
combine together in the right combination that they help the organization to attain competitive
advantage. For instance consider an information technology organization. For this to compete in
t.
The document discusses various frameworks for conducting a situation analysis for advertising planning, including the 5Cs analysis, SWOT analysis, Porter's 5 forces model, AIDA model, DAGMAR model, and hierarchy of effects model. It explains how to use these models to analyze the company, competitors, customers, collaborators, climate/environment, and to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats. It also discusses how to define advertising objectives and target audiences, and the importance of brand personality in positioning strategy. The planning process involves situation analysis, objective setting, targeting, strategy development, implementation, and evaluation.
Using established business models as investigative tools and linking them together to enhance their analytical value is proposed in this paper as a method of progressing from strategic situation analysis to competitive advantage. Moreover, internal analyses that result in the identification of distinctive competencies and external investigations that uncover industry key success factors give strategists the means to develop strategies that may achieve competitive advantage.
CI 2.0 - Competitive Innovation IntelligenceArik Johnson
Presentation to KMWorld 2006 Audience in San Jose California October 31 on How the Principles of Disruptive Innovation, Risk Management, Corporate Governance and Enterprise Collaboration are Driving the Incorporation of Blog, Wiki, Social Networking, Free-Tagging, Prediction Market and other Web 2.0 Features and Capabilities into Traditional Competitive Intelligence Software
Sebagai kelengkapan pengerjaan Tugas Besar satu, mata kuliah Strategic Marketing. Universitas Mercu Buana Program Studi Magister Management. Kampus Warung Buncit
Competitive Intelligence for Market Researchers: an Exercise-Driven, Interact...Arik Johnson
Introduction to Competitive Intelligence Principles Workshop, Designed for a Market Research Audience and Delivered at the 2006 Institute for International Research (IIR) Market Research Event in Los Angeles, California October 22
This document discusses factors that can help companies build and sustain competitive advantages. It analyzes leadership, organizational culture, design, and systems. Leadership is important through setting vision, mission, and governance. A company's values and culture also influence competitive advantage. Resources and capabilities are key, and must be valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable, and non-substitutable to provide sustained advantages. The document examines early strategy models and proposes that integrating multiple internal and external factors is needed to identify and sustain sources of competitive advantage.
This document discusses factors that can help companies build and sustain competitive advantages. It analyzes leadership, organizational culture, design, and systems. Leadership is important through vision, mission, and governance. A company's values and culture also influence competitive advantage. Bringing the right people together and having the right incentives, structure, and systems in place can collectively help companies develop unique resources and capabilities to gain competitive advantages.
Discuss the relationships between competitive avantage, istinctive c.pdfinfo706022
Discuss the relationships between competitive avantage, istinctive compentencies, resources,an
capabilities.
Solution
Resources
The activities and processes of the organization utilize certain assets. These assets are called
resources. These resources can be created within the organization. They form the internal
resources. Such generated resources are organization-specific. Otherwise they could be obtained
externally from the suppliers available in the resource markets. They form the external resources.
The externally obtained resources are organization-addressable. In addition resources can be
categorised as specific or non-specific. Those resources which can only be used for extremely
specialized intentions and are significant to the organization in adding value to goods and
services are called specific resources.
Resources
Resources of the firm can include all assets, capabilities, organizational processes, firm
attributes, information and knowledge. In short resources can be considered as inputs that
facilitate the organization to perform its activities.
All resources that an organization has may not have strategic relevance. Only certain resources
are capable of being an input to a value creating strategy which put the organization in a position
of competitive advantage. An organization’s resource should have four attributes to provide the
potential for competitive advantage. These form the VRIN characteristics.
The VRIN characteristics
The important features for a resource to be strategically important are as below
The VRIN characteristics mentioned above are individually necessary for the resources to be
valuable.
Non-specific resources are less specific and are less significant in adding value. Also resources
can be broadly classified as tangible and intangible. The physical assets that an organization
possesses are called tangible resources. The physical resources, human resources and final
resources come under this category.
The intellectual resources, technological resources and the organizational reputation together
form the intangible resources. The patents and copyrights of the organization are typical
examples of intellectual resources. The innovation capacity and innovation speed are examples
of technological resources. Reputation is basically good-will that the organization has acquired
among the customers. It is a critical resource of an organization.
Competencies
An organization should posses some characteristics in order to have the ability to compete with
other organizations in the market place. These characteristics form the competencies of the
organization. For any organization to survive in an industry competencies are must. At the same
time competencies cannot be useful to an organization when they stand alone. It is when they
combine together in the right combination that they help the organization to attain competitive
advantage. For instance consider an information technology organization. For this to compete in
t.
The document discusses various frameworks for conducting a situation analysis for advertising planning, including the 5Cs analysis, SWOT analysis, Porter's 5 forces model, AIDA model, DAGMAR model, and hierarchy of effects model. It explains how to use these models to analyze the company, competitors, customers, collaborators, climate/environment, and to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats. It also discusses how to define advertising objectives and target audiences, and the importance of brand personality in positioning strategy. The planning process involves situation analysis, objective setting, targeting, strategy development, implementation, and evaluation.
Using established business models as investigative tools and linking them together to enhance their analytical value is proposed in this paper as a method of progressing from strategic situation analysis to competitive advantage. Moreover, internal analyses that result in the identification of distinctive competencies and external investigations that uncover industry key success factors give strategists the means to develop strategies that may achieve competitive advantage.
CI 2.0 - Competitive Innovation IntelligenceArik Johnson
Presentation to KMWorld 2006 Audience in San Jose California October 31 on How the Principles of Disruptive Innovation, Risk Management, Corporate Governance and Enterprise Collaboration are Driving the Incorporation of Blog, Wiki, Social Networking, Free-Tagging, Prediction Market and other Web 2.0 Features and Capabilities into Traditional Competitive Intelligence Software
Sebagai kelengkapan pengerjaan Tugas Besar satu, mata kuliah Strategic Marketing. Universitas Mercu Buana Program Studi Magister Management. Kampus Warung Buncit
Competitive Intelligence for Market Researchers: an Exercise-Driven, Interact...Arik Johnson
Introduction to Competitive Intelligence Principles Workshop, Designed for a Market Research Audience and Delivered at the 2006 Institute for International Research (IIR) Market Research Event in Los Angeles, California October 22
Strategic management involves determining an organization's long-term goals and plans. It includes analyzing the internal and external environment, formulating strategies, implementing strategies, and evaluating performance. Key aspects of strategic management include identifying the mission and objectives, conducting a SWOT analysis, developing corporate and business-level strategies around areas like growth, stability, and competitive advantage. Current issues involve e-business strategies, customer service strategies, and innovation strategies. Strategic flexibility is the ability to adapt strategies in response to changes in the external environment.
This document discusses Porter's five forces model of competitive strategy. It provides details on each of the five competitive forces: the threat of new entry, competitive rivalry, threat of substitution, bargaining power of suppliers, and bargaining power of customers. It explains how these forces shape industry competition and profitability. The document also discusses Michael Porter's development of the five forces framework and how it can be used to analyze industries and improve a firm's competitive position.
Situational analysis, Business strategy and BCG matrixPinnakk Paul
The document discusses situational analysis and two methods for conducting situational analysis: 5Cs analysis and Porter's five forces analysis. 5Cs analysis examines a company, customers, competitors, collaborators, and the broader climate/environment. Porter's five forces model analyzes the threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of suppliers and customers, and competitive rivalry within an industry. The document provides details on how to apply each method and examples of factors to consider for each element of the analyses.
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The document discusses value chain analysis and the internal environment of an organization. It defines value chain analysis as describing the primary and support activities of a business and how they relate to competitive strength. Primary activities directly involve creating and delivering a product or service, while support activities increase effectiveness and efficiency. Value chain analysis can identify which activities a business should undertake itself and which it should outsource. The internal environment consists of an organization's resources and capabilities in the form of its value chain. It involves identifying competencies and competitive advantages.
This document discusses factors that shape a company's strategy, including analyzing the macroenvironment, industry, competitors, and internal organization. It covers analyzing political/regulatory, economic, technological, and social forces in the macroenvironment. Industry analysis examines threats of new entrants, substitutes, and bargaining power of buyers/suppliers. Competitor analysis frameworks look at goals, strategies, assumptions, and capabilities. Environmental scanning and forecasting help predict future trends.
Strategic management involves establishing an organization's objectives and strategies to achieve long-term goals. It includes three main stages: strategy formulation, implementation, and evaluation. Strategy formulation involves developing strategic alternatives and selecting strategies to match strengths to opportunities. Implementation turns strategies into actions. Evaluation assesses strategy effectiveness and provides feedback for new planning. External opportunities and threats as well as internal strengths and weaknesses are analyzed to formulate competitive strategies.
The strategic management process has four main steps: 1) Environmental scanning to analyze internal/external factors, 2) Strategy formulation to determine corporate/business/functional strategies, 3) Strategy implementation by designing organizational structure and allocating resources, and 4) Strategy evaluation by assessing strategies and performance and taking corrective actions. It is a continuous process of appraising the business, industries, competitors, and reassessing strategies to achieve goals. Competitive advantages do not last forever as rivals can eventually duplicate a firm's resources and capabilities over time through developing their own unique strengths.
Before 1900, despite its weaknesses in effective management of worke.pdfarishaenterprises12
Before 1900, despite its weaknesses in effective management of workers, manufacturing
leadership was well provided by top management. They were technological entrepreneurs,
archictects of productive systems, veritable lions of industry. But when they delegated their
production responsibilities to a second-level department, the factory institution never recovered
its vitality. The lion was tamed. It\'s management systems became protective and generally were
neither enterpreneual nor strategic. Production managers since then have typically had little to do
with initiating substantially new process technology-in contrast to their predecessors before 1900
(skinner 1985).
D) how is Japan (or Germany) different from (or the same as) America with regards to this trend
in manufacturing leadership?
E) taking the structural charestaristics of manufacturing enterprises (e.g., scale, complexity, pace
of technological change) as given, what can be done to revitalize manufacturing leadership?
Solution
Strategic Windows: their nature.
The nature and purpose of strategy and how it is formulated. The nature of marketing strategy
and how this should take account of the interests of various stakeholders when involving such
things as, product/service development and delivery, promotional mix, support services,
manufacturing and production processes, R&D, and material purchasing affect the stakeholders.
Other factors in the business environment that influence marketing strategy: political, economic,
socio-cultural and technological (PEST).
Marketing and competitors: how a firm must be able to position itself competitively in the minds
of its customers so that its products and services stand out very favourably in important respects
in relationship to competitors.
Matching the firm’s products / services with opportunities and threats in the market place. The
limited periods during which the fit between the key requirements of a market and the particular
competencies of a firm competing in that market are at an optimum. Investment in a product line
or a market area should be timed to coincide with periods during which a strategic window is
open. Correspondingly, withdrawal should be considered where something which was a good fit,
is no longer a good fit. Ways in which a market can evolve and how firms might develop a
competitive strategy to take advantage of Strategic Windows.
Portfolio Analysis
How organisations create their own environments rather than simply adapt to existing ones. How
they select the strategic windows of opportunities and threats through which they want to look
out into the world and develop and market product and services to meet the needs of what they
observe to be required in the face of environmental turbulence.
How well the fit between an organization’s products/services meet the needs presented by the
windows of opportunities and threats is a fitting start for exploring the subject of strategic
marketing. It introduces the many factors t.
The document discusses various topics related to business strategy formulation including:
1. Different levels of strategy from corporate to operational.
2. Types of competitive advantage like cost leadership and differentiation.
3. Porter's five forces model for industry analysis.
4. SWOT analysis for understanding internal strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats.
5. Strategic management process involving analysis, strategy development and implementation.
The term strategy is derived from the Greek word “Strategos” means a plan or process or a set of decision rules or an arrangement to create a common thread.
It is the path or the way to achieve the goals of the organization or corporate.
It helps the manager proactively to direct or run the organization in a volatile environment.
It consists of WH questions.
Mintzberg has defined the strategy which consists of “5Ps” such as: plan, pattern, position, ploy and perspective.
A Plan “how to achieve the target”.
A Pattern “to take consistent actions over time”.
A Position “to be achieved by offering goods and services in particular market”.
A Ploy “how to beat the competitors by using tactics and tricks with proper allocation and utilization of resources”.
A Perspective “it is the vision of the organization what it want to be”.
Characteristics:
Strategy is concerned with to achieve the broad goals of the organization.
It establishes unique value proposition compared to its competitors.
It provides tailored value to its customers.
It clearly identifies and clarifies what not to do.
It empowers the organization to move towards its vision.
It creates environmental scanning to gain competitive advantage.
External environment is the environment outside of the organization which influences the business. It can broadly be categorised into two parts: Micro Environment & Macro Environment.
Micro Environment studies the small area of business or immediate periphery of the organization. It directly influence and regulate the business.
E.g.: customers, suppliers, creditors, vendors, competitors and local community.
Macro Environment: It studies overall business activity in a broad manner. It influences business on the basis of “PEST”: Political, Economic, Socio-cultural and Technology.
Political Factors consists of employment laws, tax policy, policies regarding trade & tariffs, environmental regulation and political stability.
Economic Factors consists of economic growth, interest rate, exchange rate and inflation rate.
Socio-Cultural Factors consists of health consciousness, population growth rate, age, career attitude, emphasis on safety etc.
Technological Factor consists of R & D activity, automation, technology incentives and change in technology.
Internal Environment is a component of the business environment, which is composed of various elements present inside the organization that can affect and be affected by the decision of the organization and its activities.
The internal environment of the organization consists of employees, management, owner, shareholders, investors and all other resources.
Factors influencing external environment are: value system, vision, structure, culture, human resource, physical resource, technical-know-how etc.
The internal environment environmental analysis generates long list of resources and capabilities which play vital role in strategy formulation.
It determines the strength and weakness of the organization.
This document discusses organizational analysis and value chain analysis. It provides an overview of several models for organizational analysis, including the strategic triangle model, SWOT model, rational model, natural system model, and sociotechnical model. It then discusses value chain analysis and its components. Value chain analysis examines activities involved in production and marketing to determine strengths and weaknesses. The document outlines the key components of value chain analysis including organizational structure, culture, finance, marketing, operations, human resources, and information systems.
Assignment 3 Case StudyE-Business Strategy and Models in B.docxbraycarissa250
Assignment 3: Case Study
E-Business Strategy and Models in Banks: Case of Citibank
Bank is an institution that deals with money as well as credit. It accepts deposits from the public, makes funds available to those who need then and helps in remittance of money from one place to another (Macesich, George, 2000, p-42). Modern banks today perform a wide range of functions that makes it difficult to give an apt and precise definition of it. One of the famous economists, Crowther had said, a bank “collects money from those who have it to spare or who are saving it out of their incomes, and lends this money to those who require it”. In short, the term bank in modern times refers to an institution that deals with money i.e. accepts deposits and advances loans; has the ability to create credit which basically implies expanding its liabilities as a multiple of its reserves; creates demand deposits and it is a commercial institution that aims at securing profits.
Citibank is a subsidiary of Citigroup. Citibank was founded as City Bank of New York in the year 1918. According to the latest statistics, it is now the third largest bank holding company in the United States by the total assets after Bank of America and JP Morgan Chase. The bank has its retail banking operations spread over more than 100 countries and territories around the world (Harold, Cleveland & Huertas, 1985). Apart from the standard banking transactions, Citibank offers credit cards, insurance and other investment products. Their online services have earned them appreciation from every nook and corner, making them the most successful in the field. The 15 million online users bear testimony to the stated fact. The key people involved in the management of the bank are: Vikram Pandit (CEO), John Gerspach (CFO), Douglas Peterson (COO) and Willliam R. Rhodes, the Chairman.
Strategy literally means the way an action is planned to achieve the desired results. Every company has certain aims that it hopes to conquer. It has a vivid description of what it desires to achieve. The vision statement that company has is an idealized picture which inspires it, energizes its efforts towards directing its actions towards the expected goals (Hambrick and Chen, 2007, p 935-955). Strategic Decision Making, in context of a firm or an organization, is the framing of long term plan of action that aims at resulting in success and profits for the products and services marketed by the company, for instance (Triantaphyllou, 2000, p 320). Strategic decision making is important to outperform the various other competitors in the market. The process of determining appropriate courses of action for achieving organizational objectives and thereby accomplishing organizational purpose is known as Strategy formulation. In today’s era of cut-throat competition in the business environment budget-oriented planning or forecast-based planning methods are insufficient for a large corporation to survive and prosper. The firm ...
This document discusses competitive intelligence and provides an overview of the topic. It covers the following key points:
1. The history and evolution of competitive intelligence over the past 30 years due to changes in technology and difficulties justifying large CI departments.
2. An overview of competitive intelligence, defining it as more than just information about competitors and emphasizing its role in developing winning strategies through leveraging knowledge assets.
3. The competitive intelligence process involving planning, collection from internal and external sources, analysis using techniques like SWOT and modeling, and dissemination of insights.
4. Categories of competitive intelligence like market intelligence, competitor intelligence, and customer intelligence.
. Introduction to Corporate Strategy(CS))debajanipalai
The term strategy is derived from the Greek word “Strategos” means a plan or process or a set of decision rules or an arrangement to create a common thread.
It is the path or the way to achieve the goals of the organization or corporate.
It helps the manager proactively to direct or run the organization in a volatile environment.
It consists of WH questions.
Mintzberg has defined the strategy which consists of “5Ps” such as: plan, pattern, position, ploy and perspective.
A Plan “how to achieve the target”.
A Pattern “to take consistent actions over time”.
A Position “to be achieved by offering goods and services in particular market”.
A Ploy “how to beat the competitors by using tactics and tricks with proper allocation and utilization of resources”.
A Perspective “it is the vision of the organization what it want to be”.
Strategy is concerned with to achieve the broad goals of the organization.
It establishes unique value proposition compared to its competitors.
It provides tailored value to its customers.
It clearly identifies and clarifies what not to do.
It empowers the organization to move towards its vision.
It creates environmental scanning to gain competitive advantage.
External environment is the environment outside of the organization which influences the business. It can broadly be categorised into two parts: Micro Environment & Macro Environment.
Micro Environment studies the small area of business or immediate periphery of the organization. It directly influence and regulate the business.
E.g.: customers, suppliers, creditors, vendors, competitors and local community.
Macro Environment: It studies overall business activity in a broad manner. It influences business on the basis of “PEST”: Political, Economic, Socio-cultural and Technology.
Internal Environment is a component of the business environment, which is composed of various elements present inside the organization that can affect and be affected by the decision of the organization and its activities.
The internal environment of the organization consists of employees, management, owner, shareholders, investors and all other resources.
Factors influencing external environment are: value system, vision, structure, culture, human resource, physical resource, technical-know-how etc.
Strategic Advantage Profile (SAP) is a summary statement which provides an overview of the advantages and disadvantages in key areas which affect future operations of the organization.
It is the systematic evaluation of strategic advantage which is significant for the business and its environment.
It involves analysis of internal strength and weakness along with opportunities and threats by focusing on complete study of functional areas like: marketing, production, finance, accounting, personnel, R&D.
This document discusses the importance of competitive intelligence (CI) for businesses. It provides an overview of CI processes and techniques including analyzing competitors, customers, technologies and the external environment. CI helps minimize threats and maximize opportunities. It is an important input for strategic decision making. The document emphasizes that CI requires collecting information from various sources, analyzing it to extract insights, and using those insights to make better strategic, operational and tactical decisions.
MKT711 v7Marketing Plan GuidelinesMKT711 v7Page 2 of 2MaIlonaThornburg83
MKT/711 v7
Marketing Plan Guidelines
MKT/711 v7
Page 2 of 2
Marketing Plan Guidelines
Introduction
Before a company commits any funds, resources, or capital to any project, market expansion, or research and development, it needs to have a good handle on the potential market outlook as well as risks.
Review the differences between the two types of data collection methods:
Primary Information Sources
Secondary Information Sources
· Direct observation
· Focus groups
· Surveys
· Experiments
· Internal data sources – The best source of data on current objectives, strategies, performance, and available resources are from the company itself.
· Government sources – Information on the economy, population, and business activities is the major strength of most government data sources. Government sources are also easily accessible and low in cost.
· Book and periodical sources – Articles and research reports are available in the library and other sources on the internet.
· Commercial sources – Trade reports and market research studies are available on websites like the American Marketing Association, or the Advertising Research Foundation.
Analyze secondary information to get a better handle on customer segments and their buying criteria for the brand you have chosen. You will also gain insights into the market landscape, which includes competition, technical information, legal and regulatory issues, supply chain challenges, and other related factors. Through this analysis, you will get a good sense of how well your brand is positioned to compete in the market.
Data Collection Methods
Describe what types of primary and secondary sources you will use to gather information about the brand you selected.
Note: You will need to support your recommendations with secondary research because you do not have time to conduct primary research.
Overview of Brand
Describe the organization and the products or services the brand offers, including the following:
· Description of the brand, including when the brand was founded, the location, size, divisions, product lines, etc.
· Products and services offered by this brand; emphasize the benefits to potential and current customers
· How long the brand has been in the market
· Main selling points of the brand, including how many models, package sizes, and line extensions are marketed by the brand
· The experience of key personnel in the organization, as experience often relates to marketing and business success
Provide an overview of the brand’s financial condition, such as sales, growth rates, capital structure, financial stability, etc.
Include the following items, as appropriate:
· Current objectives
· Overall strategy
· Performance
· Resources
· Financial strength
· Global presence
· Marketing strengths
· Salesforce size
· Research and development excellence
· Supply chain structure
· Stakeholders
Note: You can obtain most of this information from ann ...
The document discusses various strategic analysis tools and techniques used to analyze a company's internal strengths and weaknesses as well as external opportunities and threats. It describes Porter's Five Forces framework for industry analysis, which examines the competitive forces that shape an industry and the attractiveness of the industry. It also discusses the SWOT analysis technique for assessing internal strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats. Environmental scanning techniques like ETOP and QUEST are covered, which help identify external factors that may impact a company. The importance of strategic analysis for formulating business strategy is emphasized.
THE EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT-Strategic Management chpter 3zikrullah bahrun
The document provides details of a group presentation on performing an external audit. It includes the group members' names and student IDs. It then discusses the purpose and process of an external audit, including gathering information on key external factors such as economic, social, cultural, political, and technological forces. It also explains tools for external analysis such as Porter's Five Forces model and how to develop an EFE matrix to evaluate external factors that present opportunities and threats.
The document discusses developing competitive advantage and strategic focus through situation analysis and SWOT analysis. It covers collecting and analyzing marketing information, including conducting an internal, customer, and external environment analysis. A SWOT analysis framework is then presented for organizing environmental data. Key elements of a SWOT analysis include identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats within the internal and external environments. Conducting a thorough situation analysis and SWOT is important for informing marketing strategy and leveraging competitive advantages.
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
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Strategic management involves determining an organization's long-term goals and plans. It includes analyzing the internal and external environment, formulating strategies, implementing strategies, and evaluating performance. Key aspects of strategic management include identifying the mission and objectives, conducting a SWOT analysis, developing corporate and business-level strategies around areas like growth, stability, and competitive advantage. Current issues involve e-business strategies, customer service strategies, and innovation strategies. Strategic flexibility is the ability to adapt strategies in response to changes in the external environment.
This document discusses Porter's five forces model of competitive strategy. It provides details on each of the five competitive forces: the threat of new entry, competitive rivalry, threat of substitution, bargaining power of suppliers, and bargaining power of customers. It explains how these forces shape industry competition and profitability. The document also discusses Michael Porter's development of the five forces framework and how it can be used to analyze industries and improve a firm's competitive position.
Situational analysis, Business strategy and BCG matrixPinnakk Paul
The document discusses situational analysis and two methods for conducting situational analysis: 5Cs analysis and Porter's five forces analysis. 5Cs analysis examines a company, customers, competitors, collaborators, and the broader climate/environment. Porter's five forces model analyzes the threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of suppliers and customers, and competitive rivalry within an industry. The document provides details on how to apply each method and examples of factors to consider for each element of the analyses.
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The document discusses value chain analysis and the internal environment of an organization. It defines value chain analysis as describing the primary and support activities of a business and how they relate to competitive strength. Primary activities directly involve creating and delivering a product or service, while support activities increase effectiveness and efficiency. Value chain analysis can identify which activities a business should undertake itself and which it should outsource. The internal environment consists of an organization's resources and capabilities in the form of its value chain. It involves identifying competencies and competitive advantages.
This document discusses factors that shape a company's strategy, including analyzing the macroenvironment, industry, competitors, and internal organization. It covers analyzing political/regulatory, economic, technological, and social forces in the macroenvironment. Industry analysis examines threats of new entrants, substitutes, and bargaining power of buyers/suppliers. Competitor analysis frameworks look at goals, strategies, assumptions, and capabilities. Environmental scanning and forecasting help predict future trends.
Strategic management involves establishing an organization's objectives and strategies to achieve long-term goals. It includes three main stages: strategy formulation, implementation, and evaluation. Strategy formulation involves developing strategic alternatives and selecting strategies to match strengths to opportunities. Implementation turns strategies into actions. Evaluation assesses strategy effectiveness and provides feedback for new planning. External opportunities and threats as well as internal strengths and weaknesses are analyzed to formulate competitive strategies.
The strategic management process has four main steps: 1) Environmental scanning to analyze internal/external factors, 2) Strategy formulation to determine corporate/business/functional strategies, 3) Strategy implementation by designing organizational structure and allocating resources, and 4) Strategy evaluation by assessing strategies and performance and taking corrective actions. It is a continuous process of appraising the business, industries, competitors, and reassessing strategies to achieve goals. Competitive advantages do not last forever as rivals can eventually duplicate a firm's resources and capabilities over time through developing their own unique strengths.
Before 1900, despite its weaknesses in effective management of worke.pdfarishaenterprises12
Before 1900, despite its weaknesses in effective management of workers, manufacturing
leadership was well provided by top management. They were technological entrepreneurs,
archictects of productive systems, veritable lions of industry. But when they delegated their
production responsibilities to a second-level department, the factory institution never recovered
its vitality. The lion was tamed. It\'s management systems became protective and generally were
neither enterpreneual nor strategic. Production managers since then have typically had little to do
with initiating substantially new process technology-in contrast to their predecessors before 1900
(skinner 1985).
D) how is Japan (or Germany) different from (or the same as) America with regards to this trend
in manufacturing leadership?
E) taking the structural charestaristics of manufacturing enterprises (e.g., scale, complexity, pace
of technological change) as given, what can be done to revitalize manufacturing leadership?
Solution
Strategic Windows: their nature.
The nature and purpose of strategy and how it is formulated. The nature of marketing strategy
and how this should take account of the interests of various stakeholders when involving such
things as, product/service development and delivery, promotional mix, support services,
manufacturing and production processes, R&D, and material purchasing affect the stakeholders.
Other factors in the business environment that influence marketing strategy: political, economic,
socio-cultural and technological (PEST).
Marketing and competitors: how a firm must be able to position itself competitively in the minds
of its customers so that its products and services stand out very favourably in important respects
in relationship to competitors.
Matching the firm’s products / services with opportunities and threats in the market place. The
limited periods during which the fit between the key requirements of a market and the particular
competencies of a firm competing in that market are at an optimum. Investment in a product line
or a market area should be timed to coincide with periods during which a strategic window is
open. Correspondingly, withdrawal should be considered where something which was a good fit,
is no longer a good fit. Ways in which a market can evolve and how firms might develop a
competitive strategy to take advantage of Strategic Windows.
Portfolio Analysis
How organisations create their own environments rather than simply adapt to existing ones. How
they select the strategic windows of opportunities and threats through which they want to look
out into the world and develop and market product and services to meet the needs of what they
observe to be required in the face of environmental turbulence.
How well the fit between an organization’s products/services meet the needs presented by the
windows of opportunities and threats is a fitting start for exploring the subject of strategic
marketing. It introduces the many factors t.
The document discusses various topics related to business strategy formulation including:
1. Different levels of strategy from corporate to operational.
2. Types of competitive advantage like cost leadership and differentiation.
3. Porter's five forces model for industry analysis.
4. SWOT analysis for understanding internal strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats.
5. Strategic management process involving analysis, strategy development and implementation.
The term strategy is derived from the Greek word “Strategos” means a plan or process or a set of decision rules or an arrangement to create a common thread.
It is the path or the way to achieve the goals of the organization or corporate.
It helps the manager proactively to direct or run the organization in a volatile environment.
It consists of WH questions.
Mintzberg has defined the strategy which consists of “5Ps” such as: plan, pattern, position, ploy and perspective.
A Plan “how to achieve the target”.
A Pattern “to take consistent actions over time”.
A Position “to be achieved by offering goods and services in particular market”.
A Ploy “how to beat the competitors by using tactics and tricks with proper allocation and utilization of resources”.
A Perspective “it is the vision of the organization what it want to be”.
Characteristics:
Strategy is concerned with to achieve the broad goals of the organization.
It establishes unique value proposition compared to its competitors.
It provides tailored value to its customers.
It clearly identifies and clarifies what not to do.
It empowers the organization to move towards its vision.
It creates environmental scanning to gain competitive advantage.
External environment is the environment outside of the organization which influences the business. It can broadly be categorised into two parts: Micro Environment & Macro Environment.
Micro Environment studies the small area of business or immediate periphery of the organization. It directly influence and regulate the business.
E.g.: customers, suppliers, creditors, vendors, competitors and local community.
Macro Environment: It studies overall business activity in a broad manner. It influences business on the basis of “PEST”: Political, Economic, Socio-cultural and Technology.
Political Factors consists of employment laws, tax policy, policies regarding trade & tariffs, environmental regulation and political stability.
Economic Factors consists of economic growth, interest rate, exchange rate and inflation rate.
Socio-Cultural Factors consists of health consciousness, population growth rate, age, career attitude, emphasis on safety etc.
Technological Factor consists of R & D activity, automation, technology incentives and change in technology.
Internal Environment is a component of the business environment, which is composed of various elements present inside the organization that can affect and be affected by the decision of the organization and its activities.
The internal environment of the organization consists of employees, management, owner, shareholders, investors and all other resources.
Factors influencing external environment are: value system, vision, structure, culture, human resource, physical resource, technical-know-how etc.
The internal environment environmental analysis generates long list of resources and capabilities which play vital role in strategy formulation.
It determines the strength and weakness of the organization.
This document discusses organizational analysis and value chain analysis. It provides an overview of several models for organizational analysis, including the strategic triangle model, SWOT model, rational model, natural system model, and sociotechnical model. It then discusses value chain analysis and its components. Value chain analysis examines activities involved in production and marketing to determine strengths and weaknesses. The document outlines the key components of value chain analysis including organizational structure, culture, finance, marketing, operations, human resources, and information systems.
Assignment 3 Case StudyE-Business Strategy and Models in B.docxbraycarissa250
Assignment 3: Case Study
E-Business Strategy and Models in Banks: Case of Citibank
Bank is an institution that deals with money as well as credit. It accepts deposits from the public, makes funds available to those who need then and helps in remittance of money from one place to another (Macesich, George, 2000, p-42). Modern banks today perform a wide range of functions that makes it difficult to give an apt and precise definition of it. One of the famous economists, Crowther had said, a bank “collects money from those who have it to spare or who are saving it out of their incomes, and lends this money to those who require it”. In short, the term bank in modern times refers to an institution that deals with money i.e. accepts deposits and advances loans; has the ability to create credit which basically implies expanding its liabilities as a multiple of its reserves; creates demand deposits and it is a commercial institution that aims at securing profits.
Citibank is a subsidiary of Citigroup. Citibank was founded as City Bank of New York in the year 1918. According to the latest statistics, it is now the third largest bank holding company in the United States by the total assets after Bank of America and JP Morgan Chase. The bank has its retail banking operations spread over more than 100 countries and territories around the world (Harold, Cleveland & Huertas, 1985). Apart from the standard banking transactions, Citibank offers credit cards, insurance and other investment products. Their online services have earned them appreciation from every nook and corner, making them the most successful in the field. The 15 million online users bear testimony to the stated fact. The key people involved in the management of the bank are: Vikram Pandit (CEO), John Gerspach (CFO), Douglas Peterson (COO) and Willliam R. Rhodes, the Chairman.
Strategy literally means the way an action is planned to achieve the desired results. Every company has certain aims that it hopes to conquer. It has a vivid description of what it desires to achieve. The vision statement that company has is an idealized picture which inspires it, energizes its efforts towards directing its actions towards the expected goals (Hambrick and Chen, 2007, p 935-955). Strategic Decision Making, in context of a firm or an organization, is the framing of long term plan of action that aims at resulting in success and profits for the products and services marketed by the company, for instance (Triantaphyllou, 2000, p 320). Strategic decision making is important to outperform the various other competitors in the market. The process of determining appropriate courses of action for achieving organizational objectives and thereby accomplishing organizational purpose is known as Strategy formulation. In today’s era of cut-throat competition in the business environment budget-oriented planning or forecast-based planning methods are insufficient for a large corporation to survive and prosper. The firm ...
This document discusses competitive intelligence and provides an overview of the topic. It covers the following key points:
1. The history and evolution of competitive intelligence over the past 30 years due to changes in technology and difficulties justifying large CI departments.
2. An overview of competitive intelligence, defining it as more than just information about competitors and emphasizing its role in developing winning strategies through leveraging knowledge assets.
3. The competitive intelligence process involving planning, collection from internal and external sources, analysis using techniques like SWOT and modeling, and dissemination of insights.
4. Categories of competitive intelligence like market intelligence, competitor intelligence, and customer intelligence.
. Introduction to Corporate Strategy(CS))debajanipalai
The term strategy is derived from the Greek word “Strategos” means a plan or process or a set of decision rules or an arrangement to create a common thread.
It is the path or the way to achieve the goals of the organization or corporate.
It helps the manager proactively to direct or run the organization in a volatile environment.
It consists of WH questions.
Mintzberg has defined the strategy which consists of “5Ps” such as: plan, pattern, position, ploy and perspective.
A Plan “how to achieve the target”.
A Pattern “to take consistent actions over time”.
A Position “to be achieved by offering goods and services in particular market”.
A Ploy “how to beat the competitors by using tactics and tricks with proper allocation and utilization of resources”.
A Perspective “it is the vision of the organization what it want to be”.
Strategy is concerned with to achieve the broad goals of the organization.
It establishes unique value proposition compared to its competitors.
It provides tailored value to its customers.
It clearly identifies and clarifies what not to do.
It empowers the organization to move towards its vision.
It creates environmental scanning to gain competitive advantage.
External environment is the environment outside of the organization which influences the business. It can broadly be categorised into two parts: Micro Environment & Macro Environment.
Micro Environment studies the small area of business or immediate periphery of the organization. It directly influence and regulate the business.
E.g.: customers, suppliers, creditors, vendors, competitors and local community.
Macro Environment: It studies overall business activity in a broad manner. It influences business on the basis of “PEST”: Political, Economic, Socio-cultural and Technology.
Internal Environment is a component of the business environment, which is composed of various elements present inside the organization that can affect and be affected by the decision of the organization and its activities.
The internal environment of the organization consists of employees, management, owner, shareholders, investors and all other resources.
Factors influencing external environment are: value system, vision, structure, culture, human resource, physical resource, technical-know-how etc.
Strategic Advantage Profile (SAP) is a summary statement which provides an overview of the advantages and disadvantages in key areas which affect future operations of the organization.
It is the systematic evaluation of strategic advantage which is significant for the business and its environment.
It involves analysis of internal strength and weakness along with opportunities and threats by focusing on complete study of functional areas like: marketing, production, finance, accounting, personnel, R&D.
This document discusses the importance of competitive intelligence (CI) for businesses. It provides an overview of CI processes and techniques including analyzing competitors, customers, technologies and the external environment. CI helps minimize threats and maximize opportunities. It is an important input for strategic decision making. The document emphasizes that CI requires collecting information from various sources, analyzing it to extract insights, and using those insights to make better strategic, operational and tactical decisions.
MKT711 v7Marketing Plan GuidelinesMKT711 v7Page 2 of 2MaIlonaThornburg83
MKT/711 v7
Marketing Plan Guidelines
MKT/711 v7
Page 2 of 2
Marketing Plan Guidelines
Introduction
Before a company commits any funds, resources, or capital to any project, market expansion, or research and development, it needs to have a good handle on the potential market outlook as well as risks.
Review the differences between the two types of data collection methods:
Primary Information Sources
Secondary Information Sources
· Direct observation
· Focus groups
· Surveys
· Experiments
· Internal data sources – The best source of data on current objectives, strategies, performance, and available resources are from the company itself.
· Government sources – Information on the economy, population, and business activities is the major strength of most government data sources. Government sources are also easily accessible and low in cost.
· Book and periodical sources – Articles and research reports are available in the library and other sources on the internet.
· Commercial sources – Trade reports and market research studies are available on websites like the American Marketing Association, or the Advertising Research Foundation.
Analyze secondary information to get a better handle on customer segments and their buying criteria for the brand you have chosen. You will also gain insights into the market landscape, which includes competition, technical information, legal and regulatory issues, supply chain challenges, and other related factors. Through this analysis, you will get a good sense of how well your brand is positioned to compete in the market.
Data Collection Methods
Describe what types of primary and secondary sources you will use to gather information about the brand you selected.
Note: You will need to support your recommendations with secondary research because you do not have time to conduct primary research.
Overview of Brand
Describe the organization and the products or services the brand offers, including the following:
· Description of the brand, including when the brand was founded, the location, size, divisions, product lines, etc.
· Products and services offered by this brand; emphasize the benefits to potential and current customers
· How long the brand has been in the market
· Main selling points of the brand, including how many models, package sizes, and line extensions are marketed by the brand
· The experience of key personnel in the organization, as experience often relates to marketing and business success
Provide an overview of the brand’s financial condition, such as sales, growth rates, capital structure, financial stability, etc.
Include the following items, as appropriate:
· Current objectives
· Overall strategy
· Performance
· Resources
· Financial strength
· Global presence
· Marketing strengths
· Salesforce size
· Research and development excellence
· Supply chain structure
· Stakeholders
Note: You can obtain most of this information from ann ...
The document discusses various strategic analysis tools and techniques used to analyze a company's internal strengths and weaknesses as well as external opportunities and threats. It describes Porter's Five Forces framework for industry analysis, which examines the competitive forces that shape an industry and the attractiveness of the industry. It also discusses the SWOT analysis technique for assessing internal strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats. Environmental scanning techniques like ETOP and QUEST are covered, which help identify external factors that may impact a company. The importance of strategic analysis for formulating business strategy is emphasized.
THE EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT-Strategic Management chpter 3zikrullah bahrun
The document provides details of a group presentation on performing an external audit. It includes the group members' names and student IDs. It then discusses the purpose and process of an external audit, including gathering information on key external factors such as economic, social, cultural, political, and technological forces. It also explains tools for external analysis such as Porter's Five Forces model and how to develop an EFE matrix to evaluate external factors that present opportunities and threats.
The document discusses developing competitive advantage and strategic focus through situation analysis and SWOT analysis. It covers collecting and analyzing marketing information, including conducting an internal, customer, and external environment analysis. A SWOT analysis framework is then presented for organizing environmental data. Key elements of a SWOT analysis include identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats within the internal and external environments. Conducting a thorough situation analysis and SWOT is important for informing marketing strategy and leveraging competitive advantages.
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
At Techbox Square, in Singapore, we're not just creative web designers and developers, we're the driving force behind your brand identity. Contact us today.
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At Techbox Square, in Singapore, we're not just creative web designers and developers, we're the driving force behind your brand identity. Contact us today.
B2B payments are rapidly changing. Find out the 5 key questions you need to be asking yourself to be sure you are mastering B2B payments today. Learn more at www.BlueSnap.com.
How MJ Global Leads the Packaging Industry.pdfMJ Global
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United States as of 2022. The stylish puppy has ascended the
rankings in rapid time despite having health concerns and limited
color choices.”
Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.AnnySerafinaLove
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Structural Design Process: Step-by-Step Guide for BuildingsChandresh Chudasama
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IMPACT Silver is a pure silver zinc producer with over $260 million in revenue since 2008 and a large 100% owned 210km Mexico land package - 2024 catalysts includes new 14% grade zinc Plomosas mine and 20,000m of fully funded exploration drilling.
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1. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272353031
SWOT Analysis
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3. 2 SWOT analysis
SWOT
analysis
Analysis of
internal environment
Strengths and Weaknesses
(micro environment)
Organizational functions
Analysis of
external envrionment
Opportunities and Threats
(macro environment)
Competitor environment
Industry environment
General environment
Figure 1 SWOT analysis main components.
Internal environment Strengths Weaknesses
action
1. Financial
2. Managerial
3. Infrastructural
4. Suppliers
5. Manufacturing
6. Distribution channels
7. Marketing
8. Brand equity
9. Innovation resources
Strategic
SWOT analysis template
Internal Strengths (S) and Weaknesses (W)
(micro analysis)
Figure 2 Template for the analysis of internal strengths and weaknesses.
skilled players and a management style that
rewards team performance.
Infrastructural resources are the backbone of
the company allowing operations to run effi-
ciently while providing information to improve
the current processes. Examples of infras-
tructural resources are computerized systems
for finance, accounts, procurement, internal
processes, production, stores, marketing, sales,
logistics, and customer relationship manage-
ment. The analysis can go a step further by
evaluating the platforms on which the systems
run, such as computer based, mobile, and cloud
platforms that may increase usability across the
organization’s departments and employees.
Suppliers and the nature of their products and
services will have a bearing on the competitive
4. SWOT analysis 3
advantage of an organization. Different methods
and techniques are used to rate and evaluate
suppliers. An effective assessment is based
on the key deliverables of the product range,
quality, availability, lead times, and service
responsiveness.
Manufacturing resources such as plant,
machinery, automation, and technical support
are essential to develop quality products. Flex-
ibility in manufacturing is another factor to
consider as it enables innovation and product
development. Modular manufacturing and
outsourcing of production are other factors that
would cater for innovation and change in the
product line.
Distribution channels can be analyzed to seek
the strengths and weaknesses of logistics, part-
ners, and distribution chain management.
Other areas of assessment are the motivation
of channel members, product, pricing, and
motivation issues in the marketing channels.
Marketing functions are reviewed in terms of
their effectiveness concerning industry knowl-
edge through research, product development,
product life cycle management, pricing policies,
distribution channel design, advertising, public
relations, sales, and product promotion.
Brand equity is the goodwill derived from the
reputation of the organization and its brands.
The strengths and weaknesses are extracted for
different brand names, the market’s perceptions
of quality and reliability, and the organiza-
tion’s reputation with stakeholders such as
suppliers, financers, prospective employees,
channel members, and customers. The objective
of the analysis is to create brands that are differ-
entiated from the competition, thereby reducing
the number of substitutes in the marketplace.
Innovation resources are part of the culture of
an organization that encourages a climate for
new ideas and technological capabilities, and has
the capacity to innovate. Measureable innovation
resources take the form of copyrights, patents,
trademarks, and commercially sensitive business
blueprints.
RESOURCE SIMILARITY
Resource similarity occurs when characteristics
of competitors are almost the same (see Figures 1
and 2). Competitors may have access to the same
level of finance, managerial skill, and technolog-
ical infrastructure. The incoming supply chain
and outgoing distribution chain may be common
throughout the industry.
Organizations with similar resources are likely
to have similar strategies. Another phenomenon
is that organizations are more likely to engage
in coopetition, a form of collaborative competi-
tion designed to increase revenues by growing
the industry as a whole rather than growing
market shares. The rules of competition become
survival through tacit complicity to grow the
market collectively.
This is the case for the telecommunications
industry. Mobile network operators such as
Vodafone and T-Mobile have access to the
same network suppliers (such as Ericsson and
Siemens) and telephone suppliers (such as
Nokia, Samsung, Apple, and Sony). Managerial
skill is brought in from an international supply
pool. Innovation is dependent on the same
technology providers who hold the patents for
new products.
Adaptive behavior arises from competition
and cooperation among the system agents at
the level of technological standards and physical
platforms. In this environment, competition
becomes the driving force behind cooperation.
Competing firms are observed to forge alliances
and symbiotic relationships to increase the
industry’s size. Coopetition emerges as mobile
network operators move toward similar network
interdependence, standardization of technology,
and the limitations imposed by the regulatory
environment.
CHALLENGES OF INTERNAL ANALYSIS
When it comes to completing the internal
strengths and weaknesses section of a SWOT
analysis, management practitioners make the
common mistake of listing all the factors in
which the organization is believed to be robust
or most vulnerable. They end up with a long
list of factors, which would make it difficult to
analyze and to translate into strategic action.
While the generation of such a list is appro-
priate in a context, its contribution toward the
development of business level strategy is limited.
Management practitioners are best advised
to identify those factors that have a direct
5. 4 SWOT analysis
bearing on the ultimate source of competitive
advantage that an organization is seeking to
achieve. For example, having high levels of
cleanliness and hygiene in a back office oper-
ation is intrinsically beneficial but unlikely
to make a significant contribution toward the
source of competitive advantage that the orga-
nization is seeking. On the other hand, high
levels of cleanliness and hygiene are compulsory
in industries such as catering establishments,
pharmaceutical manufacturers, and hospital
institutions – where client health and safety
could be compromised. In these contexts,
hygiene cannot be defined as a strength but
more of a mere basic requirement. Ideally, an
internal analysis should be prepared on the basis
of an organization’s attributes in comparison
to its competition. The attributes are reviewed
with respect to how they contribute or limit
the organization from achieving a competitive
position.
ANALYSIS OF EXTERNAL OPPORTUNITIES AND
THREATS
The objective of an external environment anal-
ysis is to help organizations recognize major
developments and future implications. The
external environment consists of variables that
are beyond the control of an organization, but
which require analysis to realign corporate
strategy to shifting business environments. An
external analysis identifies possible threats and
opportunities for further expansion.
Commercial opportunities emerge in the
environment that can be exploited to create
competitive advantage. For example, mobile
money transactions are estimated to reach $1
trillion by 2015. With the widespread diffusion
of tablets and smartphones, higher transmis-
sion speeds and an advantageous regulatory
environment, the global market is ready for the
service to become widely diffused. The revenue
opportunities lie in the percentage commission
on each mobile transaction and fees for storing
monetary values in digital wallets. The oppor-
tunities for new revenue streams and business
models are wide open for mobile operators.
The top six operators namely, China Mobile,
Vodafone, Airtel, América Móvil, Telefónica,
and Orange are gearing up for the challenge.
Banks, financial intermediaries, and a host of
new digital transaction firms are preparing for
the next wave of growth.
Threats are situations in the external environ-
ment that are an obstacle to an organization’s
competitive advantage. For example, online
readership of books, newspapers, and magazines
is rapidly catching up with print readership
and is likely to surpass it. Smartphones and
tablets are expected to outnumber personal
computer and laptop sales. The external threat
from mobile technology and the implication for
publishing companies, such as Wiley, Pearson,
Reed Elsevier, and Cengage, is that their print
products would need to be reengineered for
digital consumption on mobile platforms.
The external analysis of opportunities and
threats is categorized into three main areas (see
Figure 3). The analysis of the competitor envi-
ronment focuses on the organizational resources
of competitive rivals and conditions that are
likely to affect future market shares, revenues,
and profits. The analysis of the industry environ-
ment is based on Porter’s framework of factors
influencing an industry’s dynamics and struc-
ture. The analysis of the general environment
adopts frameworks from political, economic,
social and technological (PEST) and its deriva-
tives. The strategies that emerge from the three
areas of analyses determine the organization’s
vision, mission, and strategic planning.
Competitor environment is an area of analysis
that is largely concerned with the collection
and processing of knowledge on rival firms.
The methodology involves looking at each
competitor, gathering information on resources,
capabilities, core competences, and competitive
advantage. The opportunities and threats to the
organization become apparent as each element is
identified. This would, hence, imply that Nokia
needs to learn as much as it can about its main
challengers, such as Samsung, Apple, LG, RIM,
HTC Motorola, Huawei, and Sony Ericsson to
meet and exceed the pace of product innovation.
Industry environment analysis is the review
of factors that have a direct impact on the
organization’s income stream and that require a
strategic response. The objective is to minimize
negative implications and exploit positive oppor-
tunities. The analysis is based on Porter’s five
forces of competition, as follow: the intensity
6. SWOT analysis 5
SWOT analysis template
External Opportunities (O) and Threats (T)
(macro analysis)
External environments Opportunities Threats
Strategic
action
Competitor environment
Financial
Managerial
Organizational
Suppliers
Manufacturing
Distribution channels
Marketing
Brand equity
Innovation resources
Industry environment
Intensity of rivalry among competitors
Threat of new entrants
Threat of substitute products
Bargaining power of suppliers
Bargaining power of buyers
General environment
Political
Economic
Socio-cultural
Technological
Legal
Environmental
Demographic
Ethical
Regulatory
Figure 3 Template for the analysis of external opportunities and threats.
of competitive rivalry, threat of new entrants,
power of buyers, power of suppliers, and the
threat of product substitutes. The business
model, revenue streams, and profitability among
competitors are determined by these five factors.
The implications of the industry environment
for strategic management are twofold:
From the industrial organization’s (I/O)
perspective of strategy, the organization should
identify and seek to operate in markets that
provide the best opportunities for competitiveness
and profitability. The industries and the
geographic markets in which a firm chooses
to operate have a higher impact on performance
than strategic decision concerning internal
resources, capabilities, and core competencies.
According to the resource-based view (RBV)
perspective, organizations should locate a
competitive position in the market space, where
it can influence and control the five factors
(entrants, suppliers, buyers, substitute, rivalry)
or where it can protect itself from their threats.
7. 6 SWOT analysis
Opportunities and threats Impact
Competitor activity Establishment of a hypermarket chain
with an outlet in close proximity to the
supermarket.
Potential loss of customers to the new
outlet that may afford to charge lower
prices due to economies of scale.
Suppliers Establishment of a large number of new
suppliers for fruits and vegetables.
Increased competition is likely to drive
down their price.
Government Harsher HACCP requirements to ensure
optimal food safety in establishments
Higher compliance costs in an effort to
make changes to existing operations to
comply with new requirements.
Economic changes Economic recession is eroding the
disposable income of potential buyers.
Potential reduction in demand or a shift
from more expensive to less expensive
food items.
Societal Working families with limited time
available for cooking who are becoming
increasingly health conscious.
Increased demand for healthy ready meals
at the supermarket.
Technology Increased accessibility through on-line
channels.
Market spread for products and services
have increased as a result of e-commerce
with a positive impact on sales.
External environment
sample of dimensions
Figure 4 Sample of external environment dimensions. Analysis of opportunities and threats for a supermarket chain.
The greater the ability of an organization to
influence the industry environment, the likelier
it is to earn profits above the industry’s average.
The analytical structure of SWOT that is used
to review the external environment tends toward
the RBV view. The assumption that organiza-
tions can strategize against threats implies that
they are reactive to their environment. Microsoft
has been instrumental in shaping the computing
environment and the commercial environment,
in general. Apple acted as a game changer when
it introduced major technological innovations
such as iPod, iPhone, and iPad. Other companies
are influential in establishing new technological
standards, such as the consortia of telecommu-
nications companies forming the GSM and the
3G standards.
General environment analysis looks at the
broader dimensions of society and business that
have consequences for the organization and its
industry. The dimensions are typically viewed
from political, economic, sociocultural, tech-
nological, ecological, demographical, ethical,
and regulatory perspectives. These are derived
from the traditional PEST framework and its
variations. The general environment analysis
typically identifies the key factors that drive
change within elements making up Porter’s five-
force model. The change in dynamics in industry
forces could in turn define whether such change
presents an opportunity or a threat to the orga-
nization performing the analysis. In contrast
to the model, opportunities and threats are
business specific rather than industry specific.
In particular, a threat for one organization in an
industry could be an opportunity for another.
For example, advancement in information
and communication technologies have eradi-
cated boundaries for traditional tour operators
offering all-inclusive packages to prospective
clients. Although this could be considered as a
threat to established players, it creates oppor-
tunities for new forms of intermediaries to
compete in the tourism market.
Figure 4 provides an example of an analysis
based on a sample set of dimensions within
the external environment and applied to a
supermarket chain.
SOURCES OF EXTERNAL ANALYSIS
Organizations use different sources of infor-
mation to build a picture of the external
environment, including a broad variety of
industry-specific magazines, news items, acade-
mic papers, market research reports, commercial
publications, and trade shows. Information can
be sought through informal communication or
8. SWOT analysis 7
structured research with suppliers, customers,
potential customers, and the public. Employees
and industry personnel who are in direct contact
with the market have a great deal of information
about the competitive landscape, competitive
behavior, and possible trends. Customer care
representatives, salespeople, procurement exec-
utives, public relations, and communications
agencies interact with the external environment
and are good sources of information.
COGNITIVE INERTIA AND EXTERNAL
ANALYSIS
An organization’s environmental analysis can
be biased in terms of the level of focus given to
different factors of the external environment.
Strategists may review their business environ-
ment by creating cognitive maps, which act as
tools to process knowledge. These frameworks
are shaped mainly from personal experience.
Individual and collective cognitive maps within
an industry can be indifferent to significant
economic indicators and market signals during
a time when an industry is changing rapidly.
Cognitive inertia, unless reexamined by regular
reviews of incoming information that refresh
the strategist understanding of the business
environment can lead to the decline of an
organization.
TOWS MATRIX
An adaptation of the SWOT Analysis is
Weihrich’s TOWS Matrix (see Figure 5).
The matrix identifies potential tactical strate-
gies that could be deployed for the purpose of
exploiting opportunities or defending against
threats through the leverage of the existing
strengths and the reduction of weaknesses.
The TOWS Matrix seeks to develop tactical
strategies based on four different positions.
The WO strategy in the first quadrant
attempts to maximize opportunities arising
from the external environment and eliminating
the organization’s internal weaknesses that
hinder its growth. For example, an electronics
manufacturer may be aware of the growing
demand for tablets, but may lack the technology
required for producing screens. Possible strate-
gies would be to create joint ventures with
firms that have the technology and possibly the
patents for interactive screens, which are at the
edge of innovation. Another option would be
to subcontract the function to firms that have
competency in this field. If no action is taken,
the opportunity of market growth is left to
competitors.
The SO strategy in the second quadrant is
an ideal situation where an organization can
Weaknesses (W) Strengths (S)
Opportunities
(O)
Examines strategies
that take advantage of
opportunities to avoid
weaknesses (WO)
Examines strategies
that use strengths to
make use of
opportunities (SO)
Threats
(T)
Examines strategies
that minimize the
effect of weaknesses
and overcome or
avoid threats (WT)
Examines strategies
that use strengths to
overcome or avoid
threats (ST)
Figure 5 TOWS matrix.
9. 8 SWOT analysis
maximize on both strengths and opportunities.
Apple was in a similar situation with a strong
cash balance of $140 billion reported in 2013,
more than twice the size of Facebook’s market
value. Apple employs a strategy of using excess
capital to develop its supply chain. More manu-
facturers are contracted to meet demand. More
capital is invested in process improvement and
logistics management to increase efficiency and
decrease the time to market.
The ST strategy uses the organization’s
internal strengths that can counteract threats
from competitors, the industry, and the greater
environment. However, a company with strong
market power would have to address threats in
the external environment with caution. The
legal system tends to react forcibly in such
situations. Microsoft was fined €561 million
($731 million) in 2013 for noncompliance of a
regulatory request failing to offer consumers the
option to choose their web browser when using a
Windows platform. The world’s largest software
producer has faced several fines in the United
States and Europe. Microsoft has incurred a
total of €2.2 billion in fines by the EU in 10 years
for charges on noncompetitive strategic action.
The WT strategy in the fourth quadrant is the
worst-case scenario when an organization has
to minimize both its weaknesses and its threats.
However, external forces may not be avoidable as
in the case of the tobacco industry. The survival
of the world’s largest cigarette manufacturers,
Philip Morris International, China National
Tobacco, Japan Tobacco International, Imperial
Tobacco Group, and British American Tobacco
depends on the constant preemptive strategy
to counteract strong regulation and lawsuits in
many countries.
CRITIQUE OF SWOT ANALYSIS
In spite of its apparent simplicity, SWOT anal-
ysis can be misused by practitioners. The correct
use of the tool is essential in ensuring that the
right strategic action is defined in the process.
It is good at drawing a picture of the current
internal and external state of affairs, but it does
not necessarily provide a guide to the strategic
action, which is required. SWOT is more of a
descriptive tool to conduct an overview of the
environment. It is not a prescriptive tool that
determines the nature of strategic planning.
An analytical approach should go beyond the
mere generation of lists under each heading
and should seek to determine the cause and
effect arising from each factor in the process.
A number of proponents have made various
recommendations with a view to enhance the
effectiveness of the tool. Strategy scholars have
suggested combining the SWOT analysis to the
Balanced Score Card and the Quality Function
Deployment (QFD) into a single tool for anal-
ysis. In spite of its limitations, there is general
acceptance that SWOT remains a useful tool for
reviewing a firm’s competitive position.
See also dynamic capabilities; five forces of compe-
tition; industry analysis; PEST analysis; resource-
based view
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