The document discusses regulations and guidelines for maintaining proper water quality in swimming pools. Standards recommend limits on microbial contaminants and requirements for pH, alkalinity, and clarity. Pool design considerations include providing different areas, ensuring proper depth for diving boards, and maintaining adequate surface area per bather. Safety is also addressed, such as eliminating diving boards in unsupervised areas and providing nonslip surfaces. Water treatment involves disinfection with chlorine, bromine, or UV, and controlling pH and mineral levels. Proper sampling techniques are described to periodically test water quality parameters.

1. Swimming Pools & itsSwimming Pools & its
MaintenanceMaintenance
A. Regulations &A. Regulations &
B. Design and safetyB. Design and safety

2. Objectives:Objectives:
List and describe regulationsList and describe regulations
affecting water quality in pools.affecting water quality in pools.
Discuss design and safetyDiscuss design and safety
considerations for pools.considerations for pools.

3. Regulation of water quality inRegulation of water quality in
pools:pools:
Sanitary quality of swimmingSanitary quality of swimming
water is determined by microbial,water is determined by microbial,
chemical, and physical tests describedchemical, and physical tests described
inin Standard Methods for the ExaminationStandard Methods for the Examination
of Water and Wastewaterof Water and Wastewater, performed by, performed by
competent laboratory personnel.competent laboratory personnel.

4. APHA Joint Committee onAPHA Joint Committee on
Swimming PoolsSwimming Pools
Recommendations:Recommendations:
Microbial parametersMicrobial parameters
(pools):(pools):
– Plate count - < 200 CFU/ml.Plate count - < 200 CFU/ml.
– Coliforms - < 1.0/50 ml.Coliforms - < 1.0/50 ml.
– Staphylococci - < 50/100 ml.Staphylococci - < 50/100 ml.

5. Joint CommitteeJoint Committee
recommendations (continued):recommendations (continued):
Physicochemical parameters (pools) -Physicochemical parameters (pools) -
– pH - 7.2 to 8.0.pH - 7.2 to 8.0.
– Alkalinity - 50 - 150 mg/L.Alkalinity - 50 - 150 mg/L.
– Clarity - 6 inch disc readily visible.Clarity - 6 inch disc readily visible.
8” Secchi disc used for natural waters.8” Secchi disc used for natural waters.

6. Swimming pool design:Swimming pool design:
Types of pools -Types of pools -
– RecirculatingRecirculating
water is circulated, filtered, andwater is circulated, filtered, and
chlorinated.chlorinated.
– Fill-and-draw - (no circulation).Fill-and-draw - (no circulation).
– Flow-through (500 gal/bather/day).Flow-through (500 gal/bather/day).
– Partly artificial.Partly artificial.

7. Design considerations, bathingDesign considerations, bathing
load limits for pools:load limits for pools:
Provide for diving, swimming, non-Provide for diving, swimming, non-
swimming areas in poolswimming areas in pool
Depth - varies with diving boardDepth - varies with diving board
– 8’6” deep for 2 ft diving board up to8’6” deep for 2 ft diving board up to
– 12’ deep for a 10 ft diving board.12’ deep for a 10 ft diving board.
300 ft300 ft22
pool area per diving board.pool area per diving board.
15-30 ft15-30 ft22
pool area per bather.pool area per bather.

8. Safety considerations for pools:Safety considerations for pools:
Diving injuries (head strikes) is theDiving injuries (head strikes) is the
primary injury in pools.primary injury in pools.
– Diving boards should be eliminated inDiving boards should be eliminated in
unsupervised areas.unsupervised areas.
Nonslip pool bottoms & run out areasNonslip pool bottoms & run out areas
help prevent slips due to wet surfaces.help prevent slips due to wet surfaces.
Water slides should terminate in atWater slides should terminate in at
least 3 feet of waterleast 3 feet of water

9. SummarySummary:
Standards and recommendations forStandards and recommendations for
pool quality include potentialpool quality include potential
microbial, chemical, and physicalmicrobial, chemical, and physical
contaminants affecting aesthetic andcontaminants affecting aesthetic and
health concerns.health concerns.
Pool design and maintenance canPool design and maintenance can
contribute to both safety andcontribute to both safety and
environmental health concerns.environmental health concerns.

10. Swimming PoolsSwimming Pools
Treatment, sampling, testing ofTreatment, sampling, testing of
water qualitywater quality

11. ObjectivesObjectives
Distinguish among different methodsDistinguish among different methods
used to treat water for pools.used to treat water for pools.
List, describe, and discuss samplingList, describe, and discuss sampling
and testing techniques for pool.and testing techniques for pool.

12. Pool water treatment:Pool water treatment:
Disinfection - Chlorine, bromine,Disinfection - Chlorine, bromine,
iodine, and UV radiation.iodine, and UV radiation.
– Chlorine and bromine are the chemicalChlorine and bromine are the chemical
treatments of choice.treatments of choice.
– UV radiation plus hydrogen peroxide isUV radiation plus hydrogen peroxide is
also effective for swimming pools.also effective for swimming pools.
– 0.6 mg/L free available residual chlorine0.6 mg/L free available residual chlorine
recommended.recommended.

13. Pool water treatmentPool water treatment
(continued):(continued):
Control of pH, corrosion, scale.Control of pH, corrosion, scale.
– pH should be adjusted to above 7.4.pH should be adjusted to above 7.4.
(Eye irritation occurs below pH 7.4).(Eye irritation occurs below pH 7.4).
– Addition of soda ash (sodium carbonate)Addition of soda ash (sodium carbonate)
raises pH (lowered by chlorine).raises pH (lowered by chlorine).
– High pH promotes scale formation andHigh pH promotes scale formation and
can be lowered by addition of fresh watercan be lowered by addition of fresh water
or acids (HCl, Hor acids (HCl, H22SOSO44, sodium bisulfiate)., sodium bisulfiate).

14. Sampling of poolSampling of pool
Water samples should be collected byWater samples should be collected by
plunging collection bottle downward andplunging collection bottle downward and
forward till filled.forward till filled.
Sampling points should be pool outlet(s).Sampling points should be pool outlet(s).
One sample per 2 ft depth of waterOne sample per 2 ft depth of water
recommended.recommended.
Sodium thiosulfate is used to eliminateSodium thiosulfate is used to eliminate
free chlorine in chlorinated pool samples.free chlorine in chlorinated pool samples.

15. Summary:Summary:
Treatments for disinfection of poolsTreatments for disinfection of pools
include chlorinaton, bromination,include chlorinaton, bromination,
iodination, and UV radiation.iodination, and UV radiation.
Control of pH as well as algae andControl of pH as well as algae and
weeds may be necessary in someweeds may be necessary in some
circumstances.circumstances.
Periodic sampling ensures safe levels.Periodic sampling ensures safe levels.

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