2. Worth of Software Industry
• Worldwide IT spending is projected to total $5 trillion in 2024.
• $4 trillion and counting. According to our public spreadsheet that
sources data from Google Finance, the Big 5 (Apple, Alphabet,
Amazon, Facebook, Microsoft) are worth $4 trillion when combined.
3. Digital in Saudi Arabia
• https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-saudi-arabia
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. Digital in KSA 2022
• https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-saudi-arabia
• https://datareportal.com/digital-in-saudi-arabia
9. Most Demanded Jobs 2024
• 2. Applications software developers
• By Business insider
• https://www.businessinsider.com/best-jobs-future-growth-2019-3#2-
applications-software-developers-29
10.
11. History
• In 9th century a Muslim mathematician Muhammad Al-Khwarizmi presented the
concept of algorithm
• An ‘algorithm’ is a sequence of steps to solve a problem.
• The concept of algorithm is implemented using computers in the form of
computer program in 1950’s. A computer program consists of a sequence of
instructions given to hardware to perform a specific task.
• During this evolution, the term ‘software’ was used for the collection of computer
programs and related documentation.
• The term ‘software engineering’ was coined in 1968 during the first NATO
software engineering conference.
• Afterwards in the following decades it became more popular and researchers
have come to realize its complexity and the difficulties due to technical, social
and hardware related issues.
• https://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000984.htm
12. Modern World and Life
• We can’t run the modern world without software.
• National infrastructures and utilities are controlled by computer-
based systems and most electrical products include a computer and
controlling software.
• Industrial manufacturing and distribution is completely
computerized, as is the financial system.
• Entertainment, including the music industry, computer games, and
film and television, is software intensive.
• Therefore, software engineering is essential for the functioning of
national and international societies.
13. 13
What is Software?
• Software is:
• Instructions (computer programs) that when executed provide desired
features, function, and performance;
• Data structures that enable the programs to adequately manipulate
information and
• Documentation that describes the operation and use of the programs.
14. 14
What is Software?
• Software is developed or engineered, it is not manufactured in
the classical sense.
• Software doesn't "wear out."
• Although the industry is moving toward component-based
construction, most software continues to be custom-built.
15. Dual Role of Software
• Today, software takes on a dual role. It is a product, and at the same
time, the vehicle for delivering a product.
• Discussion
16. Frequently asked questions about
software engineering
Question Answer
What is software? Computer programs and associated documentation. Software
products may be developed for a particular customer or may
be developed for a general market.
What are the attributes of good software? Good software should deliver the required functionality and
performance to the user and should be maintainable,
dependable and usable.
What is software engineering? Software engineering is an engineering discipline that is
concerned with all aspects of software production.
What are the fundamental software
engineering activities?
Software specification, software development, software
validation and software evolution.
What is the difference between software
engineering and computer science?
Computer science focuses on theory and fundamentals;
software engineering is concerned with the practicalities of
developing and delivering useful software.
What is the difference between software
engineering and system engineering?
System engineering is concerned with all aspects of
computer-based systems development including hardware,
software and process engineering. Software engineering is
part of this more general process.
17. Frequently asked questions about software
engineering
Question Answer
What are the key challenges facing software
engineering?
Coping with increasing diversity, demands for reduced delivery
times and developing trustworthy software.
What are the costs of software engineering? Roughly 60% of software costs are development costs, 40%
are testing costs. For custom software, evolution costs often
exceed development costs.
What are the best software engineering
techniques and methods?
While all software projects have to be professionally managed
and developed, different techniques are appropriate for
different types of system. For example, games should always
be developed using a series of prototypes whereas safety
critical control systems require a complete and analyzable
specification to be developed. You can’t, therefore, say that
one method is better than another.
What differences has the web made to
software engineering?
The web has led to the availability of software services and the
possibility of developing highly distributed service-based
systems. Web-based systems development has led to
important advances in programming languages and software
reuse.
18. Software products
• Generic products
• Stand-alone systems that are marketed and sold to any customer who wishes
to buy them.
• Examples – PC software such as graphics programs, project management
tools; CAD software; software for specific markets such as appointments
systems for dentists.
• Customized products
• Software that is commissioned by a specific customer to meet their own
needs.
• Examples – embedded control systems, air traffic control software, traffic
monitoring systems.
19. Product specification
• Generic products
• The specification of what the software should do is owned by the software
developer and decisions on software change are made by the developer.
• Customized products
• The specification of what the software should do is owned by the customer
for the software and they make decisions on software changes that are
required.
20. Software Applications
• System software
• Application software
• Engineering/Scientific software
• Embedded software
• Product-line software
• Web/Mobile applications)
• AI software (robotics, neural nets, game playing)
21. Software Applications
• System software - a collection of programs written to service other
programs. Some system software (e.g., compilers, editors, and file
management utilities) processes complex, but determinate,3
information structures. Other systems applications (e.g., operating
system components, drivers, networking software,
telecommunications processors) process largely indeterminate data.
22. Software Applications
• Application software—stand-alone programs that solve a specific business
need. Applications in this area process business or technical data in a way
that facilitates business operations or management/technical decision
making.
• Engineering/scientific software—a broad array of “number-crunching
programs that range from astronomy to volcanology, from automotive
stress analysis to orbital dynamics, and from computer-aided design to
molecular biology, from genetic analysis to meteorology
23. Software Applications
• Embedded software—resides within a product or system and is used
to implement and control features and functions for the end user and
for the system itself.
• Embedded software can perform limited and esoteric functions (e.g.,
key pad control for a microwave oven) or provide significant function
and control capability (e.g., digital functions in an automobile such as
fuel control, dashboard displays, and braking systems).
24. Software Applications
• Product-line software—designed to provide a specific capability for
use by many different customers. Product-line software can focus on
a limited and esoteric marketplace (e.g., inventory control products)
or address mass consumer.
• Web/Mobile applications—this network-centric software category
spans a wide array of applications and encompasses both browser-
based apps and software that resides on mobile devices.
25. Software Applications
• Artificial intelligence software—makes use of non numerical
algorithms to solve complex problems that are not amenable to
computation or straightforward analysis. Applications within this area
include robotics, expert systems, pattern recognition (image and
voice), artificial neural networks, theorem proving, and game playing.
26. Software engineering
• Software engineering is an engineering discipline that is concerned
with all aspects of software production from the early stages of
system specification through to maintaining the system after it has
gone into use.
• Engineering discipline
• Using appropriate theories and methods to solve problems bearing in mind
organizational and financial constraints.
• All aspects of software production
• Not just technical process of development. Also project management and the
development of tools, methods etc. to support software production.
27. Importance of software engineering
• More and more, individuals and society rely on advanced software
systems. We need to be able to produce reliable and trustworthy
systems economically and quickly.
• It is usually cheaper, in the long run, to use software engineering
methods and techniques for software systems rather than just write
the programs as if it was a personal programming project. For most
types of system, the majority of costs are the costs of changing the
software after it has gone into use.
28. Software process activities
• Software specification, where customers and engineers define the
software that is to be produced and the constraints on its operation.
• Software development, where the software is designed and
programmed.
• Software validation, where the software is checked to ensure that it is
what the customer requires.
• Software evolution, where the software is modified to reflect
changing customer and market requirements.
29. General issues that affect software
• Heterogeneity
• Increasingly, systems are required to operate as distributed systems across
networks that include different types of computer and mobile devices.
• Business and social change
• Business and society are changing incredibly quickly as emerging economies
develop and new technologies become available. They need to be able to
change their existing software and to rapidly develop new software.
30. General issues that affect software
• Security and trust
• As software is intertwined with all aspects of our lives, it is essential that we
can trust that software.
• Scale
• Software has to be developed across a very wide range of scales, from very
small embedded systems in portable or wearable devices through to Internet-
scale, cloud-based systems that serve a global community.
31. Software engineering diversity
• There are many different types of software system and there is no
universal set of software techniques that is applicable to all of these.
• The software engineering methods and tools used depend on the
type of application being developed, the requirements of the
customer and the background of the development team.
32. Future of Software
• The nature of software is changing. Web-based systems and applications
have evolved from simple collections of information content to
sophisticated systems that present complex functionality and multimedia
content.
• Although these WebApps have unique features and requirements, they are
software nonetheless. Mobile applications present new challenges as apps
migrate to a wide array of platforms.
• Cloud computing will transform the way in which software is delivered and
the environment in which it exists.
• Product line software offers potential efficiencies in the manner in which
software is built.
• Cloud, IOT, Blockchain, AI
33. Discussion
• Why does it take so long to get software finished?
• Why are development costs so high?
• Why can’t we find all errors before we give the software to our
customers?
• Why do we spend so much time and effort maintaining existing
programs?
• Why do we continue to have difficulty in measuring progress as software
is being developed and maintained?
34. Software Maintenance
• Software maintenance is a part of Software Development Life Cycle.
Its main purpose is to modify and update software application after
delivery to correct faults and to improve performance.
• Software is a model of the real world. When the real world changes,
the software requires alteration wherever possible.
35. Software Maintenance –cont.
• Software maintenance is a vast activity which includes optimization,
error correction, deletion of discarded features and enhancement of
existing features.
• Since these changes are necessary, a mechanism must be created for
estimation, controlling and making modifications.
• The essential part of software maintenance requires preparation of
an accurate plan during the development cycle.
• Typically, maintenance takes up about 40-80% of the project cost,
usually closer to the higher pole. Hence, a focus on maintenance
definitely helps keep costs down.
36. Definition
• In the context of software engineering, software maintenance is
essentially one of the many technical processes.
• The objective of software maintenance is to modify existing software
while preserving its integrity.
37.
38. What is Software Maintenance?
• It is a very broad activity that takes place once the operation is done.
• Software evolution and maintenance optimizes the software
performance by reducing errors, eliminating useless development,
and applying advanced development.
• Solution development can take 1-2 years to build a system, while
software maintenance management can be an ongoing activity for
15-20 years.
39. Why Software Requires Maintenance?
• Bug Fixing In maintenance management, bug fixing comes at priority
to run the software seamlessly. This process contains search out for
errors in code and corrects them. The issues can be occurred in
hardware, operating systems or any part of the software. This must
be done without hurting the rest of the functionalities of existing
software.
• Capability Enhancement This comprises an improvement in features
and functions to make solutions compatible with the varying market
environment. It enhances software platforms, work patterns,
hardware upgrades, compilers and all other aspects that affect system
workflow. Boost your business using a technically updated solution
applying software maintenance services regularly.
40. Why Software Requires Maintenance?
• Removal of Outdated Functions The unwanted functionalities are
useless. Moreover, by occupying space in solution, they hurt
efficiency of the solution. Using software maintenance procedures,
such UI and coding elements are removed and replaced with new
development using the latest tools and technologies. This elimination
makes the system adaptive to cope with changing circumstances.
• Performance Improvement To improve system performance,
developers detect issues through testing and resolve them. Data and
coding restricting as well as reengineering are the part of software
maintenance. It prevents the solution from vulnerabilities. This is not
any functionality that performs in operations, but it develops to stop
harmful activities like hacking.
41. Types of Software Maintenance Services Categories
• Adaptive Maintenance – Modifications in the system to keep it
compatible with changing business and technical environment. This
type of software maintenance concentrate on software infrastructure.
To retain continuity with the software, adaptive maintenance are
made in response to new operating systems, hardware, and
platforms.
• 2. Perfective Maintenance – Fine tuning of all elements,
functionalities and abilities to improve system operations and
perfectness. The software’s accessibility and usability are solved by
perfective software maintenance. Perfective maintenance includes
altering current software functionality by improving, removing, or
inserting new features or functions.
42. Types of Software Maintenance Services Categories
• Corrective Maintenance – Detecting errors in the existing solution
and correcting them to make it works more efficiently. This type of
software maintenance aims to eliminate and fix bugs or defects in the
software. Corrective software maintenance is often done in the form
of small updates frequently.
• Preventive Maintenance – Preventive software maintenance services
help in preventing the system from any upcoming vulnerabilities.
Preventive maintenance means improvements to the software, which
is done to secure the software for the future. This maintenance is
carried out to prevent the product from any potential software
alteration. Preventive maintenance also makes it easier to scale or
maintain your code and handle your legacy system.
