The document provides an overview of the Nyadi Hydropower Project (NHP) in Nepal and assesses its sustainability. Some key points:
1) NHP is a 30 MW run-of-river project located in western Nepal. It will generate 180 GWh of electricity annually.
2) An assessment found the project to have mixed impacts. It will provide electricity but also negatively impact the environment and local communities during construction.
3) Socially, the project will initially provide jobs but may later cause migration after construction. Environmentally, it could degrade water quality and habitat for aquatic species.
4) The assessment concluded the project has potential sustainability issues that need to be addressed regarding its environmental
This document summarizes small hydropower development in India. It discusses that India has an estimated small hydropower potential of 15,000 MW, of which around 2,000 MW has been tapped so far. The small hydropower program in India aims to add 1,400 MW of capacity during 2007-2012. Small hydropower projects up to 25 MW capacity are categorized as small hydropower in India. The small hydropower sector has become increasingly private investment driven in recent decades under new policies to encourage renewable energy development.
Are hydropower investment in Nepal economically viableDilip Jena
This document discusses approaches to conducting cost-benefit analyses for hydropower investments. It reviews the perspectives of economists, funding agencies, the US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, and a hydropower project developer in Costa Rica. The key steps in economic analysis are identified as: identifying the project, estimating associated costs and benefits, and comparing costs to benefits. Cost elements generally include capital expenditures, operation and maintenance costs, while benefits include the value of electricity generation. The literature aims to determine if hydropower investments are economically viable for Nepal by applying these cost-benefit analysis methods.
This document provides an overview of small-scale hydropower in Kenya. It discusses Kenya's renewable energy policies that support small hydropower development. Small hydropower can come from run-of-river systems or existing water infrastructure. Kenya aims to develop these small-scale projects to provide affordable, clean energy, especially in rural areas. Small hydropower is cost-effective and has relatively low environmental impacts compared to other energy sources. The document examines project costs, operation and maintenance, as well as environmental and social considerations of small hydropower development in Kenya.
Indian Hydro Power - A new regulatory effort Priyank Jain
The document summarizes the key policies and regulations related to hydropower development in India from the early 1990s to 2008. It identifies several reasons for the slow realization and improvements of hydropower projects, including bureaucratic delays, uncertainty in power payments, insufficient infrastructure, and environmental and land acquisition issues. The document provides suggestions to address financing, regulatory, development, and policy challenges in order to accelerate hydropower development.
Nepal has significant hydropower potential but has struggled to develop it due to political, technical, financial, and policy issues. While initial estimates placed Nepal's potential at 83,000 MW, more recent studies estimate 53,000 MW of technically and economically feasible potential. Currently, Nepal has only generated 733 MW of its potential. Storage-type projects and cross-border transmission lines are needed to increase reliability. Micro-hydropower, public-private partnerships, and addressing climate change impacts could help utilization. Environmental assessments must also be conducted for sustainable hydropower development.
Micro hydropower is a renewable energy technology that harnesses the natural flow of water to generate electricity. In Nepal, micro hydropower plants produce up to 100KW of power and provide electricity to remote communities without requiring dams. Over 400 micro hydropower plants were built in Nepal between 2007-2014. Various turbine technologies can be used depending on the water flow and head available. Micro hydropower brings economic and social benefits to rural areas, but sedimentation and lack of political stability pose threats to its development and sustainability in Nepal.
This document summarizes key points from an SDCWA committee meeting regarding the Bay Delta Conservation Plan (BDCP). The BDCP is a habitat conservation plan that proposes new water conveyance facilities and extensive habitat restoration in the Delta. It discusses the following:
- The BDCP proposes new north Delta conveyance and over 100,000 acres of restored habitat to improve water supply reliability and protect species. It includes conservation measures, biological goals, and adaptive management.
- Alternatives to the existing BDCP proposal were discussed, including adding delta levee improvements, south of delta storage, and local water supply development.
- Concerns were raised that the 3,000 cfs tunnel option may not meet long-term
Mh sw optimisation of g&d stations network of maharashtrahydrologyproject0
This document discusses optimizing the streamgauge and raingauge network for the Upper Bhima Basin in India. It provides background on hydrological information systems and networks in India. The Hydrology Project aims to improve India's capabilities for collecting and analyzing hydrological data. This study was conducted as part of the Hydrology Project to review and optimize the existing hydrometric network in Maharashtra state, which includes streamgauges and raingauges. The goal is to ensure the network is collecting the necessary data to facilitate optimal water resources use and management in the Upper Bhima Basin.
This document summarizes small hydropower development in India. It discusses that India has an estimated small hydropower potential of 15,000 MW, of which around 2,000 MW has been tapped so far. The small hydropower program in India aims to add 1,400 MW of capacity during 2007-2012. Small hydropower projects up to 25 MW capacity are categorized as small hydropower in India. The small hydropower sector has become increasingly private investment driven in recent decades under new policies to encourage renewable energy development.
Are hydropower investment in Nepal economically viableDilip Jena
This document discusses approaches to conducting cost-benefit analyses for hydropower investments. It reviews the perspectives of economists, funding agencies, the US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, and a hydropower project developer in Costa Rica. The key steps in economic analysis are identified as: identifying the project, estimating associated costs and benefits, and comparing costs to benefits. Cost elements generally include capital expenditures, operation and maintenance costs, while benefits include the value of electricity generation. The literature aims to determine if hydropower investments are economically viable for Nepal by applying these cost-benefit analysis methods.
This document provides an overview of small-scale hydropower in Kenya. It discusses Kenya's renewable energy policies that support small hydropower development. Small hydropower can come from run-of-river systems or existing water infrastructure. Kenya aims to develop these small-scale projects to provide affordable, clean energy, especially in rural areas. Small hydropower is cost-effective and has relatively low environmental impacts compared to other energy sources. The document examines project costs, operation and maintenance, as well as environmental and social considerations of small hydropower development in Kenya.
Indian Hydro Power - A new regulatory effort Priyank Jain
The document summarizes the key policies and regulations related to hydropower development in India from the early 1990s to 2008. It identifies several reasons for the slow realization and improvements of hydropower projects, including bureaucratic delays, uncertainty in power payments, insufficient infrastructure, and environmental and land acquisition issues. The document provides suggestions to address financing, regulatory, development, and policy challenges in order to accelerate hydropower development.
Nepal has significant hydropower potential but has struggled to develop it due to political, technical, financial, and policy issues. While initial estimates placed Nepal's potential at 83,000 MW, more recent studies estimate 53,000 MW of technically and economically feasible potential. Currently, Nepal has only generated 733 MW of its potential. Storage-type projects and cross-border transmission lines are needed to increase reliability. Micro-hydropower, public-private partnerships, and addressing climate change impacts could help utilization. Environmental assessments must also be conducted for sustainable hydropower development.
Micro hydropower is a renewable energy technology that harnesses the natural flow of water to generate electricity. In Nepal, micro hydropower plants produce up to 100KW of power and provide electricity to remote communities without requiring dams. Over 400 micro hydropower plants were built in Nepal between 2007-2014. Various turbine technologies can be used depending on the water flow and head available. Micro hydropower brings economic and social benefits to rural areas, but sedimentation and lack of political stability pose threats to its development and sustainability in Nepal.
This document summarizes key points from an SDCWA committee meeting regarding the Bay Delta Conservation Plan (BDCP). The BDCP is a habitat conservation plan that proposes new water conveyance facilities and extensive habitat restoration in the Delta. It discusses the following:
- The BDCP proposes new north Delta conveyance and over 100,000 acres of restored habitat to improve water supply reliability and protect species. It includes conservation measures, biological goals, and adaptive management.
- Alternatives to the existing BDCP proposal were discussed, including adding delta levee improvements, south of delta storage, and local water supply development.
- Concerns were raised that the 3,000 cfs tunnel option may not meet long-term
Mh sw optimisation of g&d stations network of maharashtrahydrologyproject0
This document discusses optimizing the streamgauge and raingauge network for the Upper Bhima Basin in India. It provides background on hydrological information systems and networks in India. The Hydrology Project aims to improve India's capabilities for collecting and analyzing hydrological data. This study was conducted as part of the Hydrology Project to review and optimize the existing hydrometric network in Maharashtra state, which includes streamgauges and raingauges. The goal is to ensure the network is collecting the necessary data to facilitate optimal water resources use and management in the Upper Bhima Basin.
“Necessity and Scope of FDI in Hydropower Sector in Nepal.”Mrinal Gaurav
The research aims to explore the current scenario of electricity in Nepal, the need and
scope of FDI in hydropower. Nepal is a country which has hugely commercially feasible hydropower potential to generate electricity. Demand of electricity is sufficiently high however due to lack of economical resource the demand has not been able to fulfil in this sector thus have created a huge gap in demand and supply. This huge gap in demand and supply has created huge opportunities of FDI in hydropower in Nepal.
Government of Nepal has set out some of the guidelines, principles or practices for hydropower development in Nepal. Although Government of Nepal has is taken optimistic goals and steps for harnessing Nepal’s hydropower potential, the variance
between laws and implementation creates barriers to invite investors and also causes costly delay in the ongoing projects. Favoritism, red tape, slow governance, heavy
bureaucratic discretion, irregularities, infrastructure and facilities are also some of the barriers in attracting FDI in hydropower in Nepal
This document discusses the efficiency and future of desalination processes. It notes that current approaches to evaluating desalination process energy efficiency are inadequate because they do not account for the quality or grade of energy supplied. Considering all energy as equivalent can lead to poor process selection decisions. The document proposes a standard primary energy framework that addresses this issue by accounting for energy quality. It shows thermally driven desalination processes use 2.5-3% of standard primary energy when combined with power plants. To achieve 2030 sustainability goals, new innovative processes achieving 25-30% of the thermodynamic limit will be needed.
The document provides a summary of a report evaluating a proposed seawater desalination project at Camp Pendleton in California. Key points from the technical studies include that a subsurface intake is viable due to a large sub-seafloor river channel, and an open ocean intake and brine discharge system could be sited with minimal environmental impacts. Both proposed plant sites were found to be suitable, with one offering better access. Capital costs were estimated to be $1.4-1.5 billion for an initial 50 million gallon per day phase.
SWaRMA_IRBM_Module1_#4, IRBM implementation in nepal challenges and opportuni...ICIMOD
This presentation is the part of 12-day (28 January–8 February 2019) training workshop on “Multi-scale Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) from the Hindu Kush Himalayan Perspective” organized by the Strengthening Water Resources Management in Afghanistan (SWaRMA) Initiative of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), and targeted at participants from Afghanistan.
This document provides an overview of hydropower development in India. It discusses:
1) The history of hydropower and its current status as a major source of electricity worldwide and in India.
2) The challenges facing hydropower development in India, including low exploitation of potential, power shortages, and declining proportion of hydro capacity.
3) The initiatives taken by the Government of India to promote hydropower, such as increased funding, basin-wise development, and simplifying approval processes.
The document summarizes a meeting to discuss planning for climate change impacts on water supply. Speakers will brief attendees on local climate studies showing warming trends and projections of reduced precipitation and snowpack. This could decrease water supply. Regulations like AB 32 require reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The Water Authority partners with scientists and other agencies to understand climate impacts and find solutions. It incorporates climate change into long-term planning and develops strategies to diversify supply, increase storage, and promote conservation and efficiency to adapt to potential impacts.
This document outlines a revised methodology for estimating ground water resources in India. It notes that ground water has become an important source of water for irrigation, domestic, and industrial uses. The previous methodology from 1984 provided the basis for ground water assessment and development in the country. However, experience over the past decade highlighted the need to update the methodology. The revised methodology incorporates several changes compared to the 1984 approach, including using watershed as the assessment unit in hard rock areas, separating command and non-command areas, and assessing recharge separately for monsoon and non-monsoon seasons. The report recommends the revised methodology be used by states to realistically reassess ground water resources.
The document discusses hydropower in India. It provides an introduction to hydropower, outlines its history in India, and discusses its current status and challenges. Some key points include:
- Hydropower is a renewable and environmentally friendly energy source that currently contributes around 22% of global electricity supply.
- The first hydropower dam in India was built in the early 1900s by Jamshedji Tata to supply power to textile mills.
- The government aims to realize India's full hydropower potential of 150,000 MW by 2025-26 to meet increasing energy demands.
- Major challenges include low exploitation of potential so far, technical difficulties, financial issues, and environmental/
The document discusses India's proposed interlinking of rivers project which aims to transfer water from water surplus rivers in the Ganges and Brahmaputra basins to water deficit areas in western and southern India through a network of canals and reservoirs. The project faces many challenges including large environmental impacts, difficulties displacing millions of people, and opposition from neighboring Bangladesh who fears diversion of waters could damage their country's ecology and economy. While the project aims to reduce floods and droughts, critics argue it will not solve water problems and could adversely impact downstream regions. Integrated watershed management and more localized solutions are presented as better alternatives.
The document is a project proposal to study the Sundarijal water treatment plant and water supply in Kathmandu valley. The objectives are to understand the water treatment process, the amount of water treated and supplied, and government efforts to improve drinking water quality. The methodology includes visiting the Sundarijal site, observing the treatment plant and infrastructure, and interviewing local experts. The project will be completed this semester through site visits, research, and a final report and presentation.
The letter summarizes concerns with two reports by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) on the cumulative environmental impacts of hydropower projects on the Ganga River. [1] The interim report contained mistakes and lacked scientific basis, leading the Ministry of Environment and Forests to stop three major projects. [2] The final report changed its evaluation approach, hid mistakes from the interim report, and provided biased and misleading recommendations. [3] The letter argues the WII reports cannot be used for policy decisions and may strengthen opposition to hydropower development, enclosing reviews critiquing the reports and social issues around hydropower.
RIVER INTERLINKING (BY CANAL AND TUNNELS)IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses a proposal to link rivers in Maharashtra, India to address uneven water supply through inter-basin water transfers.
2) Specifically, it proposes diverting water from the Par River basin which experiences flooding, to the Girna River basin which faces water shortages.
3) This would be accomplished by building dams on the Par River connected by tunnels and pipelines to store and transport water eastward to the Godavari basin for irrigation and other uses.
This document provides guidance on investigating and selecting sites for hydrological observation stations. It discusses the importance of establishing a network of stations to collect hydrological data and assess water resources. The key steps in designing a hydrological observation station network include:
1. Selecting an initial station where a river's mean discharge is highest, such as where a mountain river enters a plain.
2. Establishing subsequent stations where significant changes in flow volume occur, like below a major tributary confluence.
3. Considering other factors like assessing water loss from channels and providing information for various planning purposes.
The collected data is crucial for water resource planning and management activities like utilization, project formulation, and dispute resolution.
This document summarizes a study on simulating lake tap flow using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Lake tapping involves blasting a rock plug at the bottom of a lake to provide a tunnel for water flow and hydropower generation. The study specifically looks at simulating flow conditions for a proposed third lake tap at Koyna Hydroelectric Project in India. It uses the CFD software FLUENT to model single-phase water flow and two-phase water-boulder flow through intake tunnels and a muck pit for different angles of the muck pit base. The simulations analyze flow patterns, velocities and how outlet velocity is reduced as the base angle increases due to circulation and reverse flow in the muck pit.
Nih sw hydrological assessment of ungauged catchments (small catchments) maha...hydrologyproject2
This document discusses hydrology projects in India, specifically Phase II of a hydrology project. It provides background on ungauged basins and challenges in predicting hydrologic variables in them. Common methods used to estimate variables in ungauged basins include regional unit hydrographs, regional flood frequency analysis, and empirical formulas. It also discusses the Mahanadi River basin, including its geography and hydrology. Specific hydrologic analysis methods covered include flow duration curves, regional flow duration curves, unit hydrographs, and their uses in hydrologic prediction and design.
This is one of the biggest drinking water project of Nepal for Kathmandu valley. We have included the brief description of all the updates that have been done, so far in this project along with how the project is funded. It also includes the recent photographs and maps of reservoir and tunnel showing the progress of the projects.
This document provides an introduction to small hydropower projects in Pakistan. It defines small hydropower as having an installed capacity of less than 10MW. Small hydropower has several advantages over large hydropower projects, such as being more environmentally friendly with less social impacts. Pakistan has significant untapped small hydropower potential, estimated at over 1,800MW across its provinces. Several organizations have implemented small hydropower projects in Pakistan to provide electricity to off-grid rural communities. Overall, small hydropower can help address Pakistan's energy needs in a sustainable manner.
A case study of melamchi water supply project(mwsp)Mahesh Raj Bhatt
The Melamchi water supply project (MWSP) is considered to be the most viable long-term alternative to ease the chronic water shortage situation within the Kathmandu valley . The project is designed to divert about 170 MLD of fresh water to Kathmandu valley from the Melamchi river in Sindhupalchowk district . Augmenting this supply by adding about the further 170 MLD each from the Yangri and Larke rivers which lie in the upstream proximately of Melamchi river .
Project is located in Kathmandu and Sindhupalchowk district in the central development region of Nepal.
The intake site is located in the upper part of the Melamchi river basin about 1 km North West of Dorin village and about 0.5 km south east of Ghawakang village at the elevation of about 1425 m.
The project area stretches from the intake at Melamchi River to the outlet at Sundarijal, about 14 km north east of Kathmandu city.
The MWSP was projected to cost US $464 million in 2000 A.D .Out of which financial separation as GON US $118 million and US $ 346 million for donor agencies.
CONCLUSION:
Nepal government (GON) and melamchi water supply development board(MWSDB) has scheduled its completion date sept-2016. Current contractor Italian company CRC has expected completion date before six month of sept-2016. Melanchi is not a day dream of Kathmandu, because monthly work progress report also proofs its reality that it is possible to complete this project in scheduled time. The date is not so far that people of Kathmandu collect water in there tap.It is too late to be pessimistic by complaining only to politicians and others except own self. There is equal role of everyone who exists in this nation to be alert and carefull about this weak condition of Nepal in civil engineering evolution. Almost half of the Nepalese civil engineers and youth manpower are completely dependent upon foreign, although we and our country have higher potentiality than our current demand in any civil engineering field. So it is compulsory to address these major problems in future projects to innovate in Nepal through civil engineering evolution.
Status of river linking project in indiakhushal tadas
India accounts for 2.4% of the world’s surface area but supports 16.7% of the world’s population. India possesses meager 4% of world’s water resources, that too highly uncertain in time and space due to its climate
Project management is crucial for the successful implementation of small hydropower projects. It involves managing key activities through various stages from conception to completion using a project management unit. Some important aspects of project management include community empowerment, sustainability, contract planning, material management, construction management, installation of equipment, quality assurance, and coordination between different levels. Effective project monitoring and regular progress reporting is also needed to ensure projects are completed on time and within budget.
Identification of Pollution Sources & Water Quality Analysis of Dhanmondi & H...Tariq Mehmood
Pollution Sources of Dhanmondi & Hatirjheel lake were identified. Water samples were taken based on the pollution sources, samples were taken on monthly basis during rainy as well as dry season. Water samples were tested in lab based on various parameter. BOD, COD, pH, Color, Turbidity, DO Phosphate, nitrate and various other tests were performed and results of both lakes were compared.
After the successful completion of all the tests over the period of year results showed that Hatirjheel is much more polluted than Dhanmondi lake.
“Necessity and Scope of FDI in Hydropower Sector in Nepal.”Mrinal Gaurav
The research aims to explore the current scenario of electricity in Nepal, the need and
scope of FDI in hydropower. Nepal is a country which has hugely commercially feasible hydropower potential to generate electricity. Demand of electricity is sufficiently high however due to lack of economical resource the demand has not been able to fulfil in this sector thus have created a huge gap in demand and supply. This huge gap in demand and supply has created huge opportunities of FDI in hydropower in Nepal.
Government of Nepal has set out some of the guidelines, principles or practices for hydropower development in Nepal. Although Government of Nepal has is taken optimistic goals and steps for harnessing Nepal’s hydropower potential, the variance
between laws and implementation creates barriers to invite investors and also causes costly delay in the ongoing projects. Favoritism, red tape, slow governance, heavy
bureaucratic discretion, irregularities, infrastructure and facilities are also some of the barriers in attracting FDI in hydropower in Nepal
This document discusses the efficiency and future of desalination processes. It notes that current approaches to evaluating desalination process energy efficiency are inadequate because they do not account for the quality or grade of energy supplied. Considering all energy as equivalent can lead to poor process selection decisions. The document proposes a standard primary energy framework that addresses this issue by accounting for energy quality. It shows thermally driven desalination processes use 2.5-3% of standard primary energy when combined with power plants. To achieve 2030 sustainability goals, new innovative processes achieving 25-30% of the thermodynamic limit will be needed.
The document provides a summary of a report evaluating a proposed seawater desalination project at Camp Pendleton in California. Key points from the technical studies include that a subsurface intake is viable due to a large sub-seafloor river channel, and an open ocean intake and brine discharge system could be sited with minimal environmental impacts. Both proposed plant sites were found to be suitable, with one offering better access. Capital costs were estimated to be $1.4-1.5 billion for an initial 50 million gallon per day phase.
SWaRMA_IRBM_Module1_#4, IRBM implementation in nepal challenges and opportuni...ICIMOD
This presentation is the part of 12-day (28 January–8 February 2019) training workshop on “Multi-scale Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) from the Hindu Kush Himalayan Perspective” organized by the Strengthening Water Resources Management in Afghanistan (SWaRMA) Initiative of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), and targeted at participants from Afghanistan.
This document provides an overview of hydropower development in India. It discusses:
1) The history of hydropower and its current status as a major source of electricity worldwide and in India.
2) The challenges facing hydropower development in India, including low exploitation of potential, power shortages, and declining proportion of hydro capacity.
3) The initiatives taken by the Government of India to promote hydropower, such as increased funding, basin-wise development, and simplifying approval processes.
The document summarizes a meeting to discuss planning for climate change impacts on water supply. Speakers will brief attendees on local climate studies showing warming trends and projections of reduced precipitation and snowpack. This could decrease water supply. Regulations like AB 32 require reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The Water Authority partners with scientists and other agencies to understand climate impacts and find solutions. It incorporates climate change into long-term planning and develops strategies to diversify supply, increase storage, and promote conservation and efficiency to adapt to potential impacts.
This document outlines a revised methodology for estimating ground water resources in India. It notes that ground water has become an important source of water for irrigation, domestic, and industrial uses. The previous methodology from 1984 provided the basis for ground water assessment and development in the country. However, experience over the past decade highlighted the need to update the methodology. The revised methodology incorporates several changes compared to the 1984 approach, including using watershed as the assessment unit in hard rock areas, separating command and non-command areas, and assessing recharge separately for monsoon and non-monsoon seasons. The report recommends the revised methodology be used by states to realistically reassess ground water resources.
The document discusses hydropower in India. It provides an introduction to hydropower, outlines its history in India, and discusses its current status and challenges. Some key points include:
- Hydropower is a renewable and environmentally friendly energy source that currently contributes around 22% of global electricity supply.
- The first hydropower dam in India was built in the early 1900s by Jamshedji Tata to supply power to textile mills.
- The government aims to realize India's full hydropower potential of 150,000 MW by 2025-26 to meet increasing energy demands.
- Major challenges include low exploitation of potential so far, technical difficulties, financial issues, and environmental/
The document discusses India's proposed interlinking of rivers project which aims to transfer water from water surplus rivers in the Ganges and Brahmaputra basins to water deficit areas in western and southern India through a network of canals and reservoirs. The project faces many challenges including large environmental impacts, difficulties displacing millions of people, and opposition from neighboring Bangladesh who fears diversion of waters could damage their country's ecology and economy. While the project aims to reduce floods and droughts, critics argue it will not solve water problems and could adversely impact downstream regions. Integrated watershed management and more localized solutions are presented as better alternatives.
The document is a project proposal to study the Sundarijal water treatment plant and water supply in Kathmandu valley. The objectives are to understand the water treatment process, the amount of water treated and supplied, and government efforts to improve drinking water quality. The methodology includes visiting the Sundarijal site, observing the treatment plant and infrastructure, and interviewing local experts. The project will be completed this semester through site visits, research, and a final report and presentation.
The letter summarizes concerns with two reports by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) on the cumulative environmental impacts of hydropower projects on the Ganga River. [1] The interim report contained mistakes and lacked scientific basis, leading the Ministry of Environment and Forests to stop three major projects. [2] The final report changed its evaluation approach, hid mistakes from the interim report, and provided biased and misleading recommendations. [3] The letter argues the WII reports cannot be used for policy decisions and may strengthen opposition to hydropower development, enclosing reviews critiquing the reports and social issues around hydropower.
RIVER INTERLINKING (BY CANAL AND TUNNELS)IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses a proposal to link rivers in Maharashtra, India to address uneven water supply through inter-basin water transfers.
2) Specifically, it proposes diverting water from the Par River basin which experiences flooding, to the Girna River basin which faces water shortages.
3) This would be accomplished by building dams on the Par River connected by tunnels and pipelines to store and transport water eastward to the Godavari basin for irrigation and other uses.
This document provides guidance on investigating and selecting sites for hydrological observation stations. It discusses the importance of establishing a network of stations to collect hydrological data and assess water resources. The key steps in designing a hydrological observation station network include:
1. Selecting an initial station where a river's mean discharge is highest, such as where a mountain river enters a plain.
2. Establishing subsequent stations where significant changes in flow volume occur, like below a major tributary confluence.
3. Considering other factors like assessing water loss from channels and providing information for various planning purposes.
The collected data is crucial for water resource planning and management activities like utilization, project formulation, and dispute resolution.
This document summarizes a study on simulating lake tap flow using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Lake tapping involves blasting a rock plug at the bottom of a lake to provide a tunnel for water flow and hydropower generation. The study specifically looks at simulating flow conditions for a proposed third lake tap at Koyna Hydroelectric Project in India. It uses the CFD software FLUENT to model single-phase water flow and two-phase water-boulder flow through intake tunnels and a muck pit for different angles of the muck pit base. The simulations analyze flow patterns, velocities and how outlet velocity is reduced as the base angle increases due to circulation and reverse flow in the muck pit.
Nih sw hydrological assessment of ungauged catchments (small catchments) maha...hydrologyproject2
This document discusses hydrology projects in India, specifically Phase II of a hydrology project. It provides background on ungauged basins and challenges in predicting hydrologic variables in them. Common methods used to estimate variables in ungauged basins include regional unit hydrographs, regional flood frequency analysis, and empirical formulas. It also discusses the Mahanadi River basin, including its geography and hydrology. Specific hydrologic analysis methods covered include flow duration curves, regional flow duration curves, unit hydrographs, and their uses in hydrologic prediction and design.
This is one of the biggest drinking water project of Nepal for Kathmandu valley. We have included the brief description of all the updates that have been done, so far in this project along with how the project is funded. It also includes the recent photographs and maps of reservoir and tunnel showing the progress of the projects.
This document provides an introduction to small hydropower projects in Pakistan. It defines small hydropower as having an installed capacity of less than 10MW. Small hydropower has several advantages over large hydropower projects, such as being more environmentally friendly with less social impacts. Pakistan has significant untapped small hydropower potential, estimated at over 1,800MW across its provinces. Several organizations have implemented small hydropower projects in Pakistan to provide electricity to off-grid rural communities. Overall, small hydropower can help address Pakistan's energy needs in a sustainable manner.
A case study of melamchi water supply project(mwsp)Mahesh Raj Bhatt
The Melamchi water supply project (MWSP) is considered to be the most viable long-term alternative to ease the chronic water shortage situation within the Kathmandu valley . The project is designed to divert about 170 MLD of fresh water to Kathmandu valley from the Melamchi river in Sindhupalchowk district . Augmenting this supply by adding about the further 170 MLD each from the Yangri and Larke rivers which lie in the upstream proximately of Melamchi river .
Project is located in Kathmandu and Sindhupalchowk district in the central development region of Nepal.
The intake site is located in the upper part of the Melamchi river basin about 1 km North West of Dorin village and about 0.5 km south east of Ghawakang village at the elevation of about 1425 m.
The project area stretches from the intake at Melamchi River to the outlet at Sundarijal, about 14 km north east of Kathmandu city.
The MWSP was projected to cost US $464 million in 2000 A.D .Out of which financial separation as GON US $118 million and US $ 346 million for donor agencies.
CONCLUSION:
Nepal government (GON) and melamchi water supply development board(MWSDB) has scheduled its completion date sept-2016. Current contractor Italian company CRC has expected completion date before six month of sept-2016. Melanchi is not a day dream of Kathmandu, because monthly work progress report also proofs its reality that it is possible to complete this project in scheduled time. The date is not so far that people of Kathmandu collect water in there tap.It is too late to be pessimistic by complaining only to politicians and others except own self. There is equal role of everyone who exists in this nation to be alert and carefull about this weak condition of Nepal in civil engineering evolution. Almost half of the Nepalese civil engineers and youth manpower are completely dependent upon foreign, although we and our country have higher potentiality than our current demand in any civil engineering field. So it is compulsory to address these major problems in future projects to innovate in Nepal through civil engineering evolution.
Status of river linking project in indiakhushal tadas
India accounts for 2.4% of the world’s surface area but supports 16.7% of the world’s population. India possesses meager 4% of world’s water resources, that too highly uncertain in time and space due to its climate
Project management is crucial for the successful implementation of small hydropower projects. It involves managing key activities through various stages from conception to completion using a project management unit. Some important aspects of project management include community empowerment, sustainability, contract planning, material management, construction management, installation of equipment, quality assurance, and coordination between different levels. Effective project monitoring and regular progress reporting is also needed to ensure projects are completed on time and within budget.
Identification of Pollution Sources & Water Quality Analysis of Dhanmondi & H...Tariq Mehmood
Pollution Sources of Dhanmondi & Hatirjheel lake were identified. Water samples were taken based on the pollution sources, samples were taken on monthly basis during rainy as well as dry season. Water samples were tested in lab based on various parameter. BOD, COD, pH, Color, Turbidity, DO Phosphate, nitrate and various other tests were performed and results of both lakes were compared.
After the successful completion of all the tests over the period of year results showed that Hatirjheel is much more polluted than Dhanmondi lake.
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Chapter 2
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Sustainibility assessment in hydropower project a case study of nyadi hp
1. 2013
Sustainability assessment in
Hydropower Projects:
A case study of Nyadi HEP, Nepal
An assignment submitted for Water
Resources Systems
Hydropower projects are large projects involving huge fund as well as structures.
Such projects should be sustainable ie, socially equitable, economically viable as
well as environmentally friendly. This assignment deals with the sustainability
issue in the hydropower projects and presents the sustainability of the Nyadi HEP,
Nepal.
Suwash Chandra Acharya
Graduate student, Water Engineering and Management, AIT, Thailand
9/2/2013
2. Table of Contents
1.
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1
1.2
Objectives of study........................................................................................................................ 1
1.3
Limitations of study ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.4
2.
Background................................................................................................................................... 1
Structure of Report ........................................................................................................................ 1
Overview of project .............................................................................................................................. 2
2.1
2.2
Location and accessibility ............................................................................................................. 2
2.3
Catchment characteristics: ............................................................................................................. 3
2.4
Water quality ................................................................................................................................ 3
2.5
Land use pattern ............................................................................................................................ 3
2.6
Status of endangered species ......................................................................................................... 4
2.7
Population ..................................................................................................................................... 4
2.8
Women in the Project area............................................................................................................. 4
2.9
Disadvantaged groups ................................................................................................................... 4
2.10
Water supply and sanitation........................................................................................................... 4
2.11
Alternative Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 5
2.12
3.
Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 2
Financial Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 5
Sustainability Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 6
3.1
3.2
Assessment of Environmental aspects ........................................................................................... 6
3.3
Assessment of Social aspects ......................................................................................................... 6
3.4
Assessment of Economic aspects ................................................................................................... 7
3.5
4.
Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 6
Overall Assessment Result ............................................................................................................ 7
Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 9
3. 1. Introduction
1.1 Background
Nepal is endowed with abundant fresh water flowing Rivers and it is estimated that more than 6000
Rivers and rivulets flow within the country. A whole generation in Nepal has been consumed by the
seductive dream of the 83,000 MW hydro potential that the cascading waters of this land is
supposed to hold. However, at present, installed capacity in the country is slightly more than 690
MW whereas the demand of electricity at present is around 950 MW. It is evident that to overcome
this deficit, hyropower projects should be launched to utilize the abundant water resources.
Although, there are many proposed projects in pipeline at the design and implementation stage, one
of them is Nyadi Hydropower Project (NHP).
The sustainability assessment of hydropower project helps to direct the planner and decision maker
towards sustainability of the project. The study on assessment of the sustainability of any
hydropower is therefore essential so that it ensures that the plans and activities contribute towards
delivery of sustainable development.
In this context, the sustainibility of the Nyadi Hydropower Project (NHP) is accessed on social,
environmental and economic aspects. This report is purely based on the desk study and analysis of
secondary data available regarding the project.
1.2 Objectives of study
The major objective of the study is to access the sustainability of the Nyadi Hydropower Project on
the basis of environmental, social and economic aspects.
1.3 Limitations of study
Due to limitation of time and resources availability, the study is confined to fewer details. There are
various topics to be addressed under the environmental, social and economic aspects. Only some of
them are addressed here. Further, the assessment is purely based on secondary data and this may
also be reason for lagging in some of the information.
1.4 Structure of Report
The report is structured in four chapters. The report starts with introduction that highlights the
background information of the project, objectives and limitations of the study. The chapter two
highlights the overview of different details of project including catchment characteristics, water
quality, land use pattern, status of endangered species, population in the project area, women in
project area, status of disadvantaged groups and water supply and sanitation in the area. This
chapter also reviews financial analysis of the project.
The chapter three comprises the sustainability assessment of project. This chapter accesses the
environmental, social and economic aspects of sustainability of the project. The report concludes in
chapter four with the logical conclusions and recommendations.
1
4. 2. Overview of project
2.1 Introduction
Nyadi Hydropower Project (NHP) is a Run-of-River (RoR) type project, located in Lamjung
District, Western Development Region of Nepal.
Initially, installed project capacity was estimated as 20 MW based on Nyadi River. On that basis,
feasibility study was carried out and applied for Power Purchage Agreement (PPA). The latest
development is that
the probability of tapping the tail water flow of Siuri Khola Small
Hydropower Project from the nearest tributary Siuri (Doranda) Khola has been explored and
decided to incorporate it so that the project become financially viable. As per the latest
optimization using the additional tail water flow of SKSHP, the project has an installed capacity of
30 MW and will generate 180.24 GWh of energy annually. Major construction of the Project has
been started from the early 2012 and expected to be commissioned in the mid of 2015.
2.2 Location and accessibility
Project area of NHP covers two Village Development Committees (VDCs) namely: Bahundanda
and Bhulbhule of Lamjung district, Western Development Region of Nepal. However, the major
project structures like intake, surgeshaft, waterways and powerhouse are located in Bahundanda
VDC. Geographically, the proposed project lies between 84° 25' 25” E to 84°28' 00” E and 28°19'
20” N to 28°21' 07” N.
Figure 1: Location Map of Myadi Hydropower Project
The access to the project area from Kathmandu is through an all season 135 km long Prithivi
Highway connecting the Bhanubhakta Highway at Dumre in Tanahu district. About 202 km of
2
5. Bhanubhakta Highway from Dumre to Besisahar (district headquarter of Lamjung) and about 15
km road from Besisahar to Thakanbesi followed by the existing track roads leads to the project area.
2.3 Catchment characteristics:
The Nyadi River originates from the Himalayas at an elevation of more than 7,000 m and flows
south-west to join the Marsyangdi River about 7 km downstream of the proposed intake area. The
length of the catchment area is 20.5 km and the average width is 7.5 km. The Nyadi River
catchment has very steep valleys and a steep river profile. During the monsoon, the turbidity of
Nyadi River and its tributaries increases due to the large volume of suspended load. The Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD) level will probably be lower because of the higher volume of sediment
influx. The concentration of other parameters is not expected to change significantly. The main
sources of sediment yield in the drainage basin are steep terrain and associated erosion at upstream
areas.
The landscape in the project area and the drainage basin is dynamic and unstable. Landslides are
visible along the Nyadi River. Some landslides were observed at the Siuri (Doranda) and Nyadi
Khola junction or 500 m upstream of the powerhouse site.
2.4 Water quality
The test of water sample reveals that the quality parameters are suitable for sustaining fish and
aquatic life. The dissolved oxygen content (an index of water quality in relation to flora and fauna)
was found to be between 8.1 mg/L and 9.9 mg/L which is an acceptable level (note that dissolved
oxygen content below 5 mg/L is unsuitable for fish and aquatic life). The pH level of the water at
sampling site was between 7.8 and 8.0 pH, which is suitable for aquatic life. Water of Siuri Khola is
free from anthropogenic source of pollution. The water is clean and seems drinkable. Sediment
yield is not serious at Siuri Khola as the catchments are all natural forest and pasture land. The
water remains clear even in the months of summer.
2.5 Land use pattern
The land use pattern of the project occupied area can be broadly divided into agriculture land,
barren land, forest land, river and flood plain. Agriculture land accounts for the major portion of
land, which is 66.164% of total land. Similarly, river and flood plain, barren land and forest land
accounts for 24.554%, 8.596 and 0.684% respectively
Table 1 : Land use pattern of project occupied area
S.N.
1
2
3
4
Total
Land use type
Forest area
Agricultural area
Barren land
River and Flood plain
Area (ha)
0.2
19.32
2.51
7.17
29.20
Percent
0.684
66.164
8.596
24.554
100
3
6. 2.6 Status of endangered species
None of the plants species recorded in the NHP area were identified as endangered species. Simal
(Bombax ceiba) is a legally protected tree species of Nepal found in the project area. Cutting,
transportation, and export of these species are prohibited for commercial purposes and government
of Nepal may issue permission for cutting of these tree species for the implementation of national
priority projects, like hydropower. Among the faunal species, twelve species are listed in CITES I,
II and III, one species is protected under National Park and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973.
(CITES = Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora)
2.7 Population
Lamjung District has an area of 1,692 Km2 (170,872 ha) with a population of 177,149 with an
average households size of 4.85. Bahundanda and Bhulbhule VDCs are within the project
influence area. These VDCs constitute a total population of 6033. There are no other permanent
settlements in the area and only a few seasonal shelters live above 3,000masl altitude.
Table 2 : Population characteristics of project influenced VDCs
S.N.
VDCs
Households Population Male
Female
1
2
Total
Bahundanda
Bhulbhule
502
703
1205
1247
1825
3062
2556
3477
6033
1282
1652
2934
Sex
Ratio
1.02
0.90
0.96
2.8 Women in the Project area
Women constitute about 49 percent of the total population in the project area as per household
survey. However, women in the project area are regarded as low class groups. They do all the
household works including cooking, cleaning, rearing children, tending cattle and even work in the
fields. The literacy rate among them is also low as compared to men.
2.9 Disadvantaged groups
Like in the other parts of the country, Kami, Damai and Sarki are the disadvantaged groups in terms
of economy, social behavior and status in the community and society. Kamis make agriculture tools,
Damais provide tailoring services and Sarkis are engaged in making leather items such as shoes. In
reality, they are providing enormous services to the community. However, their efforts are not
valued in society.
2.10
Water supply and sanitation
The supply of tapped drinking water is satisfactory in the project area. As per the district profile of
Lamjung district, 95% and 96% households in Bahundanda and Bhulbhule VDCs respectively have
access to tapped drinking water supply. Others use wells, stone taps and spring water for drinking
purpose. However, as per the sampled HH survey, on an average, 90% have access to tapped
drinking water supply (Table 3). Rest use wells, river, spring for the drinking purpose. However,
sanitation condition is not good in the project area and only 40% people have toilets.
4
7. Table 3 : Use of different sources of water for drinking purpose in the project area
VDCs
Private
Tap
Bahundanda 1
Bhulbhule
1
Total
2
Percentage
2.11
Public Tap
Well
29
47
88
2
2
River
Other
spring
3
4
3
4
Total
Sampled HH
32
54
100
Alternative Analysis
Initially optimum project capacity was calculated as 20 MW based on Nyadi River. On that basis,
feasibility study was carried out and PPA was applied. However, the estimated cost of project and
the revenue from power generation based on prevailing rates indicated that the project was only
marginally feasible. Thereafter, the study team explored the options to increase power generation
by possible ways. The latest development is that the probability of tapping the tail water flow of
Siuri Khola Hydropower Project from the nearest tributary Siuri (Doranda) Khola has been explored
and decided to incorporate it so that the project become financially viable.
2.12
Financial Analysis
The financial analysis consists of a cash flow during the project life, a financial evaluation, which
suggests the Net Present Value (NPV), a Benefit Cost (B/C) ratio and the Internal Rate of Return
(IRR) on project and equity.
Capital cost for the project is US$ 67.349 million with installed Capacity 30 MW.Energy generated
by 30 MW power plant is estimated to be 180.24 GWh (Dry energy = 29.82 GWh, Wet energy =
150.41 GWh). Estimated consumption is 0.27 GWh for rural electrification and 1.78 GWh for Siuri
tailrace water pumping mechanism. The estimated sellable energy will be 178.19 GWh.
Table 4 : Results of financial analysis
S.N.
1
2
3
Economic indicators
Project Cost, US$ 000
Project Cost/kW, US$
B/C Ratio
Value
67349
2245
1.37
5
8. 3. Sustainability Assessment
3.1
Introduction
Sustainable development is defined by World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
as the development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs. Now, after extensive discussion on this issue for decades, the
sustainable development is expressed on the basis of three important aspects- social, environmental
and economical (people-planet-profit). According to this concept, for a project to be sustainable, it
should be socially equitable, environmentally bearable and economically viable.
3.2
Assessment of Environmental aspects
The sustainability of the project regarding environmental aspects can be explained in the following
points:
The catchment is steep and sediment yield in the monsoon is higher, it has negative impact
on the hydropower plant operation. Without addressing the problem, the implementation of
the project may exacerbate the situation. Also, the river bank is more prone to landslide so
the construction of retaining structures and the implication of bioengineering are required to
maintain the sustainability of the project.
The water quality of siuri khola is free from pollution as well as contains less sediment even
in monsoon. This should be maintained after the implementation of the project. During the
construction period, the pollution may increase in water due to construction materials which
is medium term problem.
During the operation, the degradation of water quality is likely to occur due to reduced flow
from the dam. Due to low discharge, the sediment carry will be high reducing the dissolved
oxygen affecting aquatic flora and fauna adversely for longer term.
The forest coverage in the project area is low. There are community preserved forests in the
area which are to be protected during the construction of the hydropower project. One of the
species, which is legally protected, should be preserved during construction. The project will
follow the rule of GoN if it is required to cut the trees in the project area.
The land used for agriculture and land containing forest will be used for the project
structures. This will change the land use permanently.
The faunal species in the project area shall be affected by the hydropower project as some of
the forest area in which they live will be used for the hydropower project. Due to decreased
flow to downstream and also flushing of sediment from hydraulic structure will directly
affect the aquatic species.
3.3
Assessment of Social aspects
The sustainability of the project regarding social aspects can be explained in the following points:
During the construction period, huge number of skilled and unskilled manpower will be
required. The priority will be given to the project affected villages. So, the people from the
6
9. villages will be employed based on their skills and qualifications. But, shortly after
completion of project, there will be job deficiency which may force the men to migrate out
of project area in search of job leaving more responsibility to women (their wife) on
household activities.
The project will also support for public facilities such as clinics and building access roads
during the construction period. These will serve the villagers for long time i.e. during the
operation phase also.
Due to tunneling, the depletion of water sources along the tunnel alignment is likely to
occur. So, a detailed study on technical assessment of tunnel alignment should be done to
find out the likely affects on tunnel alignment.
After the production of hydropower from the project, the plant will be able to provide
electricity to the villages in the project area at low costs. This will facilitate the introduction
of electrically driven mills compared to less efficient water mills. The access to electricity
will enable the non-formal adult education classes that take place in the evenings. Electricity
will facilitate access of communication technologies such as television, radios which will
enhance public awareness to the villagers along with entertainment.
3.4
Assessment of Economic aspects
The sustainability of the project regarding economic aspects can be explained in the following
points:
The project area is located near the tourist area of the country, famous trekking route to
ACAP region. The availability of electricity will enhance other facilities and services will
further contribute to increase tourism in the area which will improve the rural economy.
At present, less than 40 % of the total population has access to electricity. There is a severe
shortage of power in the National Grid, which in the near future is going to increase further
if new hydropower projects are not developed. As the industrial sector needs huge amount
of electricity, the proposed hydropower will contribute 30 MW of electricity to the country
which will be a significant contribution to the national grid of Nepal considering the supply
of only 700 MW of electricity at present.
The financial indicators shows that the project has good B/C ratio, the project will serve
well. But the capital cost per KW is $2245, which is higher amount compared to other
hydropower plants (e.g. Chilime hydropower’s per KW capital cost=$1547.00, Hydropower
Pricing in Nepal, Jalsrot Bikash Sanstha(JVS)).
3.5
Overall Assessment Result
In summation, the hydropower project has adverse effect on environment affecting forest areas as
well as aquatic species. The amount of possible threats to environment and actions taken to
minimize the effects is a measure of sustainability of the project. This project cannot be decided as
sustainable by looking into environmental aspects alone.
7
10. Further, the availability of employment facilities during the construction and benefits of access to
electricity is the positive aspects for the society. Further, the villagers will benefit from the health
facilities during and after the project. The project can be called sustainable on the social terms.
Although the unit cost of production is high but the Benefit to Cost ratio is good which indicate the
soundness of the project. Also, the project area will be benefited more through tourism after the area
will have electricity supply. So, the project can be said to be sustainable in economic terms.
8
11. 4. Conclusion
The NHP will provide a significant contribution in reducing the deficit between present production
and present demand of electricity. This project will also contribute to the growth of local economy
for longer terms. The potential negative effects of the project on the local environment and
community are likely to be moderate and range from short term to medium term (some may be long
term too).
Overall, it can be concluded that the proposed works may have some adverse effects, during
construction and operation, the benefits it will bring to the local people and to nation itself has the
potential to be significantly greater. On expense of some of adverse affects, within tolerable limit,
the project shall ultimately be sustainable and serve the target group for longer period.
9
12. References
1. Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol, International Hydropower Association,
November 2010.
2. Sustainability and Sustainable Development, Jonathan M. Harris, 2003.
3. Updated Report, Environmental Impact Assessment of Nyadi Hydropower Project, Hydro
Consult Private Limited, March 2011.
4. http://nhl.com.np/general.php?pg=introduction&type=about
5. http://www.bpc.com.np/index.php?option=com_page&task=details&id=23
10