Susceptibility to Anchoring Effects and Openness-to-Experience (Keith Dowd)
•Download as PPT, PDF•
1 like•253 views
This study examined how the personality trait of openness-to-experience influences susceptibility to anchoring effects. Across two studies, participants completed a personality inventory and an anchoring task involving estimates of the Mississippi River length or percentage of African UN nations. Results showed that highly open individuals were more influenced by high anchors compared to low open individuals, providing evidence that openness increases sensitivity to anchoring cues.
Report
Share
Report
Share
![SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANCHORING EFFECTS: HOW OPENNESS-TO-EXPERIENCE INFLUENCES RESPONSES TO ANCHORING CUES Keith Dowd, Appalachian State University Dr. Todd McElroy, Appalachian State University ,[object Object],[object Object],ABSTRACT Previous research on anchoring and adjustment has shown this heuristic to be a very robust psychological phenomenon ubiquitous across many domains of human judgment and decision-making. Despite the prevalence of anchoring effects throughout human decision processes, researchers have only recently begun to investigate the underlying factors responsible for how and in what ways a person is susceptible to them. This paper examines how one such factor, the Big-Five personality trait of openness-to-experience, influences the effect of previously presented anchors on participants' judgments. Across two studies, participants completed the ten-item personality inventory (TIPI) scale to assess their level of openness-to-experience and were then presented with a traditional anchoring task. Our findings indicate that participants high in openness-to-experience were significantly more influenced by anchoring cues relative to participants low in this trait. These findings were consistent across two different types of anchoring tasks providing convergent evidence for our hypothesis. BACKGROUND PROCEDURE & RESULTS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],For more information, email KD57363@appstate.edu ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Hypothesis Study 1 Results Study 1 Procedure CONCLUSION Study 3 Procedure Study 3 Results Study 2 Results Study 2 Procedure Average estimate as a function of openness to experience and anchor Anchor High Low Openness High 10,021.30 6,876.02 Low 698.50 1,372.00 Average estimate as a function of openness to experience and anchor Anchor High Low Openness High 43.5 25.3 Low 33.7 33.7](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/susceptibilitytoanchoringeffectsandopennesstoexperiencekeithdowd-12754241770331-phpapp01/85/Susceptibility-to-Anchoring-Effects-and-Openness-to-Experience-Keith-Dowd-1-320.jpg)
Recommended
Traits of a News Anchor
Veteran news anchor Charles Perez has been in the television industry for more than two decades. An author and alumnus of Florida State University, Charles Perez has a bachelor’s degree in communication and public relations. He has worked for several stations, including WPLG Channel 10, WABC Channel 7, and Al Jazeera America.
Tips for Good Anchoring | Raychel Harvey Jones
Here are best tip for become a good anchor. so take a look at these ideas for good anchoring.These tips are help you for anchoring.
Tips for Anchor Text Variation Keyword Research & Content Curation Ideas
This Presentation is all getting some real Content Curation tips around Main Keywords, Long Tail Keyword Discoveries and Keyword Research.
The Subject-Experimenter Contract A Reexamination of Subjec.docx
The Subject-Experimenter Contract: A Reexamination of
Subject Pool Contamination
Kitty Klein
Brian Cheuvront
North Carolina State University
W e conducted three experiments to investigate: ( a ) the extent to
which student research participants believe they will disclose de-
tuils of their experiences, ( b ) how much subjects uctually will
disclose immediately following a request not to reveal i n f o m -
tion, and ( c ) how much they will disclose after a 2-week interval.
Disclosure rates increused across the experiments. In the first
experiment, one fifth of the subjects indicated that they probably
would not preserve confidentiality, whether or not they believed it
was important to do so. In the second experiment, signing a pledge
not to discuss the experiment resulted in less disclosure, but over
one third o f the subjects revealed information to a confederate. In
the third experiment, promising students anonymity increased
disclosure; 85% of the subjects disclosed information, The results
indicate thut failure to heed requests for confidentiality may be ( 1
widespread problem in college subject pools.
In recent years, we have seen a renewed concern that
undergraduate students enjoy an ethical and educational
experience when they participate in psychological experi-
ments. Britton (1987) expressed concern that the direct
educational benefits of serving as a research participant are
sufficient t o justify the costs to the individuals involved.
Kimble (1987) and Korn (1988) outlined the educational
benefits students should expect. They emphasized that re-
search participants have a right to a discussion of the topic of
interest, a n explanation of the procedures followed, and a
summary of the results. Nonetheless, Coulter (1986) re-
ported that a substantial number of her undergraduates con-
sidered their research participation as "boring, irrelevant,
and a waste of time" (p. 3 17). She urged experimenters to
prepare debriefings that will educate, rather than simply
dismiss, student subjects.
Another side of this ethical coin has received little discus-
sion. With the exception of Korn's (1988) list of participant
responsibilities, the rights of the experimenter are rarely
addressed. O n e of these rights, the participant's responsihil-
~ t y to honor the researcher's request not to discuss the study
with anyone else who might be a participant, was the impe-
tus for our article. T h e problem is essentially one of subject
pool contamination. Revealing information about a n ex-
perimental procedure or outcome may affect the willingness
of other students to volunteer for a particular experiment
and may alter their behavior if they do participate. As Mar-
ans (1988) noted, leaked information has the potential to
threaten the internal validity of our results.
Subject pool contamination has received some empirical
attention, alheit very little. Evidence appears mixed on the
se.
Recommended
Traits of a News Anchor
Veteran news anchor Charles Perez has been in the television industry for more than two decades. An author and alumnus of Florida State University, Charles Perez has a bachelor’s degree in communication and public relations. He has worked for several stations, including WPLG Channel 10, WABC Channel 7, and Al Jazeera America.
Tips for Good Anchoring | Raychel Harvey Jones
Here are best tip for become a good anchor. so take a look at these ideas for good anchoring.These tips are help you for anchoring.
Tips for Anchor Text Variation Keyword Research & Content Curation Ideas
This Presentation is all getting some real Content Curation tips around Main Keywords, Long Tail Keyword Discoveries and Keyword Research.
The Subject-Experimenter Contract A Reexamination of Subjec.docx
The Subject-Experimenter Contract: A Reexamination of
Subject Pool Contamination
Kitty Klein
Brian Cheuvront
North Carolina State University
W e conducted three experiments to investigate: ( a ) the extent to
which student research participants believe they will disclose de-
tuils of their experiences, ( b ) how much subjects uctually will
disclose immediately following a request not to reveal i n f o m -
tion, and ( c ) how much they will disclose after a 2-week interval.
Disclosure rates increused across the experiments. In the first
experiment, one fifth of the subjects indicated that they probably
would not preserve confidentiality, whether or not they believed it
was important to do so. In the second experiment, signing a pledge
not to discuss the experiment resulted in less disclosure, but over
one third o f the subjects revealed information to a confederate. In
the third experiment, promising students anonymity increased
disclosure; 85% of the subjects disclosed information, The results
indicate thut failure to heed requests for confidentiality may be ( 1
widespread problem in college subject pools.
In recent years, we have seen a renewed concern that
undergraduate students enjoy an ethical and educational
experience when they participate in psychological experi-
ments. Britton (1987) expressed concern that the direct
educational benefits of serving as a research participant are
sufficient t o justify the costs to the individuals involved.
Kimble (1987) and Korn (1988) outlined the educational
benefits students should expect. They emphasized that re-
search participants have a right to a discussion of the topic of
interest, a n explanation of the procedures followed, and a
summary of the results. Nonetheless, Coulter (1986) re-
ported that a substantial number of her undergraduates con-
sidered their research participation as "boring, irrelevant,
and a waste of time" (p. 3 17). She urged experimenters to
prepare debriefings that will educate, rather than simply
dismiss, student subjects.
Another side of this ethical coin has received little discus-
sion. With the exception of Korn's (1988) list of participant
responsibilities, the rights of the experimenter are rarely
addressed. O n e of these rights, the participant's responsihil-
~ t y to honor the researcher's request not to discuss the study
with anyone else who might be a participant, was the impe-
tus for our article. T h e problem is essentially one of subject
pool contamination. Revealing information about a n ex-
perimental procedure or outcome may affect the willingness
of other students to volunteer for a particular experiment
and may alter their behavior if they do participate. As Mar-
ans (1988) noted, leaked information has the potential to
threaten the internal validity of our results.
Subject pool contamination has received some empirical
attention, alheit very little. Evidence appears mixed on the
se.
1. Elaborate on the coca-cocaine commodity value chain and the ill.docx
1. Elaborate on the coca-cocaine commodity value chain and the illegal drug industry in Latin America. In doing so, discuss the parallels with the dynamics of legal international trade under the influence of increasing globalization and economic integration.
2. Please discuss in your own words (no quotes) the Mexican Cartels and how they have defied U.S. Drug Policies. In doing so, discuss Operation Intercept, and Operation Condor.
3. Please discuss in detail the fight against violence and terror on the Southwest Border of the United States. In doing so, also list and discuss the three points keyed in on by Kingpins and corruption (2017).
4. Please define, describe, and discuss what is meant by “A Line in the sand.” Then, summarize the Majority Report by the United States House Committee on Homeland Security Subcommittee on Oversight, Investigations, and Management.” Your conclusion should provide some solution to the problem of southwest border security.
EDUCATION AND TREATMENT OF CHILDREN Vol. 37, No. 3, 2014
Pages 407–430
An Evaluation of a Treatment Package
Consisting of Discrimination Training and
Differential Reinforcement with Response Cost
and a Social Story on Vocal Stereotypy for a
Preschooler with Autism in a
Preschool Classroom
Amanda P. Laprime and Gretchen A. Dittrich
Simmons College
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the use of a treatment package com-
prised of a social story, discrimination training, and differential reinforcement
with response cost on the vocal stereotypy of one preschooler diagnosed with
an autism spectrum disorder. The study took place in a preschool classroom
of a public school and was implemented by the classroom teacher and staff.
A changing criterion design was employed to evaluate experimental control.
The results of this study demonstrated a clear decrease in vocal stereotypy as
compared to baseline.
Keywords: Vocal Stereotypy, Response Cost, Differential Reinforcement,
Changing-Criterion Design
A defining characteristic of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)
involves repetitive vocalizations or body movements, otherwise de-
fined as stereotyped behavior (American Psychiatric Association,
2000). Rapp and Vollmer (2005) conducted a review of the literature
and concluded that the majority of stereotypic behaviors are main-
tained by automatic reinforcement. Skinner defined verbal behav-
iors as “behavior reinforced through the mediation of other persons”
(1957, p.2). Though repetitive vocal responses may topographically
appear to be verbal, if the consequences maintaining such responses
are not mediated by a listener, they then could instead be defined as
vocal stereotypy maintained by automatic reinforcement. Vaughn and
Michael (1982) defined automatic reinforcement as a contingency not
mediated by a listener. Therefore, vocal stereotypy may be maintained
This study was conducted by the first author in partial fulfillment of the requiremen ...
Author & TitleAuthors Maggie Lawrence & Sue Kinn.Title Need.docx
Author & Title:
Authors: Maggie Lawrence & Sue Kinn.
Title: Needs, priorities, and desired rehabilitation outcomes of family members of young adults who have had a stroke: findings from a phenomenological study.
Maggie Lawrence is a lecturer at Glasgow Caledonian University, Scotland, UK, where she works in the Institute for Applied Health Research/School of Health and Life Sciences.
Sue Kinn works in Scotland, UK, at the Research and Evidence Division, Department for International Development, in East Kilbride.
Both authors have the relevant expertise to write a paper on this subject. They are also distinguished professionals with valuable experience Health and Life Sciences.
Research Approach & Design
A qualitative approach based on Merleau-Ponty's existential phenomenology.
The researchers adopted a qualitative approach, supported by Merleau-Ponty's existential phenomenology, thus enabling them to explore the experiences of family members in relation to stroke. This approach to research is appropriate to the research question because it provides a general way of thinking about a problem (Smyth, 2013). This approach serves as a primary exploratory research aimed at providing valuable insights relating to the opinions, reasons, and motivations about the research question (Ritchie, Lewis, Nicholls & Ormston, 2013). More importantly, this approach helps the researchers to gain a better understanding into the issue, enabling them to develop hypotheses or ideas that would serve as the basis for potential quantitative research. The use of Merleau-Ponty's existential phenomenology is also appropriate because it highlights a focus on the individual’s subjective interpretations and experiences of the world (particularly, the issue at hand), thereby enabling the researchers to understand how they perceive the problem (Hamrick, 2013).
Sampling & Sample size
This research involved 11 participants (all family members) who participated in 24 interviews conducted over a span of 2 years.
This research used purposive sampling to get the participants.
The sampling population of 11 family members included spouses, parents, siblings, and children. They all participated in 24 interviews conducted over a 2-year period. Subsequently, the researchers used an iterative process of critical reflection to identify priorities, family-centred needs, and the related rehabilitation outcomes.
The researchers used purposive sampling in which they were able to recruit 10 young adults with stroke, and where those adults had developed the condition between 3 months and 24 months prior to recruitment (Ritchie, Lewis, Nicholls & Ormston, 2013).
As this was a qualitative research taking a phenomenological approach, the sample size was appropriate for the research approach that was chosen. The selected approach does not require the sample size to be too large as that might affect the researchers’ ability to analyze data properly. The sample size of 24 would be sufficient to s ...
A PROCEDURE FOR IDENTIFYING PRECURSORS TOPROBLEM BEHAVIOR.docx
A PROCEDURE FOR IDENTIFYING PRECURSORS TO
PROBLEM BEHAVIOR
BRANDON HERSCOVITCH, EILEEN M. ROSCOE, MYRNA E. LIBBY,
JASON C. BOURRET, AND WILLIAM H. AHEARN
NEW ENGLAND CENTER FOR CHILDREN
NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY
We describe a procedure for differentiating among potential precursor responses for use in a
functional analysis. Conditional probability analysis of descriptive assessment data identified
three potential precursors. Results from the indirect assessment corresponded with those
obtained from the descriptive assessment. The top-ranked response identified as a precursor
according to the indirect assessment had the strongest relation according to the probability
analysis. When contingencies were arranged for the precursor in a functional analysis, the same
function was identified as for target behavior, supporting the utility of indirect and descriptive
methods to identify precursor behavior empirically.
DESCRIPTORS: descriptive assessment, functional analysis, precursors, problem behavior,
response-class hierarchies
_______________________________________________________________________________
Functional analysis (Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer,
Bauman, & Richman, 1982/1994) involves
manipulating antecedents and consequences
for the target behavior of interest. Because a
functional analysis requires the repeated occur-
rence of a target response, it may not be
appropriate for response topographies that pose
risk of harm to others (e.g., severe aggression) or
the client (e.g., self-injury). One modification
that has addressed this concern involves a
functional analysis of precursor behavior (i.e.,
arranging contingencies for responses that
reliably precede the target behavior) based on
previous research showing that response topog-
raphies that occur in close temporal proximity
are often members of the same response class,
and by providing differential reinforcement for
earlier responses in the response-class hierarchy,
later more severe responses occur less often
(Harding et al., 2001; Lalli, Mace, Wohn, &
Livezey, 1995; Richman, Wacker, Asmus,
Casey, & Andelman, 1999).
Smith and Churchill (2002) conducted a
functional analysis of precursor behavior and
found similar outcomes from a functional
analysis of the target behavior and a functional
analysis of the hypothesized precursor behavior.
A study by Najdowski, Wallace, Ellsworth,
MacAleese, and Cleveland (2008) extended this
work by demonstrating that an intervention
based on a functional analysis of precursor
behavior was effective in eliminating partici-
pants’ precursor behavior. The implication of
these findings is that outcomes from functional
analyses of precursor responses may be used to
infer the function of more severe topographies
that occur later in the response-class hierarchy.
A potential limitation associated with both of
these studies is that indirect assessments alone
were used to identify precursor responses. Such
assessments have sometimes been found to have
poor reliab.
A Thin Slice Perspective On The Accuracy Of First Impressions
Essay Writing Service
http://StudyHub.vip/A-Thin-Slice-Perspective-On-The-Accurac 👈
Journal oj Personality and Social Psychology1969, Vol. 13, N.docx
Journal oj Personality and Social Psychology
1969, Vol. 13, No. 4, 289-299
GOOD SAMARITANISM:
AN UNDERGROUND PHENOMENON?1
IRVING M. PILIAVIN
University of Pennsylvania
JUDITH RODIN
Columbia University
AND JANE ALLYN PILIAVIN 2
University of Pennsylvania
A field experiment was performed to investigate the effect of several variables
on helping behavior, using the express trains of the New York 8th Avenue
Independent Subway as a laboratory on wheels. Four teams of students, each
one made up of a victim, model, and two observers, staged standard col-
lapses in which type of victim (drunk or ill), race of victim (black or white)
and presence or absence of a model were varied. Data recorded by observers
included number and race of observers, latency of the helping response and
race of helper, number of helpers, movement out of the "critical area," and
spontaneous comments. Major findings of the study were that (a) an appar-
ently ill person is more likely to receive aid than is one who appears to be
drunk, (b) race of victim has little effect on race of helper except when the
victim is drunk, (c) the longer the emergency continues without help being
offered, the more likely it is that someone will leave the area of the emergency,
and (d) the expected decrease in speed of responding as group size increases—
the "diffusion of responsibility effect" found by Darley and Latane—does not
occur in this situation. Implications of this difference between laboratory and
field results are discussed, and a brief model for the prediction of behavior
in emergency situations is presented.
Since the murder of Kitty Genovese in
Queens, a rapidly increasing number of social
scientists have turned their attentions to the
study of the good Samaritan's act and an
associated phenomenon, the evaluation of
victims by bystanders and agents. Some of
the findings of this research have been pro-
vocative and nonobvious. For example, there
is evidence that agents, and even bystanders,
will sometimes derogate the character of the
victims of misfortune, instead of feeling com-
passion (Berscheid & Walster, 1967; Lerner
& Simmons, 1966). Furthermore, recent find-
1 This research was conducted while the first au-
thor was at Columbia University as a Special Na-
tional Institute of Mental Health Research Fellow
under Grant 1-F3-MH-36, 328-01. The study was
partially supported by funds supplied by this grant
and partially by funds from National Science
Foundation Grant GS-1901 to the third author. The
authors thank Virginia Joy for allowing the experi-
mental teams to be recruited f rom her class, and
Percy Tannenbaum for his reading of the manuscript
and his helpful comments.
2 Requests for reprints should be sent to Jane
Allyn Piliavin, Department of Psychology, University
of Pennsylvania, 3813-1S Walnut Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19104.
ings indicate that under certain circumstances
there is not "safety in numbers," but rather
"diffusion of responsibility." ...
Unit1 SPPHS5006 Due 10.12.2022Readings Use your .docx
Unit1 SPPHS5006 Due 10.12.2022
Readings
Use your
Social Policy and Social Programs text to complete the following:
· Read Chapter 1, "Analyzing the Social Problem Background of Social Policies and Programs," pages 7–26.Multimedia
View the following animation:
·
Bloom's Taxonomy.
Unit1Disc1 (1page site sources in APA)
The Definition of a Social Problem
Choose a social problem affecting an oppressed population you are interested in learning about. Research the history of how that issue became a social problem and report your findings. Use this unit's readings to ensure your understanding of defining a social problem. For this discussion, answer the following questions:
· What factors led to the definition of this social problem?
· Who were the key players?
Unit1Disc2 (1page site sources in APA)
Diverse Policy Viewpoints: Right or Wrong?
Explain why there is no such thing as a
right or
wrong social policy viewpoint. Provide examples from the issue you researched in the first discussion of this unit to illustrate your claims and support them with course references. Include how different groups define the same problem; accomplish this by showing how the problem would be viewed by at least three distinct groups.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effects of a Lag Schedule with Progressive Time Delay on Sign Mand
Variability in a Boy with Autism
Bryant C. Silbaugh1
& Terry S. Falcomata2
Published online: 18 September 2018
# Association for Behavior Analysis International 2018
Abstract
For some children with autism, mand training can produce highly repetitive manding unless the environment is arranged in a
manner that promotes mand variability. Prior research demonstrated that mand training using a lag schedule and progressive time
delay increased variability in vocal manding in children with autism. Whether lag schedules have similar effects on sign mand
topographies is unknown. The current study evaluated the effects of mand training with a Lag 1 schedule of reinforcement and
progressive time delay (TD) on topographical variability and the development of a sign mand response class hierarchy in a boy
with autism. The results suggest independent use of all sign mand topographies occurred, a mand response class hierarchy was
developed, and topographically variant sign manding increased under the Lag 1 + TD schedule compared to a Lag 0 schedule of
reinforcement. Implications for practitioners, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
Keywords Lag schedule . Mand . Operant variability . Response class hierarchy . Time delay
During mand training for individuals with language delays or
deficits (e.g., autism), a response such as saying “juice” is
taught by presenting a relevant establishing operation (EO;
e.g., giving access to salty popcorn and withholding juice)
and using prompting, rapid prompt fading, and differe.
Elizabeth Buie - Older adults: Are we really designing for our future selves?
Elizabeth Buie - Older adults: Are we really designing for our future selves?
More Related Content
Similar to Susceptibility to Anchoring Effects and Openness-to-Experience (Keith Dowd)
1. Elaborate on the coca-cocaine commodity value chain and the ill.docx
1. Elaborate on the coca-cocaine commodity value chain and the illegal drug industry in Latin America. In doing so, discuss the parallels with the dynamics of legal international trade under the influence of increasing globalization and economic integration.
2. Please discuss in your own words (no quotes) the Mexican Cartels and how they have defied U.S. Drug Policies. In doing so, discuss Operation Intercept, and Operation Condor.
3. Please discuss in detail the fight against violence and terror on the Southwest Border of the United States. In doing so, also list and discuss the three points keyed in on by Kingpins and corruption (2017).
4. Please define, describe, and discuss what is meant by “A Line in the sand.” Then, summarize the Majority Report by the United States House Committee on Homeland Security Subcommittee on Oversight, Investigations, and Management.” Your conclusion should provide some solution to the problem of southwest border security.
EDUCATION AND TREATMENT OF CHILDREN Vol. 37, No. 3, 2014
Pages 407–430
An Evaluation of a Treatment Package
Consisting of Discrimination Training and
Differential Reinforcement with Response Cost
and a Social Story on Vocal Stereotypy for a
Preschooler with Autism in a
Preschool Classroom
Amanda P. Laprime and Gretchen A. Dittrich
Simmons College
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the use of a treatment package com-
prised of a social story, discrimination training, and differential reinforcement
with response cost on the vocal stereotypy of one preschooler diagnosed with
an autism spectrum disorder. The study took place in a preschool classroom
of a public school and was implemented by the classroom teacher and staff.
A changing criterion design was employed to evaluate experimental control.
The results of this study demonstrated a clear decrease in vocal stereotypy as
compared to baseline.
Keywords: Vocal Stereotypy, Response Cost, Differential Reinforcement,
Changing-Criterion Design
A defining characteristic of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)
involves repetitive vocalizations or body movements, otherwise de-
fined as stereotyped behavior (American Psychiatric Association,
2000). Rapp and Vollmer (2005) conducted a review of the literature
and concluded that the majority of stereotypic behaviors are main-
tained by automatic reinforcement. Skinner defined verbal behav-
iors as “behavior reinforced through the mediation of other persons”
(1957, p.2). Though repetitive vocal responses may topographically
appear to be verbal, if the consequences maintaining such responses
are not mediated by a listener, they then could instead be defined as
vocal stereotypy maintained by automatic reinforcement. Vaughn and
Michael (1982) defined automatic reinforcement as a contingency not
mediated by a listener. Therefore, vocal stereotypy may be maintained
This study was conducted by the first author in partial fulfillment of the requiremen ...
Author & TitleAuthors Maggie Lawrence & Sue Kinn.Title Need.docx
Author & Title:
Authors: Maggie Lawrence & Sue Kinn.
Title: Needs, priorities, and desired rehabilitation outcomes of family members of young adults who have had a stroke: findings from a phenomenological study.
Maggie Lawrence is a lecturer at Glasgow Caledonian University, Scotland, UK, where she works in the Institute for Applied Health Research/School of Health and Life Sciences.
Sue Kinn works in Scotland, UK, at the Research and Evidence Division, Department for International Development, in East Kilbride.
Both authors have the relevant expertise to write a paper on this subject. They are also distinguished professionals with valuable experience Health and Life Sciences.
Research Approach & Design
A qualitative approach based on Merleau-Ponty's existential phenomenology.
The researchers adopted a qualitative approach, supported by Merleau-Ponty's existential phenomenology, thus enabling them to explore the experiences of family members in relation to stroke. This approach to research is appropriate to the research question because it provides a general way of thinking about a problem (Smyth, 2013). This approach serves as a primary exploratory research aimed at providing valuable insights relating to the opinions, reasons, and motivations about the research question (Ritchie, Lewis, Nicholls & Ormston, 2013). More importantly, this approach helps the researchers to gain a better understanding into the issue, enabling them to develop hypotheses or ideas that would serve as the basis for potential quantitative research. The use of Merleau-Ponty's existential phenomenology is also appropriate because it highlights a focus on the individual’s subjective interpretations and experiences of the world (particularly, the issue at hand), thereby enabling the researchers to understand how they perceive the problem (Hamrick, 2013).
Sampling & Sample size
This research involved 11 participants (all family members) who participated in 24 interviews conducted over a span of 2 years.
This research used purposive sampling to get the participants.
The sampling population of 11 family members included spouses, parents, siblings, and children. They all participated in 24 interviews conducted over a 2-year period. Subsequently, the researchers used an iterative process of critical reflection to identify priorities, family-centred needs, and the related rehabilitation outcomes.
The researchers used purposive sampling in which they were able to recruit 10 young adults with stroke, and where those adults had developed the condition between 3 months and 24 months prior to recruitment (Ritchie, Lewis, Nicholls & Ormston, 2013).
As this was a qualitative research taking a phenomenological approach, the sample size was appropriate for the research approach that was chosen. The selected approach does not require the sample size to be too large as that might affect the researchers’ ability to analyze data properly. The sample size of 24 would be sufficient to s ...
A PROCEDURE FOR IDENTIFYING PRECURSORS TOPROBLEM BEHAVIOR.docx
A PROCEDURE FOR IDENTIFYING PRECURSORS TO
PROBLEM BEHAVIOR
BRANDON HERSCOVITCH, EILEEN M. ROSCOE, MYRNA E. LIBBY,
JASON C. BOURRET, AND WILLIAM H. AHEARN
NEW ENGLAND CENTER FOR CHILDREN
NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY
We describe a procedure for differentiating among potential precursor responses for use in a
functional analysis. Conditional probability analysis of descriptive assessment data identified
three potential precursors. Results from the indirect assessment corresponded with those
obtained from the descriptive assessment. The top-ranked response identified as a precursor
according to the indirect assessment had the strongest relation according to the probability
analysis. When contingencies were arranged for the precursor in a functional analysis, the same
function was identified as for target behavior, supporting the utility of indirect and descriptive
methods to identify precursor behavior empirically.
DESCRIPTORS: descriptive assessment, functional analysis, precursors, problem behavior,
response-class hierarchies
_______________________________________________________________________________
Functional analysis (Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer,
Bauman, & Richman, 1982/1994) involves
manipulating antecedents and consequences
for the target behavior of interest. Because a
functional analysis requires the repeated occur-
rence of a target response, it may not be
appropriate for response topographies that pose
risk of harm to others (e.g., severe aggression) or
the client (e.g., self-injury). One modification
that has addressed this concern involves a
functional analysis of precursor behavior (i.e.,
arranging contingencies for responses that
reliably precede the target behavior) based on
previous research showing that response topog-
raphies that occur in close temporal proximity
are often members of the same response class,
and by providing differential reinforcement for
earlier responses in the response-class hierarchy,
later more severe responses occur less often
(Harding et al., 2001; Lalli, Mace, Wohn, &
Livezey, 1995; Richman, Wacker, Asmus,
Casey, & Andelman, 1999).
Smith and Churchill (2002) conducted a
functional analysis of precursor behavior and
found similar outcomes from a functional
analysis of the target behavior and a functional
analysis of the hypothesized precursor behavior.
A study by Najdowski, Wallace, Ellsworth,
MacAleese, and Cleveland (2008) extended this
work by demonstrating that an intervention
based on a functional analysis of precursor
behavior was effective in eliminating partici-
pants’ precursor behavior. The implication of
these findings is that outcomes from functional
analyses of precursor responses may be used to
infer the function of more severe topographies
that occur later in the response-class hierarchy.
A potential limitation associated with both of
these studies is that indirect assessments alone
were used to identify precursor responses. Such
assessments have sometimes been found to have
poor reliab.
A Thin Slice Perspective On The Accuracy Of First Impressions
Essay Writing Service
http://StudyHub.vip/A-Thin-Slice-Perspective-On-The-Accurac 👈
Journal oj Personality and Social Psychology1969, Vol. 13, N.docx
Journal oj Personality and Social Psychology
1969, Vol. 13, No. 4, 289-299
GOOD SAMARITANISM:
AN UNDERGROUND PHENOMENON?1
IRVING M. PILIAVIN
University of Pennsylvania
JUDITH RODIN
Columbia University
AND JANE ALLYN PILIAVIN 2
University of Pennsylvania
A field experiment was performed to investigate the effect of several variables
on helping behavior, using the express trains of the New York 8th Avenue
Independent Subway as a laboratory on wheels. Four teams of students, each
one made up of a victim, model, and two observers, staged standard col-
lapses in which type of victim (drunk or ill), race of victim (black or white)
and presence or absence of a model were varied. Data recorded by observers
included number and race of observers, latency of the helping response and
race of helper, number of helpers, movement out of the "critical area," and
spontaneous comments. Major findings of the study were that (a) an appar-
ently ill person is more likely to receive aid than is one who appears to be
drunk, (b) race of victim has little effect on race of helper except when the
victim is drunk, (c) the longer the emergency continues without help being
offered, the more likely it is that someone will leave the area of the emergency,
and (d) the expected decrease in speed of responding as group size increases—
the "diffusion of responsibility effect" found by Darley and Latane—does not
occur in this situation. Implications of this difference between laboratory and
field results are discussed, and a brief model for the prediction of behavior
in emergency situations is presented.
Since the murder of Kitty Genovese in
Queens, a rapidly increasing number of social
scientists have turned their attentions to the
study of the good Samaritan's act and an
associated phenomenon, the evaluation of
victims by bystanders and agents. Some of
the findings of this research have been pro-
vocative and nonobvious. For example, there
is evidence that agents, and even bystanders,
will sometimes derogate the character of the
victims of misfortune, instead of feeling com-
passion (Berscheid & Walster, 1967; Lerner
& Simmons, 1966). Furthermore, recent find-
1 This research was conducted while the first au-
thor was at Columbia University as a Special Na-
tional Institute of Mental Health Research Fellow
under Grant 1-F3-MH-36, 328-01. The study was
partially supported by funds supplied by this grant
and partially by funds from National Science
Foundation Grant GS-1901 to the third author. The
authors thank Virginia Joy for allowing the experi-
mental teams to be recruited f rom her class, and
Percy Tannenbaum for his reading of the manuscript
and his helpful comments.
2 Requests for reprints should be sent to Jane
Allyn Piliavin, Department of Psychology, University
of Pennsylvania, 3813-1S Walnut Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19104.
ings indicate that under certain circumstances
there is not "safety in numbers," but rather
"diffusion of responsibility." ...
Unit1 SPPHS5006 Due 10.12.2022Readings Use your .docx
Unit1 SPPHS5006 Due 10.12.2022
Readings
Use your
Social Policy and Social Programs text to complete the following:
· Read Chapter 1, "Analyzing the Social Problem Background of Social Policies and Programs," pages 7–26.Multimedia
View the following animation:
·
Bloom's Taxonomy.
Unit1Disc1 (1page site sources in APA)
The Definition of a Social Problem
Choose a social problem affecting an oppressed population you are interested in learning about. Research the history of how that issue became a social problem and report your findings. Use this unit's readings to ensure your understanding of defining a social problem. For this discussion, answer the following questions:
· What factors led to the definition of this social problem?
· Who were the key players?
Unit1Disc2 (1page site sources in APA)
Diverse Policy Viewpoints: Right or Wrong?
Explain why there is no such thing as a
right or
wrong social policy viewpoint. Provide examples from the issue you researched in the first discussion of this unit to illustrate your claims and support them with course references. Include how different groups define the same problem; accomplish this by showing how the problem would be viewed by at least three distinct groups.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effects of a Lag Schedule with Progressive Time Delay on Sign Mand
Variability in a Boy with Autism
Bryant C. Silbaugh1
& Terry S. Falcomata2
Published online: 18 September 2018
# Association for Behavior Analysis International 2018
Abstract
For some children with autism, mand training can produce highly repetitive manding unless the environment is arranged in a
manner that promotes mand variability. Prior research demonstrated that mand training using a lag schedule and progressive time
delay increased variability in vocal manding in children with autism. Whether lag schedules have similar effects on sign mand
topographies is unknown. The current study evaluated the effects of mand training with a Lag 1 schedule of reinforcement and
progressive time delay (TD) on topographical variability and the development of a sign mand response class hierarchy in a boy
with autism. The results suggest independent use of all sign mand topographies occurred, a mand response class hierarchy was
developed, and topographically variant sign manding increased under the Lag 1 + TD schedule compared to a Lag 0 schedule of
reinforcement. Implications for practitioners, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
Keywords Lag schedule . Mand . Operant variability . Response class hierarchy . Time delay
During mand training for individuals with language delays or
deficits (e.g., autism), a response such as saying “juice” is
taught by presenting a relevant establishing operation (EO;
e.g., giving access to salty popcorn and withholding juice)
and using prompting, rapid prompt fading, and differe.
Similar to Susceptibility to Anchoring Effects and Openness-to-Experience (Keith Dowd) (20)
1. Elaborate on the coca-cocaine commodity value chain and the ill.docx
1. Elaborate on the coca-cocaine commodity value chain and the ill.docx
Author & TitleAuthors Maggie Lawrence & Sue Kinn.Title Need.docx
Author & TitleAuthors Maggie Lawrence & Sue Kinn.Title Need.docx
A PROCEDURE FOR IDENTIFYING PRECURSORS TOPROBLEM BEHAVIOR.docx
A PROCEDURE FOR IDENTIFYING PRECURSORS TOPROBLEM BEHAVIOR.docx
A Thin Slice Perspective On The Accuracy Of First Impressions
A Thin Slice Perspective On The Accuracy Of First Impressions
Journal oj Personality and Social Psychology1969, Vol. 13, N.docx
Journal oj Personality and Social Psychology1969, Vol. 13, N.docx
Unit1 SPPHS5006 Due 10.12.2022Readings Use your .docx
Unit1 SPPHS5006 Due 10.12.2022Readings Use your .docx
Recently uploaded
Elizabeth Buie - Older adults: Are we really designing for our future selves?
Elizabeth Buie - Older adults: Are we really designing for our future selves?
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Video Streaming: Then, Now, and in the Future
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 preview
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing Days
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Enhancing Performance with Globus and the Science DMZ
ESnet has led the way in helping national facilities—and many other institutions in the research community—configure Science DMZs and troubleshoot network issues to maximize data transfer performance. In this talk we will present a summary of approaches and tips for getting the most out of your network infrastructure using Globus Connect Server.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdf
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to Production
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
By Design, not by Accident - Agile Venture Bolzano 2024
As presented at the Agile Venture Bolzano, 4.06.2024
GenAISummit 2024 May 28 Sri Ambati Keynote: AGI Belongs to The Community in O...
“AGI should be open source and in the public domain at the service of humanity and the planet.”
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish Caching
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Recently uploaded (20)
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: Passkeys and the Road Ahead.pdf
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: Passkeys and the Road Ahead.pdf
Elizabeth Buie - Older adults: Are we really designing for our future selves?
Elizabeth Buie - Older adults: Are we really designing for our future selves?
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 preview
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 preview
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing Days
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing Days
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: FIDO Security Aspects.pdf
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: FIDO Security Aspects.pdf
Enhancing Performance with Globus and the Science DMZ
Enhancing Performance with Globus and the Science DMZ
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdf
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdf
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to Production
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to Production
By Design, not by Accident - Agile Venture Bolzano 2024
By Design, not by Accident - Agile Venture Bolzano 2024
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: Passkeys at Amazon.pdf
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: Passkeys at Amazon.pdf
GenAISummit 2024 May 28 Sri Ambati Keynote: AGI Belongs to The Community in O...
GenAISummit 2024 May 28 Sri Ambati Keynote: AGI Belongs to The Community in O...
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish Caching
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish Caching
Secstrike : Reverse Engineering & Pwnable tools for CTF.pptx
Secstrike : Reverse Engineering & Pwnable tools for CTF.pptx