This research paper outlines the idea of cost-effective health care, which minimizes 'unnecessary' patients tests and procedures that do not improve patient outcomes. The analysis focused on examining current trends in cost-effective health care, the rise of modern medical technologies involved in cost-effective health care, and the benefits of the U.S. implementing a cost-effective health care system. Mrs. McCallister and Dr. Pahwa were instrumental in the formation of this paper.
Presentation by Megan Douglas, JD for the Third Annual Policy Prescriptions® Symposium
She is the associate director of Health Information Technology Policy in the National Center for Primary Care at Morehouse School of Medicine.
The symposium is designed for clinicians, healthcare workers, and healthcare executives interested in exploring the major themes that will emerge in health policy throughout the year. This year, the symposium will emphasize value in healthcare, health information technology, gun violence, insurance choices, the Affordable Care Act, and the viewpoints of the Presidential candidates on health care.
Presentation by Megan Douglas, JD for the Third Annual Policy Prescriptions® Symposium
She is the associate director of Health Information Technology Policy in the National Center for Primary Care at Morehouse School of Medicine.
The symposium is designed for clinicians, healthcare workers, and healthcare executives interested in exploring the major themes that will emerge in health policy throughout the year. This year, the symposium will emphasize value in healthcare, health information technology, gun violence, insurance choices, the Affordable Care Act, and the viewpoints of the Presidential candidates on health care.
State of the US healthcare industry - a compilation of infographics 2014Dr. Susan Dorfman
2014 is the year of healthcare reform! The internet is full of amazing information showcasing the scope of the reform and its current successes and struggles - as well as the impact it will have on the varying healthcare stakeholders, from healthcare professionals to institutions, patients and pharmaceutical manufacturers
A Comparative Analysis Of The UK And US Health Care Systemsabbiemc
- Published a comparative review of health systems of the National Health Service in the United Kingdom and the varying approaches to health systems in the United States
- Developed research question, conducted interviews, utilized PubMed and similar research database systems, performed literature review, and prepared and submitted for publication
The system of delivery within health care has always been on the change and rise due
to technology along with self-care, health care, development, education, and creating a healthy society. As the old saying goes, “where there is good health there is also good financial wealth” and this is where the formation of the ACA took place and a new integrated delivery system created.
The presentation showcases Latest Trends in Healthcare. Featuring start-ups in online healthcare space who are using technology to deliver better healthcare and information to users.
Future of Healthcare – Leadership Challenges
Further to several additional expert workshops this year, we are delighted to share an updated global perspective on the future of healthcare. Produced in partnership with Duke Corporate Education (http://www.dukece.com), this adds new insights on the pivotal shifts taking place across the sector plus viewpoints on some of the core implications for leadership. Topics include the growing power of data; the rising impact of urbanisation on health; increasing patient centricity; the need for more flexible organisations and the move of innovation activity eastwards.
Available as both this report and as an accompanying presentation (https://www.slideshare.net/futureagenda2/future-of-healthcare-15-october-2019-182433390) this is now being used to inform and provoke further debate around the world. As ever we would like to thank all those who have given their time and insight to contribute to this project.
Meaningful Use and the Path to Population Health and Quality in a Transformin...Phytel
The over arching goal of the meaningful use requirements of the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) is to facilitate the transition to real quality improvement and population health management. Most physician practices will need supplemental information technology that automates the basic tasks of identifying, contacting, and tracking patients who need preventive and chronic care services, coupled with reports that care teams can use for quality improvement and reporting.
In the coming years the United States will find themselves going through a number of changes within the Social Security Administration which will affect the Health Care Industry as we know it “Hospital size has long been an area of discussion and debate in the U.S. healthcare industry. Questions have consistently focused on cost management or efficiency in large versus small hospitals. A persistent question among researchers is whether efficiencies are associated with larger facilities through economies of scale, or if there are alternate scenarios that play a significant part in hospital cost and efficiency” (2009, JHM). Since the Affordable Health Care Act was established it made obtaining health care much more affordable and accessible, but at the same time there has to be some cut back.
State of the US healthcare industry - a compilation of infographics 2014Dr. Susan Dorfman
2014 is the year of healthcare reform! The internet is full of amazing information showcasing the scope of the reform and its current successes and struggles - as well as the impact it will have on the varying healthcare stakeholders, from healthcare professionals to institutions, patients and pharmaceutical manufacturers
A Comparative Analysis Of The UK And US Health Care Systemsabbiemc
- Published a comparative review of health systems of the National Health Service in the United Kingdom and the varying approaches to health systems in the United States
- Developed research question, conducted interviews, utilized PubMed and similar research database systems, performed literature review, and prepared and submitted for publication
The system of delivery within health care has always been on the change and rise due
to technology along with self-care, health care, development, education, and creating a healthy society. As the old saying goes, “where there is good health there is also good financial wealth” and this is where the formation of the ACA took place and a new integrated delivery system created.
The presentation showcases Latest Trends in Healthcare. Featuring start-ups in online healthcare space who are using technology to deliver better healthcare and information to users.
Future of Healthcare – Leadership Challenges
Further to several additional expert workshops this year, we are delighted to share an updated global perspective on the future of healthcare. Produced in partnership with Duke Corporate Education (http://www.dukece.com), this adds new insights on the pivotal shifts taking place across the sector plus viewpoints on some of the core implications for leadership. Topics include the growing power of data; the rising impact of urbanisation on health; increasing patient centricity; the need for more flexible organisations and the move of innovation activity eastwards.
Available as both this report and as an accompanying presentation (https://www.slideshare.net/futureagenda2/future-of-healthcare-15-october-2019-182433390) this is now being used to inform and provoke further debate around the world. As ever we would like to thank all those who have given their time and insight to contribute to this project.
Meaningful Use and the Path to Population Health and Quality in a Transformin...Phytel
The over arching goal of the meaningful use requirements of the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) is to facilitate the transition to real quality improvement and population health management. Most physician practices will need supplemental information technology that automates the basic tasks of identifying, contacting, and tracking patients who need preventive and chronic care services, coupled with reports that care teams can use for quality improvement and reporting.
In the coming years the United States will find themselves going through a number of changes within the Social Security Administration which will affect the Health Care Industry as we know it “Hospital size has long been an area of discussion and debate in the U.S. healthcare industry. Questions have consistently focused on cost management or efficiency in large versus small hospitals. A persistent question among researchers is whether efficiencies are associated with larger facilities through economies of scale, or if there are alternate scenarios that play a significant part in hospital cost and efficiency” (2009, JHM). Since the Affordable Health Care Act was established it made obtaining health care much more affordable and accessible, but at the same time there has to be some cut back.
Δραστηριότητα των μαθητών της Ε1 τάξης του Μειονοτικού σχολείου Μάστανλη Κομοτηνής στο πλαίσιο του eTwinning project "Refugees, the challenge for humanity"
Εκπαιδευτικός: Μαρία Δήμου
FACTORS THAT AFFECT US HEALTH CARE IN THE FUTURE 9
The factors that may affect US health care in the future
Jack Alcineus
PM 730
Long Island University
Dr. Simone Martin
Introduction
The global health care industry has been growing fast in recent years, and the trend seems to go on perpetually. In the United States, expenditure on health care is in excess of 15% of the national gross domestic product (GDP). This, according to Deloitte, is the highest amount of expenditure on health care the world over. Further, the United States has a large population of people under insurance where only 15% do not have insurance. To be sure, an American either has private insurance or is covered by government-funded programs like the one fronted by the Affordable Care Act (ACA). This is quite necessary for a country where a single major medical bill is enough to send one into personal bankruptcy.
Interestingly, most of the American population is entering the geriatric phase of life fueled by the aging baby boomers. Further, Ikegami (2015) wrote that the US health care system is in the process of shifting from the situation where only the volume of patients treated mattered. This system relied on fees for service and which gave healthcare providers the revenue incentive to reach more patients. To be sure, the healthcare sector is shifting a value-based system where the value delivered to the patient will take center stage (Burwell, 2015).
Therefore, it is apparent that the healthcare sector will experience fundamental changes in terms of quality of service, a volume of people accessing healthcare services and the general healthcare situation across all the 50 states. In this light, this paper intends to highlight factors that will affect healthcare in the future and in what direction will these factors move the sector in general.
Demographic and social factors
The US might be among the developed economy countries that are aging the slowest but the population is still graying. In 2010, Pew Research Center said that 13% of Americans were 65 years of age or older. At the same time, the firm projected that this cohort would grow up to take up 18% of the American population by 2030 (Cohn & Taylor, 2014, April 10). Once people get older, their productivity drops significantly and they begin to experience a lot more medical complications than before.
To be sure, the aging population will add a huge strain to the healthcare sector in terms of geriatric care as well as complications tied to old age. Once a nation has a huge population of old people, there will be a high demand of healthcare services which, basically, imply that healthcare providers will be on high demand (Keehan, Stone, Poisal, Cuckler, Sisko, Smith... & Lizonitz, 2017). Interestingly, the increased demand will also lead to a higher demand for labor force in the sector to carry out duties like geriatric care, to provide physical therapy and other tasks like providing aid for ol.
Evolution of Health Care Paper and TimelineThere are specifi.docxSANSKAR20
Evolution of Health Care Paper and Timeline
There are specific trends from manual to electronic operations in the health care facilities, healthcare providers and similar businesses operators. The evolution has taken place within the health care providers, administrative data and the insurance plans as well. The health care industries have automated several procedures such as the supply of drugs and accurate record keeping (Loker 2012). Electronic health care uses sophisticated technology unlike the manual one; this advanced technology has been applied in the provision of health care all over the world hence saving both time and cost It has also widened and perfected the scope of operation.
How has this change impacted the quality of care?
The change to electronic medical records has proven to be successful and helpful in providing quality patient care. Some ways that it has helped is improving patient care, increasing patient participation, improved care coordination, improved diagnostic and patient outcomes, and practice efficiencies and cost savings. (HealthIT.gov). Patients are able to be more involved in the patient care process and are able to access to their records which was not possible in the past. The transporting of records from one physician to another is much quicker now because it can be done by a click of a button. When needing to send a patient to a specialist or when getting an authorization for a patient’s recommended treatment can be done a lot quicker as well. This is speeding up the process in being able to provide quick and quality care so the patient does not need to wait as long as they would have had to in the past.
Percentage of physicians whose electronic health records provided selected benefits
(HealthIT.gov)
Electronic medical records has proven to be a good thing for both the medical provider as well as the patient and it has decreased the wait times to results or any potential errors and enhanced patient care.
Did Societal beliefs and values influence this change? Why or why not?
The health care delivery system in our country has its roots in the beliefs and values of the people (Shi & Singh, 2012). The firm belief in technological innovations leads to higher expectations of people, which has fueled the growth in technological innovations. The culture of individualism has led the medical practice to keep the individual healthy. Patients tend to evaluate the institutions by their acquisition of advanced technology. The expectation of Americans on what technology can do to cure illness is higher compared to the Canadians and Germans (Shi & Singh, 2012, p. 168). The societal beliefs and values impact not only the structure of health care delivery but also the training of health care providers.
The use of EHRs provided access to patients’ records on demand and have improved the quality of health care (Shi & Singh, 2012). Although the EHRs were to improve the quality of health care delivery, many ...
DQ 3-2Integrated health care delivery systems (IDS) was develope.docxelinoraudley582231
DQ 3-2
Integrated health care delivery systems (IDS) was developed to initiate excellence health care access and quality of care to entire populations and community by collaborating and coordinating diverse healthcare professionals. Main driving force of IDS is patient centered care by using resources such as collaborating care from physicians and allied health care professionals to construct continuum of care, to deliver care in the most cost-effective way, utilize trained and competent providers by utilizing evidenced -based practice and combine innovation such as EHR (Electronic Health Records) system and team work to produce improved healthcare system.
Excellence in care is attainable by incorporating allied healthcare professional, as high quality care is possible when coordination is unified and covers all areas of responsibilities. For an example-combining resources and coordination of care by involving physicians, dietitian, physical therapy or occupational therapy to work with patient diagnosed with obesity by promoting teamwork approach and ultimately delivering endurance in care and utilizing various resources.
Barriers to IDS can be a huge block in delivering quality care. Among many one limitation is physicians not participating in integrated healthcare system, which disconnect physicians from team based approached by deterring continuous quality improvement (essentialhospitals.org, n.d). This is because, system such as EHR or new innovative quality assurance programs are time consuming and overwhelming, thus decline in physicians support in IDS programs. By implementing user friendly system approach, enforcing focused based care and accepting the necessity of evidenced based practice can improve these barriers. Hence, increasing clinical expertise to produce better service and quality of care in integrated delivery system.
Essentialhospitls.org (n.d). Retrieved from: http://essentialhospitals.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Integrated-Health-Care-Literature-Review-Webpost-8-22-13-CB.pdf
Dq 3-1
1.
In the US, there is not one type of health care system but rather a subset of systems, some of them catering to specific populations. These subsystems include managed care, military, and vulnerable populations. Managed care is a health care delivery system that seeks to achieve efficiency by integrating the basic functions of health care delivery, employs mechanisms to control utilization of medical services, and determines the price at which the services are purchased and how much the providers get paid, military health care system is available free of charge to active duty military personnel and covers preventative and treatment services that are provided by salaried health care personnel and this system combines public health with medical services, and vulnerable population subsystem offers comprehensive medical and enabling services targeted to the needs of vulnerable populations and government health insurance programs provide.
photo 1.JPGphoto 2.JPGLESSON 16 Transition to Elec.docxrandymartin91030
photo 1.JPG
photo 2.JPG
LESSON 16
Transition to Electronic Health Record
LEARNING OUTCOMES
______________________________________________________________________________
In this lesson, you will do the following:
Evaluate the factors that drive an organization to adopt a strategy to create an electronic health
care record.
READINGS
The following reading assignments are for Lessons 13 through 16:
Gartee Text:
Chapter 2, pp. 27 - 41
Chapter 7, pp. 152 - 181
Chapter 8, pp. 182 - 206
ACTIVITIES / ASSESSMENTS
The following activities/assessments are for Lessons 13 through 16:
1. Read the assigned pages from the Gartee text, Unit 4 PowerPoint, and Lecture Notes.
2. Participate in the weekly discussion question.
3. Complete the written assignment.
WRITTEN ASSIGNMENTS
Research and discuss three challenges facing an organization, and review how the conversion to
a full electronic health record could address the challenges identified.
PLEASE NOTE: All graded assignments for the lessons in this unit should be grouped together
and submitted as ONE document using the Assignment Submission form accessed from your
course homepage or http://www.sjcme.edu/gps/assignments.
All activities/assignments for this unit should be as follows:
1. Should include a cover sheet for each assignment stating the following:
Course (HA 214)
Your Name
Unit and Lesson Number
Date Submitted
2. Each individual assignment number and copy of the assignment directions should be
included in the submission as the starting header of each lesson.
3. Carefully check grammar and spelling.
4. Use APA format for any research or sources that are being used or quoted.
5. Email the instructor if you have questions regarding the assignments.
http://www.sjcme.edu/gps/assignments
LESSON 16
Transition to Electronic Health Record
LECTURE NOTES
______________________________________________________________________________________
The push for the conversion from paper-based to electronic health records is clear and definite.
The mandate comes from the federal government in terms of regulatory requirements, financial
incentives, and a desire to reduce costs and improve quality. Research and experience has
indicated that a fully deployed electronic health record system will achieve these desired
outcomes. The ability to enhance the productivity of personnel is another business outcome that
health care providers will need to consider. However, there are major challenges and barriers to
achieving full implementation of interoperable electronic health records.
Costs of Care
The costs of health care in the United States are reported to be almost 17% of the gross national
product (GNP), or about $7000 per capita for every person in the country. The costs for health
care continue to rise faster than consumer inflation.
This makes the cost of h.
Running Head THE NEED FOR APPROACHES TO IMPROVE CAUSE ADMINISTRA.docxaryan532920
Running Head: THE NEED FOR APPROACHES TO IMPROVE CAUSE ADMINISTRATION AND REPAYMENT IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
1
THE NEED FOR APPROACHES TO IMPROVE CAUSE ADMINISTRATION AND REPAYMENT IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
10
Title: The Need for Approaches to Improve Case Administration and Repayment in the Healthcare System
Abstract
The medical care system of the United States of America for the past years has been considered to be the most expensive in the world. The government of the United States has to spend huge amounts of money for medical care in relation to the gross domestic product and these sums are systematically increasing. Now many scholars came to the conclusion that it is the government programs, which held the responsibility for the growth of uncontrolled spending on medical care, with which such growth is a threat to the financial stability of the United States. The issue is worth-discussing, thus, the given work is devoted to the overview of the structure and the main issues of the US healthcare system to find the effective solution.
Unlike other developed countries the medical care system in the United States of America demands more and more funds while its quality remains the same. 1/3 of the US citizens are still uninsured and there is no future hope for improving the situation. People suffer from rapidly growing prices of medical services and slow growth of salaries inclement. Furthermore, the department of insurance loses its integrity and honesty; since they use such an opportunity to fraud money as well as not paying the workers. The risk of becoming bankrupt is very high in medical care system because of unplanned budget. The insurance programs, financed by the state, are also becoming more expensive, and the government is forced to pay more and more money, which later brings about increase in state financial expenditure that immensely contribute to the poor economy. Employees do not have the free will to change their job due to the high cost of insurance and the monopolization (Stone, et al., 2008,p.2-57). This paper will provide evidences by giving the most effective solution to control this problem and also encouraging people make decisive market decisions by finding new approaches.
There are many ways of handling this subject issue of “The Need for Approaches to Improve Case Administration and Repayment in the Healthcare System,” but this research paper primarily will focus on the five articles that represent scholarly articles concerning the subject issue on this topic. The five scholarly articles are: Nolin, (2015) in his study about “Jail overcrowding a perennial issue for many counties; (Stone, P., Hughes, R., & Dailey, M. 2008)about “Creating a safe and high-quality health care environment: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (2014). New HHS Data Shows Major Strides Made in Patient Safety, Leading to Improved Care and Savings; Unit ...
Running head U.S. HEALTHCARE EXECUTIVES 1U.S. HEALTHCARE EX.docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: U.S. HEALTHCARE EXECUTIVES
1
U.S. HEALTHCARE EXECUTIVES
7
Week 2 Assignment-Operational challenges, trends and issues for the U.S. Healthcare Executives
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Introduction
A healthcare system is an organization of funds, individuals, and institutions which provide healthcare to satisfy the health requirements of a society. Globally, healthcare systems vary depending on the specific healthcare needs of particular states. Nevertheless, the common aspects of public and private care are often similar (Drummond, Sculpher, Claxton, Stoddart & Torrance, 2015). Over the years, we have witnessed the systems evolving, and with this constant change, it is vital to analyze operational challenges, trends, and issues for the U.S. healthcare executives. In this paper, the main areas that will be discussed are operational challenges, trends, and problems experienced in the United States health care executives.
Challenges experienced in the healthcare workplace
Various problems have been experienced in the healthcare workplace relating to healthcare provision in the United States. Financial difficulties are one of the main challenges being experienced in the healthcare workplace in the United States. The vital financial problems arise due to lack of enough finances for implementation of new technologies to improve healthcare delivery process (Mayes, 2017). Most healthcare facilities lack adequate funds to implement advanced technologies that can be used to increase the quality of healthcare delivery. As a result, this has reduced healthcare quality improvement plans in the United States. Therefore, there is a need for federal governments to meek proper arrangements to fund all healthcare activities to improve services delivery in the health sector.
Besides, healthcare professionals to comply with federal requirements for electronic health records is another challenge that has been experienced in the United States healthcare workplace. For the past year, some healthcare professionals have failed to comply with federal government guidelines regarding health care delivery (Mayes, 2017). Furthermore, the increasing number of patients who cannot pay for health care services is a significant challenge that has been experienced in the United States healthcare delivery systems. These finance challenges adversely affect healthcare delivery system in the United States.
Work overload is another major challenge that has been experienced in the United States health sectors (Mayes, 2017). Observations for past years reveal that work overload at the workplace affects the performance of health care professionals in the United States. Most healthcare professionals are assigned many responsibilities at workplaces, which reduces their efficiency.
Another cause of the rising cost of healthcare is the introduction of government programs. For example, Medicare assists those without insurance, which led to an incre.
Respond to 2 students 250 words each and include a reference with ea.docxmackulaytoni
Respond to 2 students 250 words each and include a reference with each about Electronic Medical Records now and in the year 2025...
Student#1
After reading all 4 scenarios for primary care, by 2025 and reading several articles. I believe the U.S. healthcare system will represent scenarios 1 and scenarios 4 due to the rapid changes in technology. With the electronic health records (EHR) and new technologies emerging this will improve quality of care, while reducing cost, and by allowing patients to monitor, record, and participate in their own preventive care, progress, and which will produce better outcome for each individual needs (Ginter, P.M.; Duncan, W.J.; Swayne, L.E. 2013). New technology will make it easier for patients to address their questions and concern by phone or online access to their physician directly.
Based on today’s issue due to cuts in the federal health care spending, Medicare restricting payments to hospitals that perform sufficient amount of surgical procedures where this is known to result in better outcomes, and the global debit crisis which has put the country in a recession with healthcare being hit the harder due to millions of Americans are still uninsured, employees are paying higher premium and out of pocket for health care has contributed to the lack of affordable health insurance, and high quality of care (Ward, M.; Daniels, S.A.; Walker. G.J.; and Duckett, S. 2007).
Even though physicians are more likely to receive a financial incentive for improving on the quality of care while controlling the volume of service they provide and deliver (Ward, M.: Daniels, S.A.; Walker, G.J.; and Duckett, S. 2007).
In my scenarios in health care in 2025 will be due to people are starting to live, longer, and healthy lives due to becoming more involved in their own preventive care by changing their eating habits and exercising more. I believe within the next 10 to 15 years that majority of Americans will receive free preventive maintain services; safer hospitals; ability to access their own medical records; more affordable health care with lower increases in insurance premiums; more information about prices on diagnosis codes, procedures codes, and quality of care (Ezekiel, E. 2014). With Electronic health records (EHR) and new technology emerging with be a major tool in helping patients monitor their own blood pressure, glucose levels, and participate more in their own health care while increasing patient contact by phone, email, or online with their personal physicians without having to wait for hours for a response. There concerns can be addressed more quickly.
Student#2
Hea
l
thcare
has come a long way in such a short period of time and will continue on this model of rapid growth within the next few years as well. This is not only to the medical breakthroughs and
te
ch
niques
which are utilized but also the health care field and client based experiences which patients rely on. These changes encompass
access
i
b.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
1. Suraj Jaladanki
Mrs. McAllister
G/T Intern Mentor 5
February 28, 2014
How much is too much in U.S. health care?
The U.S. government wasted $750 billion dollars in 2009 on unnecessary medical
procedures and pointless medications. This is no small number. The U.S. health care system is
acknowledged to have many problems, specifically dealing with its inefficiency and high costs.
These issues have been apparent for several decades, but the system’s faults have become more
apparent in recent years. While the public deemed health care reforms as necessary, the topic has
been avoided by the U.S. government until 2010 when the Affordable Care Act was passed.
While the bill seeks to resolve some of the most blatant issues found in the U.S. health care
system, such as individuals being denied coverage based on pre-existing conditions, there is still
more that can be done. How can the U.S. medical care system continue to lower the amount of
money it spends? Cost-effective health care. This type of care focuses on giving treatments and
procedures to patients who need it and tries to ensure that unnecessary procedures are not done to
individuals. The use of cost-effective health care methods in the U.S. medical system will create
a more flexible and durable entity that will deliver better health care to its patients and will
manage to reduce overall medical costs in this country. This paper will demonstrate that
implementing cost-effective health care in the U.S. using modern medical technologies, several
medical programs, and methods used in other countries will lead to the creation of a more
efficient and economical medical system.
2. Jaladanki 2
Before one hopes to solve the problem of a bloated and inefficient medical system, one
must understand how the system came to be and how it operates today. There are many facets
involved in the U.S. medical system, but for economic purposes, only the major programs will be
highlighted. For one, there is Medicare is a government-run program that focuses on caring for
senior citizens and citizens with certain disabilities, and in 2010, Medicare provided insurance
for 48 million individuals (Chua). Medicaid is another government program that assists citizens
who have extremely low incomes, and in 2009, 62.9 million people were enrolled in Medicaid
(Chua). The other major players in the U.S. medical system are the hospitals that provide the
actual care for individuals. These programs and institutions work together to ensure that all
citizens have basic access to health care. However, because there are so many participants
involved with the funding, policy, and execution of health care, this inadvertently drives health
care costs up (“The Evolution”). The U.S. is also unique in that there are large disparities in the
quality of care provided across the country. In certain areas, “Doctors in high-cost areas use
hospitals, costly technology and platoons of consulting physicians a lot more often than doctors
in low-cost areas, yet their patients, on average, fare no better” (“The High”). If the patients have
similar outcomes when given varying levels of treatment with different costs, it is logical to
assert that the extra money that is involved in a patient’s care may not necessarily result in better
outcomes. If the health care spending levels become closer in margin between urban and
suburban areas, and in different cities, the well-being of U.S. citizens is assumed to not change
given the fact that disparities in spending don’t always beneficially impact an individual’s health.
The U.S. payment method system is interesting in that it is a fee-for-service program.
With fee-for-service, physicians and hospitals are given money for the number of health care
services that they provide, such as a CT scan, to an individual. This inevitably leads doctors to
3. Jaladanki 3
prescribe more procedures to their patients, seeing how they get paid for the quantity of care that
they give instead of the quality of care (Adler). In the long run, the U.S. government will have to
give out more money to hospitals for the services they provide to individuals, and this is seen as
one of major factors contributing to the escalating costs of health care spending in the U.S. The
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act signed in 2010 as one of its goals sought to reduce
the costs of health care for citizens and the government by enforcing certain mandates and
providing subsidies to health insurance providers. Unfortunately, the law needed more funding to
take full effect which cost the U.S. medical system even more money because the government
needed to create the web-site and hire workers to teach employers about the new laws. While
Obamacare has increased medical coverage for individuals, from an economics perspective,
there has not been any significant economic benefit from the law, but this might change in the
future (Woodward). There are other factors that contribute to the high medical bills of the U.S.
One of these factors includes the rising costs of drug research. One source notes how, “While a
particular new technology may either increase or decrease health care spending, researchers
generally agree that, taken together, advances in medical technology have contributed to rising
overall U.S. health care spending” (“Snapshots”). It is excellent that more effective medical
technology is being created; however; it is at the cost of high funding that is required to sustain
this sort of research and development. Now that the various influences that affect the costs of
medical care in the U.S. have been examined, it is time to analyze how the U.S. medical system
can improve in terms of its service and its spending.
Computer technologies and new medical technologies have brought great changes to U.S.
health care, and these changes need to be investigated to see how it will fit in with cost-effective
health care. First, due to more advanced computer programs, there has been a rise in electronic
4. Jaladanki 4
medical records (EMR’s) which have made a great impact in the medical field. The EMR’s are
useful to the medical system because they enable the users, the physicians and nurses, to access
their patient’s records easier and keep many different patient files organized and readily
accessible. There has also been improved medication management because doctors can run
software applications that state whether the prescriptions they give a patient can interact in a
strange manner and potentially harm the patient. A study was done by AHRQ, the Agency for
Healthcare Research and Quality, which showed that an “automated antibiotic consultant
program recommended the appropriate medication regimen for hospitalized patients 94 percent
of the time, compared with the 77-percent success rate for physicians” (“Medical Informatics”).
The point that these programs are able to be more accurate than doctors shows that computer
applications have a great potential to make healthcare safer and at the same cost-effective for
individuals.
Mainstream use of the Internet and social media has also inadvertently provided some
advances in medicine and cost-effective health care as well. Since the vast majority of
Americans can connect to the Internet, these citizens have greater accessibility to medical
information and medical databases. As Business Insider put it, “While it is never a good idea to
skip out on the doctor completely, the Internet has made patients more empowered to make
decisions about what to do next” (Kreuger). This empowerment has made users more aware of
their health and some detrimental medical effects from living a poor lifestyle and hopefully has
encouraged them to try to stay out of the hospital. Another benefit the Internet gave to medicine
is social media. Now, hospitals are starting to use social media to get in touch with their patients,
answer questions, and launch public awareness campaigns (Kreuger). These public awareness
campaigns are especially significant because the “average” individual has a greater chance of
5. Jaladanki 5
learning more about a certain medical condition such as diabetes after he or she is exposed to it
on social media. The Internet has made both doctors and medical information more readily
available which will no doubt alleviate concerns about educating the public about certain
medical conditions and illnesses. Modern medical and computer technologies have been shown
to benefit the public, but there are others in the medical system who have been helped with the
new technology.
Medical education has vastly improved after computer simulations started to play a role
in teaching medical students. Several programs have been made to create patients with a certain
set of problems that the student has to diagnose, such as an irregular heartbeat. These new
advances have been brought about through computer and medical technologies. There are many
benefits for medical students and residents who seek to practice in their futures. One main
advantage to using these technologies is having a safe practice environment to learn. Medical
students must learn how to effectively use the knowledge and skills they have learned in school
to help individuals, but they must first to do so in a controlled environment so that any mistakes
do not directly harm individuals. Studies involving the use of computer and modern medical
technologies showed that there was improved patient safety and learning efficiency
(Grantcharov). Furthermore, Obamacare is a law that is partially dependent on computer
technologies in order to provide health insurance to citizens, and this will lead to cost-effective
health care as well.
While Obamacare had issues when it began, the government’s use of web-sites to
administer health care shows additional benefits that computers have brought to health care
leading to more a more efficient medical system. The poor implementation of the Affordable
Care Act showed the technical limitations for computers which was shown in the prolonged
6. Jaladanki 6
failure of the healthcare.gov web-site (Radelat). However, when the web-site was running,
millions of Americans were able to sign on and find a health insurance provider. The state of
New York’s health web-site had more than two million hits in the first hours of operations.
Jennifer Tolbert, director of State Health Reform at the Kaiser Family Foundation, stated that,
“the way to interpret this is that people are interested to learn about what’s available in the
Affordable Care Act” (Radelat). The health web-sites demonstrate that citizens can use the
Internet to successfully find medical care as well which in turn makes the medical system more
accessible. This is beneficial for cost-effective health care because if more people are a part of
the U.S. medical system, more individuals can be treated before their medical problems get too
problematic which reduces the overall spending per individual. While the subject of modern
computer and medical technologies has been extensively discussed, there needs to be a mention
of new medical equipment that is helping to keep health care costs down. As mentioned
previously, increased research into medical drugs and equipment is expensive, but there are still
valuable results that occur. Several medical problems that have been helped by the different
medical tools available today are heart attacks, the incidence of low-birthweight infants,
depression, cataracts, and a reduction in fatalities in complex surgeries (Cutler). In studies
involving these conditions, more individuals were helped with the new equipment than with the
old machinery. The results of this study illustrate that medical research is fruitful, and it justifies
that “health has improved as medical spending has increased” (Cutler). Specific modern
equipment and procedures that are making a positive difference in the medical field are
ventricular assist devices and coronary artery bypass grafting (Iribarne). The devices help blood
flow through the heart for both children and adults which can help reduce an individual’s risk
from developing additional cardiac problems. The procedure of coronary artery bypass grafting
7. Jaladanki 7
reduces the effects of coronary heart disease on a patient’s blood vessels. As a whole, computer
and medical technologies have positively impacted the U.S. medical system and have made it
more cost-efficient while also bringing about other results such as increased accessibility. Also,
modern medical equipment has reduced the incidence of numerous medical conditions leading
the health care system to save money in the long run.
Several medical institutions have already realized the problem of wasteful medical
spending in the U.S., and they have taken steps to solve the issue. However, their methods must
be scrutinized to see what worked and what did not. To begin with, there is the Cleveland Clinic
located in Cleveland, Ohio. This revolutionary clinic is a fascinating example to analyze because
it is the largest health care system in Northeast Ohio, but it still consistently ranks high in both
patient satisfaction and the amount of money that it saves by practicing cost-effective health
care. The Cleveland Clinic utilizes a complete electronic medical care record system which is
under one service and accessible to all doctors and nurses at the different Cleveland Clinic
establishments (“Bending”). Their web-site has allowed for a drastic 32% reduction in patient
wait times which is a significant improvement for patient experience. The Cleveland Clinic has
also recently started an energy conservation initiative in which there is a focus on water
conservation and the amount of electricity that is used. Cumulatively, the energy initiative has
saved the Cleveland Clinic approximately nine million dollars (“Bending”). Delos Cosgrove is
the CEO of the Cleveland Clinic and its branches, and he noted that he makes his doctors focus
more on cost-effective health care by giving them more of a voice in how they treat patients. For
instance, when Mr. Cosgrove wanted to cut down their cost for replacement hip joints, “he got
all the surgeons in a room, told them that having too many different joints in circulation was
costing the clinic big money, and got them to come to a consensus on which models they should
8. Jaladanki 8
use” (McArdle). The concept of making the doctors more involved in the money spent on
treating their patients show that doctors are willing to look at cost-effective methods that they
believe are reasonable and have no negative impact on the patient’s health. Mr. Cosgrove and the
Cleveland Clinic demonstrate that even large institutions can keep costs down by finding
inventive ways to save money, whether it is through an electronic medical record system or
giving the doctors more input on cost-saving methods while keeping patient satisfaction at an
admirable level. While the Cleveland Clinic is effectively practicing cost-effective health care,
there are other programs that play a major role in the implementation of cost-effective health
care.
The “Top 5” Lists were a series of methods developed by the National Physicians
Alliance (NPA) to “practice high-quality, evidence-based care” and to advocate for “just and
cost-effective distribution of finite clinical resources” (Good Stewardship). These lists were
made for three specialties in health care: internal medicine, family medicine, and pediatrics. A
recurring theme that was found in these lists was to hold off on giving a certain procedure
whether it is pap tests in family medicine or ECGs in internal medicine. The commonality in
these lists from the different specialties shows that in general, doctors are giving, during the
majority of the time, unnecessary measures which are costing both the patient and the hospital
money (Good Stewardship). In addition to the Cleveland Clinic and the “Top 5” Lists discussing
the idea of cost-effective health care, there are other groups that are working to show the same
message.
The “Choosing Wisely” campaign was launched by the American Board of Internal
Medicine (ABIM) to reduce wasteful spending in the specialty of internal medicine. As part of
the campaign, doctors released a list of the 45 most common tests that are actually unnecessary
9. Jaladanki 9
and sometimes redundant. An important statistic is that almost one-third of the $2 trillion spent
annually on health care is spent on unnecessary hospitalizations and tests, ineffective new drugs,
and unproven treatments (Jaslow). Dr. Christine K. Passel, president and CEO of the ABIM, said
in a statement that “Physicians, working together with patients, can help ensure the right care is
delivered at the right time for the right patient. We hope the lists released today kick off
important conversations between patients and their physicians to help them choose wisely about
their health care” (Jaslow). Along with ABIM, other medical specialties such as the American
College of Cardiology have released a list of five things patients and doctors in their respective
fields should question. The group suggests that the major problem in health care today is that
there are too many unnecessary procedures that are done and needless prescriptions that are
given which echo the thoughts of the “Top 5” lists. While many organizations and hospital
systems that seek to practice cost-effective health care have been mentioned, there is another
notable hospital clinic that needs some attention.
The Mayo Clinic runs the world’s largest private medical practice and is world-renowned
for its cost-effective health care. It also consistently gets high patient satisfaction rating. CEO
John Noseworthy, a neurologist, in an interview noted how the Affordable Care Act (ACA) is
meant to stop government’s excessive spending on health care and will reduce the
reimbursement hospitals receive for treating patients on Medicare (Colvin). Mr. Noseworthy sees
that a pressing problem in this country’s health care system is the fact that it is fragmented and
varied in different parts of the country, with certain hospitals having exceptional ratings while
others have abysmal ones. He believes that these internal divisions are making health care
sluggish and bloated which results in unnecessary spending (Colvin). Mr. Noseworthy discusses
Optum Labs, which does sophisticated analyses of patient data and compares procedures to costs
10. Jaladanki 10
and sees the results on patients. Optum Labs has a database on what 149 million people spent on
health care over the past 20 years. Mr. Noseworthy states that “Mayo Clinic will put in their
outcomes data, what actually happened to patients, which will allow them to break apart the
value equation of outcomes over cost” (Colvin). The concept to create a large database from all
patient’s treatments and bills is a novel idea which will make an effective database that will show
how a patient can be treated effectively with minimal cost. It is clear that there are many
organizations and medical establishments that have acknowledged the issue of unnecessary
spending in the medical system and see cost-effective health care as a method to practice more
efficient health care. The Cleveland Clinic and the Mayo Clinic exemplify that fragmentation can
lead to communication and financial problems while defragmentation has the opposite effect on
delivering efficient health care. The “Top 5” lists and the Choosing Wisely campaign
demonstrate that doctors indeed conduct many unnecessary tests and perform needless
procedures on their patients. Overcoming these challenges will create a medical system that is
both efficient and effective.
In order to get a broader understanding of the practical uses of cost-effective health care,
the U.S. medical system needs to be compared with heath care systems from different countries
to see what beneficial changes the U.S. can make to its own. First, the similarities and
differences between U.S. and European health care systems will be discussed. Over time, Europe
has generally seen more stability in health care costs as compared to the U.S. In many European
countries, approximately 7-10% of the nation’s GDP is spent on health care for the past twenty
years. In contrast, the U.S. spent 17.9% of its GDP on health care, in 2009 which was up from
15% from a few years prior (Saltman). There is also a different culture in Europe than in the U.S.
dealing with doctors. In Europe, there are less court cases that take place over health care than in
11. Jaladanki 11
the Europe, and this trend is consistent over time. This difference exists because European
countries have strict physician disciplinary systems. For example, the British determine
punishment for negligent physicians through a committee of the General Medical Council,
while the Swedish have an impartial committee of physicians and patient representatives
administered within the National Board of Health and Welfare. In each case, the decision to
put this arrangement in place was taken in order to implement what was seen to be a fair
procedure for dealing with patient complaints as well as to ensure the integrity of medical
staff (Saltman). While in the U.S., a doctor must be certified by the board in their specialty
before they can practice, the rules about discipline for physicians are more lax in the U.S.
This leads to more people to sue in court against American doctors than European doctors.
European and U.S. health care systems are also different in how they receive funding. In
Europe, health care money generally comes from one body while in the U.S., many different
entities contribute to health care dollars in programs such as Medicare and Medicaid.
However, in the U.K., most health care funds come from the national government’s general
revenues, and in Sweden “70 percent of health sector funds are raised by taxes set by the
same elected body – the county council – that owns and manages health service providers”
(Saltman). Less fragmentation in European countries through the use of one body to keep
track of health care expenditures seems to have reduced the overall health care expenditures
of a country. Europe is not the only region to have modern and economical health-care
systems; these also exist in Asia and must be examined as well.
The U.S. and Asian health care systems are different in how health care is managed
and how medical insurance is dealt with. In Asian countries and regions, such as Hong
Kong, they use total government-run health care systems. Public hospitals account for 90%
of in-patient procedures, while the private options are used almost solely by the wealthy.
12. Jaladanki 12
While it may seem that Hong Kong has a significant percentage of its GDP allocated to
health care, it turns out that Hong Kong spends only 3.8% of GDP on health care which was
one of the lowest among nations but still has a healthy citizenry (Lodish). Similar to several
European countries, having a government-run health program appears to have brought
down the overall costs of health care, most likely due to the reduced disintegration between
different aspects of health care. Asian countries are also interesting in how they deal with
long-term insurance. In Japan, any individual over the age of 40 is required to have long-
term insurance (Lodish). This shows that if an individual is treated at an early age for
medical conditions, this will cost less for the government as opposed to treating patients
when they are very sick. In the U.S., the passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has tried
to bring about the same effect by mandating all citizens to have health insurance. The fact
that this is one of the laws involved in the ACA shows that the U.S. government is taking
some steps to bring down its health care expenditures. Examining the differences between
U.S. and European health care systems exemplified that government run health care
systems may in face reduce overall medial spending, and having stricter disciplinary actions
against negligent doctors can lead to less people to sue in court over their health care which
would also reduce costs. Comparing the U.S. to several Asian countries demonstrated the
same notion that government run health care systems do in fact work to reduce the
percentage of GDP spent on health care by a country, and having long-term insurance will
bring down medical costs for individuals over the course of their lives.
Cost-effective health care will aid the U.S. in lowering its medical bills and the
amount of money that is spent in healthcare per year. From analyzing the nation’s medical
history, it was noticed that the fee-for-service plan used by the government inadvertently
encouraged doctors to give more redundant tests to their patients. The different entities that
13. Jaladanki 13
make up U.S. health care, namely Medicare, Medicaid and hospitals, are disjoint in how
they function and can lead to escalating costs for patients. Computer technologies and new
medical inventions have been shown to improve the state of health care in the country, with
electronic medical records systems making medical errors less likely, and new devices
allowing more patients who have undergone complicated surgery to continue living. People
also have become aware of their medical problems through the use of the Internet, and
medical students who practice with these new technologies can be more helpful to their
patients. It is evident that prominent medical establishments and groups have noticed the
trend of money that is being wasted in increasing amounts. Programs such as “Choosing
Wisely” form the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) and the “Top 5” lists from
important doctors are attempting to make cost-effective health care a daily part of the U.S.
medical system. Comparisons between the U.S. medical system and their equivalent in other
countries show there are common factors which can reduce the amount of money a country
and its citizens pay for health care, such as government-run health care systems in many
European and Asian nations. While there is no easy solution to address the rising medical
costs of the U.S. health care system, implementing and preaching cost-effective care will no
doubt mitigate the escalating concerns about U.S. medical spending.
14. Jaladanki 14
Works Cited
ABIM Foundation. "About." Choosing Wisely. Web. 24 Nov. 2013.
<http://www.choosingwisely.org/about-us/>.
Adler, Loren, and Brian Collins. "New Report Envisions More Cost-Effective Health Care
System." Bipartisan Policy Center. 19 Apr. 2013. Web. 22 Oct. 2013.
<http://bipartisanpolicy.org/blog/2013/04/new-report-envisions-more-cost-effective-
health-care-system>.
"Bending the Cost Curve." Cleveland Clinic. Aug. 2009. Web. 19 Oct. 2013.
<http://my.clevelandclinic.org/Documents/redefining-healthcare/bending-
thecost.pdf>.
Chua, Kao Ping. "Overview of the U.S. Health Care System." www.amsaa.org. Web. 21 Sept.
2013.
<http://www.amsa.org/AMSA/Libraries/Committee_Docs/HealthCareSystemOverview.s
flb.ashx>.
Colvin, Geoff. "Mayo Clinic's cure for an ailing medical system." CNNMoney. 31 Oct. 2013.
Web. 24 Nov. 2013. <http://money.cnn.com/2013/10/31/ leadership/mayo-clinic-
noseworthy.pr.fortune/>.
Cutler, David M., and Mark McClellan. "Is Technological Change In Medicine
Worth It?" Health Affairs. Web. 15 Oct.
2013. <http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/20/5/11.full>.
"The Evolution of the U.S. Healthcare System." Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and
Josh Lauer. Vol. 7. Detroit: Gale, 2009. Science In Context. Web. 26 Sept. 2013.
<http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/scic/AcademicJournalsDetailsPage/AcademicJournalsDetails
Window?failOverType=&query=&prodId=SCIC&windowstate=normal&contentModule
s=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Journals&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighti
ng=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&source=&search_within_results=&action=e&catId
=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CA314800658&userGroupName=co
lu20972&jsid=f9d38d82c8be236a1d7bcc0e5efbe09f>
Good Stewardship Group. "The 'Top 5' Lists in Primary Care." ARCHINTERNMED. American
Medical Assciation, 22 Aug. 2011. Web. 24 Nov. 2013.
<http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1105881>.
Grantcharov, Teodor P., and Vanessa N. Palter. "Simulation in surgical education."CMAJ:
Canadian Medical Association Journal 10 Aug. 2010: 1191+. Science In Context. Web. 6
Oct. 2013.
15. Jaladanki 15
"The High Cost of Health Care." The New York Times. 25 Nov. 2007. Web. 7 Nov. 2013.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/25/opinion/25sun1.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0>.
Iribarne, Alexander, et al. "Assessing Technological Change in Cardiothoracic Surgery." NCBI.
Web. 14 Oct. 2013. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2935793/>.
Jaslow, Ryan. "Doctors unveil 'Choosing Wisely' campaign to cut unnecessary
medical tests." CBSNews. 26 July 2013. Web. 24 Nov. 2013.
<http://www.cbsnews.com/news/doctors-unveil-choosing-wisely-campaign-to-cut-
unnecessary-medical-tests/>.
Kreuger, Alyson. "6 Ways Technology Is Improving Healthcare." Business Insider.
20 Dec. 2010. Web. 5 Oct. 2013. <http://www.businessinsider.com/
6-ways-technology-is-improving-healthcare-2010-12?op=1>.
Lodish, Emily. "8 places that do health care better than the US." Global Post.
1 Oct. 2013. Web. 7 Jan. 2014. <http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/
news/health/131001/global-health-care-systems-obamacare>.
McArdle, Megan. "Can the Cleveland Clinic Save American Health Care?" Daily Beast. 26 Feb.
2013. Web. 19 Oct. 2013. <http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/26/can-the-
cleveland-clinic-save-american-health-care.html>.
McKnight, Allison. "How technology intersects with medicine and its impact on
patients." KevinMD. 15 June 2011. Web. 13 Oct. 2013.
<http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2011/06/technology-intersects-medicine-impact-
patients.html>.
"Medical Informatics for Better and Safer Health Care: Research in Action."
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 6 June 2002. Web. 4
Oct. 2013. <http://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/factsheets/informatic/
informatics/index.html>.
Radelat, Ana. "Computer issues -- and demand -- hamper debut of state health
insurance exchanges." thectmirror. Oct. 2013. Web. 5 Oct. 2013.
<http://www.ctmirror.org/story/2013/10/01/computer-issues-and-demand-hamper-
debut-state-health-insurance-exchanges>.
Saltman, Richard B. "Cost Control in Europe: Inefficiency is Unethical." The Hastings Center.
Web. 9 Dec. 2013.
<http://healthcarecostmonitor.thehastingscenter.org/richardsaltman/cost-control-in-
europe-inefficiency-is-unethical/>.
"Snapshots: How Changes in Medical Technology Affect Health Care Costs."
Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. 7 Mar. 2007. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.
>.
16. Jaladanki 16
Woodward, Cal. "The long march to Obamacare." CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal 8
Jan. 2013: E7+. Science In Context. Web. 29 Sept. 2013.
<http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/scic/AcademicJournalsDetailsPage/AcademicJournalsDetailsWindo
w?failOverType=&query=&prodId=SCIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=vie
w&displayGroupName=Journals&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGro
ups=&sortBy=&source=&search_within_results=&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&
documentId=GALE%7CA314800658&userGroupName=colu20972&jsid=f9d38d82c8be236a1d
7bcc0e5efbe09f>.