This document is a dissertation submitted by Ms. Acquiline Mary Paul to Mahatma Gandhi University in partial fulfillment of a Master of Science degree in Microbiology. The dissertation involves a molecular screening of biofilm-associated genes among moderate biofilm-forming, coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from clinical samples. The study aims to qualitatively and quantitatively detect biofilm formation in clinical CoNS isolates, identify the isolates biochemically and through PCR-based methods, test antibiotic susceptibility, and screen the isolates for biofilm-encoding genes. Materials and methods used include bacterial culture techniques, biochemical tests, PCR and gene sequencing, and antibiotic sensitivity assays.
Chloroplast transformation allows the integration of genes into the chloroplast genome. Genes integrated into chloroplasts are highly expressed due to high polyploidy of chloroplasts and proper folding of proteins. Genes integrated at the trnA/trnI site are most highly expressed. Selection of transformants is done using spectinomycin resistance encoded by the aadA gene. High-level expression of vaccines, biomaterials, and therapeutic proteins such as human serum albumin is achieved through chloroplast transformation, offering potential for low-cost production. Genes conferring herbicide and insect resistance have also been successfully expressed via the chloroplast genome.
This document summarizes three studies related to plant biology and biochemistry. The first study engineered yeast and bacteria to produce bioactive phenolic compounds called hydroxycinnamoyl-L-amino acids (HAAs). The second study identified a gene involved in sphingolipid biosynthesis that modulates plasmodesmata structure and phloem transport in plants. The third study developed a web tool for predicting the functions of rice transcription factors based on gene expression patterns.
Somaclonal variation refers to genetic variations that can arise during plant tissue culture and regeneration. When plant cells or tissues are cultured in vitro, genetic and epigenetic changes can occur, resulting in phenotypically different regenerated plants (somaclones) compared to the original plant. Somaclonal variation is caused by factors like culture conditions, genotype, explant source, and selection method used. It can generate variations in chromosome structure, number, and gene mutations. Somaclonal variation has been used to develop novel variants with improved traits like disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered plant morphology. However, extensive field testing is required to evaluate variants due to possible genetic instability and undesirable effects.
Prokaryotes like bacteria and archaea thrive in nearly all environments on Earth due to their small size and genetic diversity. They have a variety of shapes and structural adaptations, like cell walls, flagella, and capsules, that allow them to live in diverse habitats. Prokaryotes reproduce rapidly through binary fission and exchange genes through transformation, transduction, and conjugation, resulting in high genetic variation. Their simple structures and metabolic diversity allow prokaryotes to fill many ecological roles as decomposers, symbionts, and pathogens.
Prokaryotes like bacteria and archaea thrive in nearly all environments on Earth due to their small size and genetic diversity. They have a variety of shapes and structural adaptations, like cell walls, flagella, and capsules, that allow them to live in diverse habitats. Prokaryotes reproduce rapidly through binary fission and exchange genes through transformation, transduction, and conjugation, resulting in high genetic variation. Their simple structures and metabolic diversity allow prokaryotes to fill many ecological roles as decomposers, symbionts, and pathogens.
Genetics and breeding of cultivated mushroomRahulselvaraj
This document discusses genetics and breeding methods for cultivated mushrooms. It notes that while over 50,000 fungal species exist, only around 180 can be cultivated artificially and 70 are widely accepted as food. Of those, only 6 mushrooms - including oyster mushroom, shiitake mushroom, and button mushroom - are widely preferred for large-scale cultivation. The document outlines genetic improvement methods for mushrooms, including introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation, protoplast fusion, and genetic engineering. It provides details on breeding techniques like selecting parent lines, isolating homokaryons, crossing compatible lines, and evaluating new hybrids. The goal of mushroom breeding is to develop varieties with higher yields and better quality.
This document summarizes three papers related to biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. The first paper evaluates two red yeast species for their ability to assimilate sugars and aromatics from engineered Arabidopsis plants and successfully converts these products into biofuel precursors. The second paper identifies small drug resistance pumps in Bacillus bacteria that confer tolerance to ionic liquids used in biomass pretreatment and characterizes riboswitches that regulate these pumps. The third paper finds that engineered Pseudomonas putida produces more methyl ketones, a promising diesel blendstock, when grown on plant hydrolysates compared to sugars, due to plant-derived amino acids.
This document is a dissertation submitted by Ms. Acquiline Mary Paul to Mahatma Gandhi University in partial fulfillment of a Master of Science degree in Microbiology. The dissertation involves a molecular screening of biofilm-associated genes among moderate biofilm-forming, coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from clinical samples. The study aims to qualitatively and quantitatively detect biofilm formation in clinical CoNS isolates, identify the isolates biochemically and through PCR-based methods, test antibiotic susceptibility, and screen the isolates for biofilm-encoding genes. Materials and methods used include bacterial culture techniques, biochemical tests, PCR and gene sequencing, and antibiotic sensitivity assays.
Chloroplast transformation allows the integration of genes into the chloroplast genome. Genes integrated into chloroplasts are highly expressed due to high polyploidy of chloroplasts and proper folding of proteins. Genes integrated at the trnA/trnI site are most highly expressed. Selection of transformants is done using spectinomycin resistance encoded by the aadA gene. High-level expression of vaccines, biomaterials, and therapeutic proteins such as human serum albumin is achieved through chloroplast transformation, offering potential for low-cost production. Genes conferring herbicide and insect resistance have also been successfully expressed via the chloroplast genome.
This document summarizes three studies related to plant biology and biochemistry. The first study engineered yeast and bacteria to produce bioactive phenolic compounds called hydroxycinnamoyl-L-amino acids (HAAs). The second study identified a gene involved in sphingolipid biosynthesis that modulates plasmodesmata structure and phloem transport in plants. The third study developed a web tool for predicting the functions of rice transcription factors based on gene expression patterns.
Somaclonal variation refers to genetic variations that can arise during plant tissue culture and regeneration. When plant cells or tissues are cultured in vitro, genetic and epigenetic changes can occur, resulting in phenotypically different regenerated plants (somaclones) compared to the original plant. Somaclonal variation is caused by factors like culture conditions, genotype, explant source, and selection method used. It can generate variations in chromosome structure, number, and gene mutations. Somaclonal variation has been used to develop novel variants with improved traits like disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered plant morphology. However, extensive field testing is required to evaluate variants due to possible genetic instability and undesirable effects.
Prokaryotes like bacteria and archaea thrive in nearly all environments on Earth due to their small size and genetic diversity. They have a variety of shapes and structural adaptations, like cell walls, flagella, and capsules, that allow them to live in diverse habitats. Prokaryotes reproduce rapidly through binary fission and exchange genes through transformation, transduction, and conjugation, resulting in high genetic variation. Their simple structures and metabolic diversity allow prokaryotes to fill many ecological roles as decomposers, symbionts, and pathogens.
Prokaryotes like bacteria and archaea thrive in nearly all environments on Earth due to their small size and genetic diversity. They have a variety of shapes and structural adaptations, like cell walls, flagella, and capsules, that allow them to live in diverse habitats. Prokaryotes reproduce rapidly through binary fission and exchange genes through transformation, transduction, and conjugation, resulting in high genetic variation. Their simple structures and metabolic diversity allow prokaryotes to fill many ecological roles as decomposers, symbionts, and pathogens.
Genetics and breeding of cultivated mushroomRahulselvaraj
This document discusses genetics and breeding methods for cultivated mushrooms. It notes that while over 50,000 fungal species exist, only around 180 can be cultivated artificially and 70 are widely accepted as food. Of those, only 6 mushrooms - including oyster mushroom, shiitake mushroom, and button mushroom - are widely preferred for large-scale cultivation. The document outlines genetic improvement methods for mushrooms, including introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation, protoplast fusion, and genetic engineering. It provides details on breeding techniques like selecting parent lines, isolating homokaryons, crossing compatible lines, and evaluating new hybrids. The goal of mushroom breeding is to develop varieties with higher yields and better quality.
This document summarizes three papers related to biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. The first paper evaluates two red yeast species for their ability to assimilate sugars and aromatics from engineered Arabidopsis plants and successfully converts these products into biofuel precursors. The second paper identifies small drug resistance pumps in Bacillus bacteria that confer tolerance to ionic liquids used in biomass pretreatment and characterizes riboswitches that regulate these pumps. The third paper finds that engineered Pseudomonas putida produces more methyl ketones, a promising diesel blendstock, when grown on plant hydrolysates compared to sugars, due to plant-derived amino acids.
Cybrids are produced through the fusion of protoplasts from two different plant species, combining the cytoplasm of both but the nucleus of only one species. This technique allows for the transfer of cytoplasmic traits like male sterility between incompatible species. Protoplast isolation, fusion, selection, and regeneration of hybrid cells into whole plants are required to produce cybrids. Cybrids can be used to study cytoplasmic genes and transfer desirable agricultural traits, overcoming sexual incompatibility barriers in plant breeding.
JBEI Research Highlights - December 2017 Irina Silva
This study developed an engineered strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce the lathyrane diterpenoid jolkinol C by expressing key plant P450 enzymes and an alcohol dehydrogenase. The final engineered strain produced 800 mg/L of jolkinol C, the highest reported levels of an oxidized diterpenoid in a microorganism. This work establishes S. cerevisiae as a new chassis for producing these medically important diterpenoid compounds.
Fungal Transformation in yeast and filamentous fungi
Introduction to Fungi
Background of fungal transformation
Transformation protocol
Transformation vectors
Integration into chromosomes
Biological applications of fungi
Conclusion
References
JBEI Research Highlight Slides - February 2021SaraHarmon4
This study analyzed goat gut microbiomes to understand lignocellulose breakdown. Researchers enriched over 400 microbial consortia from goat feces under different conditions. They assembled 719 high-quality genomes, including bacteria, archaea, and fungi. Anaerobic fungi dominated the most active consortia and outperformed bacterial consortia in degrading cellulose and producing methane. Metabolic pathway analysis suggested cross-domain partnerships between fungi and methanogens enabled different metabolic outputs than bacterial consortia. The findings provide insight into natural biomass breakdown that can inform industrial bioprocessing.
The study developed stochastic models to analyze the economic and environmental impacts of biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas in Nepal. The models determined that a minimum seed yield of 3.9 tons/hectare and oil content above 50% by weight are required for the biodiesel selling price to be comparable to conventional diesel prices. Including direct and indirect land use changes, the carbon footprint of Jatropha biodiesel could be lower than conventional fuels if high seed yields above 5 tons/hectare are achieved using only marginal lands and with aggressive afforestation. The results identify pathways for policies to enable sustainable Jatropha biodiesel production.
The document discusses various topics related to fermentation and inoculum development. It begins by defining fermentation as a metabolic process that consumes sugar in the absence of oxygen, producing organic acids, gases, or alcohol. It then discusses inoculum development, noting it is the process of developing an active microbial culture suitable for industrial fermentation. This involves building up the culture volume gradually while maintaining genetic uniformity. Finally, it provides details on developing inocula for different types of microorganisms, including unicellular bacteria, mycelial fungi, and vegetative fungi. It emphasizes the inoculum must be in a healthy, active state with sufficient volume while being free of contamination.
- Researchers studied the roles of three major prolyl-4-hydroxylase (P4H) isoforms expressed in Arabidopsis roots.
- P4H5 was found to have an essential function different from P4H2 and P4H13, which are partly redundant.
- Protein-protein interaction studies revealed the P4H proteins form homodimers and heterodimers, and P4H5 is necessary for the targeting of P4H2 to the Golgi.
- Understanding the complex regulation and interactions of P4H isoforms impacts root hair expansion and cell wall formation.
This document summarizes research on chloroplast engineering for various applications. Chloroplasts naturally contain their own DNA and can be genetically engineered via homologous recombination. This allows for high levels of transgene expression without gene silencing effects. The document discusses how chloroplasts have been engineered for herbicide resistance, pathogen resistance, drought tolerance, and production of recombinant proteins. While chloroplast engineering holds promise, limitations include lack of expression in non-green cells and full genome sequence information for some species.
The document discusses optimization of the mevalonate pathway and fed-batch fermentation for isoprenol production in E. coli. Key steps included:
1) Optimizing pathway intermediates to provide optimal levels for isoprenol production.
2) Conducting fed-batch fermentations in a bioreactor, which improved isoprenol titer to 10.8 g/L, the highest reported.
3) Eliminating acetate production and adding a solvent overlay further improved titer and productivity in fed-batch fermentations.
The document discusses several studies related to engineering plants for improved biomass composition for biofuel production. One study found that Arabidopsis plants engineered to have low lignin and xylan content showed increased drought tolerance compared to wild-type plants. The engineered plants exhibited lower water loss, up-regulation of drought response genes, and a stronger response to the plant hormone ABA. This demonstrates that modifying secondary cell walls to improve biomass composition does not necessarily compromise plant resilience to the environment.
This presentation gives an insight into the mammalian cell being used as an expression system, it also includes a brief introduction to the strong promoters.
Breeding for salinity tolerance in plants.pptxEshaneeSharma
This document discusses approaches to breeding plants for salinity tolerance. It begins with an introduction describing how salinity affects agricultural productivity and the need to develop salt-tolerant crops. It then outlines various breeding approaches used, including mutation breeding, exploiting wild relatives, double haploids, marker-assisted breeding, genetic engineering, and CRISPR/Cas9. Specific examples are provided for some of these approaches. A variety of techniques for evaluating salinity tolerance are also mentioned, such as hyperspectral imaging and genome-wide association studies. The document concludes by noting that further studies on molecular mechanisms and stress responses can aid breeding efforts to develop crops able to perform well under saline conditions.
Hybridoma technology allows the production of monoclonal antibodies through the fusion of B lymphocytes and myeloma cells. This produces a hybrid cell called a hybridoma that can divide indefinitely and secrete antibodies of a single specificity. The document discusses the objectives, definition, history, principle, types of antibodies, production of monoclonal antibodies using hybridoma technology, and its applications in plants for producing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies known as plantibodies. Hybridoma technology has revolutionized monoclonal antibody production and their use in research, diagnostics and therapeutics.
Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples without culturing organisms. It allows researchers to study the 99.9% of microorganisms that cannot be cultured. Metagenomic analyses of ocean samples revealed over a million new genes and unexpected light-energy pathways in bacteria. Metagenomics has two main approaches - sequence-driven which sequences DNA and compares to databases, and function-driven which screens DNA clones for a desired function. Both approaches have limitations but are complementary. Metagenomics has applications in discovering new antibiotics and enzymes and studying human microbiomes and antibiotic resistance.
JBEI Research Highlights - December 2018 Irina Silva
This document discusses four studies related to metabolic engineering and biosynthesis:
1) A study that discovered novel geranylgeranyl reductase enzymes through genetic screening and characterized their substrate promiscuity and ability to produce isoprenoid compounds.
2) A study that identified genetic regulators of the yeast-to-hyphae transition in Yarrowia lipolytica through mutational analysis.
3) A study that developed ionic liquid-tolerant E. coli strains through adaptive laboratory evolution and demonstrated improved isoprenol production.
4) A study that characterized the effect of respiratory vs. non-respiratory metabolism on production of the blue pigment indigoidine in Sac
This document describes several methods for isolating and detecting bacterial mutants, including replica plating, penicillin enrichment, and the Ames test. Replica plating involves transferring bacterial colonies from a "master plate" to replica plates with and without an amino acid to identify auxotrophic mutants. The penicillin enrichment technique also detects auxotrophs. The Ames test uses Salmonella strains to evaluate whether a chemical is mutagenic based on its ability to increase histidine revertants, indicating DNA damage. Chromogenic substrates can identify mutants unable to utilize substances like lactose due to lacking the enzyme beta-galactosidase.
Strains are genetic variants of microorganisms that can be differentiated by their genetic makeup. Industrial strains are preferable if they synthesize a single product to simplify downstream processing. Strain improvement is important for industrial processes to produce high yields of the desired product. Methods for strain improvement include mutation, recombination techniques like transduction, transformation, and conjugation, and recombinant DNA technology.
here the explanation of herbicide resistance of phosphinothricin in plants. the inhibition how takes place in place is explained in my powerpoint presentation. it is easy to understand and crisp form of how they are react in plants.
This document discusses the principles and importance of plant geography and the phytogeographic regions of India. It provides definitions of key terms like phytogeography, flora, and biogeography. It then outlines 13 principles of phytogeography related to the environment, plant responses, migration of floras, and perpetuation/evolution of floras. The document divides India into 9 main phytogeographic regions based on climate and vegetation types. It provides details on the characteristic vegetation found in each region. Understanding plant distributions and the factors influencing them is important for fields like ecology, evolution, and conservation biogeography.
More Related Content
Similar to Superbugs dealing in pollution- 22MBO025.pptx
Cybrids are produced through the fusion of protoplasts from two different plant species, combining the cytoplasm of both but the nucleus of only one species. This technique allows for the transfer of cytoplasmic traits like male sterility between incompatible species. Protoplast isolation, fusion, selection, and regeneration of hybrid cells into whole plants are required to produce cybrids. Cybrids can be used to study cytoplasmic genes and transfer desirable agricultural traits, overcoming sexual incompatibility barriers in plant breeding.
JBEI Research Highlights - December 2017 Irina Silva
This study developed an engineered strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce the lathyrane diterpenoid jolkinol C by expressing key plant P450 enzymes and an alcohol dehydrogenase. The final engineered strain produced 800 mg/L of jolkinol C, the highest reported levels of an oxidized diterpenoid in a microorganism. This work establishes S. cerevisiae as a new chassis for producing these medically important diterpenoid compounds.
Fungal Transformation in yeast and filamentous fungi
Introduction to Fungi
Background of fungal transformation
Transformation protocol
Transformation vectors
Integration into chromosomes
Biological applications of fungi
Conclusion
References
JBEI Research Highlight Slides - February 2021SaraHarmon4
This study analyzed goat gut microbiomes to understand lignocellulose breakdown. Researchers enriched over 400 microbial consortia from goat feces under different conditions. They assembled 719 high-quality genomes, including bacteria, archaea, and fungi. Anaerobic fungi dominated the most active consortia and outperformed bacterial consortia in degrading cellulose and producing methane. Metabolic pathway analysis suggested cross-domain partnerships between fungi and methanogens enabled different metabolic outputs than bacterial consortia. The findings provide insight into natural biomass breakdown that can inform industrial bioprocessing.
The study developed stochastic models to analyze the economic and environmental impacts of biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas in Nepal. The models determined that a minimum seed yield of 3.9 tons/hectare and oil content above 50% by weight are required for the biodiesel selling price to be comparable to conventional diesel prices. Including direct and indirect land use changes, the carbon footprint of Jatropha biodiesel could be lower than conventional fuels if high seed yields above 5 tons/hectare are achieved using only marginal lands and with aggressive afforestation. The results identify pathways for policies to enable sustainable Jatropha biodiesel production.
The document discusses various topics related to fermentation and inoculum development. It begins by defining fermentation as a metabolic process that consumes sugar in the absence of oxygen, producing organic acids, gases, or alcohol. It then discusses inoculum development, noting it is the process of developing an active microbial culture suitable for industrial fermentation. This involves building up the culture volume gradually while maintaining genetic uniformity. Finally, it provides details on developing inocula for different types of microorganisms, including unicellular bacteria, mycelial fungi, and vegetative fungi. It emphasizes the inoculum must be in a healthy, active state with sufficient volume while being free of contamination.
- Researchers studied the roles of three major prolyl-4-hydroxylase (P4H) isoforms expressed in Arabidopsis roots.
- P4H5 was found to have an essential function different from P4H2 and P4H13, which are partly redundant.
- Protein-protein interaction studies revealed the P4H proteins form homodimers and heterodimers, and P4H5 is necessary for the targeting of P4H2 to the Golgi.
- Understanding the complex regulation and interactions of P4H isoforms impacts root hair expansion and cell wall formation.
This document summarizes research on chloroplast engineering for various applications. Chloroplasts naturally contain their own DNA and can be genetically engineered via homologous recombination. This allows for high levels of transgene expression without gene silencing effects. The document discusses how chloroplasts have been engineered for herbicide resistance, pathogen resistance, drought tolerance, and production of recombinant proteins. While chloroplast engineering holds promise, limitations include lack of expression in non-green cells and full genome sequence information for some species.
The document discusses optimization of the mevalonate pathway and fed-batch fermentation for isoprenol production in E. coli. Key steps included:
1) Optimizing pathway intermediates to provide optimal levels for isoprenol production.
2) Conducting fed-batch fermentations in a bioreactor, which improved isoprenol titer to 10.8 g/L, the highest reported.
3) Eliminating acetate production and adding a solvent overlay further improved titer and productivity in fed-batch fermentations.
The document discusses several studies related to engineering plants for improved biomass composition for biofuel production. One study found that Arabidopsis plants engineered to have low lignin and xylan content showed increased drought tolerance compared to wild-type plants. The engineered plants exhibited lower water loss, up-regulation of drought response genes, and a stronger response to the plant hormone ABA. This demonstrates that modifying secondary cell walls to improve biomass composition does not necessarily compromise plant resilience to the environment.
This presentation gives an insight into the mammalian cell being used as an expression system, it also includes a brief introduction to the strong promoters.
Breeding for salinity tolerance in plants.pptxEshaneeSharma
This document discusses approaches to breeding plants for salinity tolerance. It begins with an introduction describing how salinity affects agricultural productivity and the need to develop salt-tolerant crops. It then outlines various breeding approaches used, including mutation breeding, exploiting wild relatives, double haploids, marker-assisted breeding, genetic engineering, and CRISPR/Cas9. Specific examples are provided for some of these approaches. A variety of techniques for evaluating salinity tolerance are also mentioned, such as hyperspectral imaging and genome-wide association studies. The document concludes by noting that further studies on molecular mechanisms and stress responses can aid breeding efforts to develop crops able to perform well under saline conditions.
Hybridoma technology allows the production of monoclonal antibodies through the fusion of B lymphocytes and myeloma cells. This produces a hybrid cell called a hybridoma that can divide indefinitely and secrete antibodies of a single specificity. The document discusses the objectives, definition, history, principle, types of antibodies, production of monoclonal antibodies using hybridoma technology, and its applications in plants for producing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies known as plantibodies. Hybridoma technology has revolutionized monoclonal antibody production and their use in research, diagnostics and therapeutics.
Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples without culturing organisms. It allows researchers to study the 99.9% of microorganisms that cannot be cultured. Metagenomic analyses of ocean samples revealed over a million new genes and unexpected light-energy pathways in bacteria. Metagenomics has two main approaches - sequence-driven which sequences DNA and compares to databases, and function-driven which screens DNA clones for a desired function. Both approaches have limitations but are complementary. Metagenomics has applications in discovering new antibiotics and enzymes and studying human microbiomes and antibiotic resistance.
JBEI Research Highlights - December 2018 Irina Silva
This document discusses four studies related to metabolic engineering and biosynthesis:
1) A study that discovered novel geranylgeranyl reductase enzymes through genetic screening and characterized their substrate promiscuity and ability to produce isoprenoid compounds.
2) A study that identified genetic regulators of the yeast-to-hyphae transition in Yarrowia lipolytica through mutational analysis.
3) A study that developed ionic liquid-tolerant E. coli strains through adaptive laboratory evolution and demonstrated improved isoprenol production.
4) A study that characterized the effect of respiratory vs. non-respiratory metabolism on production of the blue pigment indigoidine in Sac
This document describes several methods for isolating and detecting bacterial mutants, including replica plating, penicillin enrichment, and the Ames test. Replica plating involves transferring bacterial colonies from a "master plate" to replica plates with and without an amino acid to identify auxotrophic mutants. The penicillin enrichment technique also detects auxotrophs. The Ames test uses Salmonella strains to evaluate whether a chemical is mutagenic based on its ability to increase histidine revertants, indicating DNA damage. Chromogenic substrates can identify mutants unable to utilize substances like lactose due to lacking the enzyme beta-galactosidase.
Strains are genetic variants of microorganisms that can be differentiated by their genetic makeup. Industrial strains are preferable if they synthesize a single product to simplify downstream processing. Strain improvement is important for industrial processes to produce high yields of the desired product. Methods for strain improvement include mutation, recombination techniques like transduction, transformation, and conjugation, and recombinant DNA technology.
Similar to Superbugs dealing in pollution- 22MBO025.pptx (20)
here the explanation of herbicide resistance of phosphinothricin in plants. the inhibition how takes place in place is explained in my powerpoint presentation. it is easy to understand and crisp form of how they are react in plants.
This document discusses the principles and importance of plant geography and the phytogeographic regions of India. It provides definitions of key terms like phytogeography, flora, and biogeography. It then outlines 13 principles of phytogeography related to the environment, plant responses, migration of floras, and perpetuation/evolution of floras. The document divides India into 9 main phytogeographic regions based on climate and vegetation types. It provides details on the characteristic vegetation found in each region. Understanding plant distributions and the factors influencing them is important for fields like ecology, evolution, and conservation biogeography.
Nanotechnology is one of the most promising technologies of the 21st century. It is the ability to convert the nanoscience theory to useful applications by observing, measuring, manipulating, assembling, controlling and manufacturing matter at the nanometer scale. The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) in the United States define Nanotechnology as “a science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale (1 to 100 nm), where unique phenomena enable novel applications in a wide range of fields, from chemistry, physics and biology, to medicine, engineering and electronics” .
Pollen or microspore culture is an in vitro technique by which the pollen grains are squeezed out aseptically from the intact anther and then cultured on nutrient medium.
the microspores, without producing male gametes, develop into haploid embryoids or callus tissue that give rise to haploid plantlets by embryogenesis or organogenesis.
this helps to acquire the whole knowledge about anther and pollen culture.
Plant species are greatly differ in their sensitivity to heavy metals.
Some plants are very sensitive to heavy metals but some other plants are withstand of heavy metals without much damage.
Some plant species may thrive well on soil rich in heavy metals by avoiding uptake of heavy metals due to some normal selectivity of root cell membranes.
this helps to identifing the metals which causes severe health issues to humans.
annotation is nothing but the extra informations. the genome annotation is the extra informations about the DNA sequence of the organism. without annotation the squence doesnt make any sense of the sequencing.The current gene prediction methods can be classified into two major categories, abinitio–based and homology-based approaches.
The ab initio–based approach predicts genes based on the given sequence alone.
The homology-based approach predicts a gene using the alignment of the protein or RNA sequence/ gene models in evolutionary related species.
Gene which are located on the same chromosome and are transmitted together in the offsprings are called linked genes. This phenomenon of inheritance of linked genes together so as to retain the parental combinations in the offsprings is known as linkage.
The characters controlled by linked genes are called linked characters.
All those which located in a single chromosome constitute a linked group.
ed algae or Rhodophyta – It is a distinctive type of species that are mostly found in the freshwater lakes and are the oldest type of eukaryotic algae.
They are red in colour due to the presence of a pigment called chlorophyll A, phycocyanin, and phycoerythrin.
They are the member of the tribe Amansieae (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales, Rhodophyta), in which only Aneurianna and Lenormandia Sonder have foliar blades.
They are the distinctive type of species, mostly found in the deep freshwater bodies.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
2. SUPER BUGS
• Superbugs are strains of bacteria, viruses, parasites and
fungi that are genetically modified gene or a gene altered
from another organism.
• Super bugs are constructed bacterium or fungi that can
ability to degrade the hydrocarbons(in pollution aspect).
• It is a multi plasmid strain developed using genetic
engineering.
3. HISTORY
• Prof. ANANADA CHAKRABORTY et al.(1980) developed
and patented a superbug that degrade the hydrocarbons.
• Transformed pseudomonas putida with plasmids derived
for four different bacterias involved in degradation
process.
4. SUPERBUG SPECIES
• Organism by pseudomonas putida
• It is gram negative, rod shaped, saprophytic and soil brone.
• It is for wild type
• Based on 16s rRNA analysis.
• Size – 0.7- 1.1/2.4 mu.meter
5. FOUR TYPES OF PLASMID
• CAM plasmid
• OCT plasmid
• XYL plasmid
• NAH plasmid
The bacterial containing CAM Plasmid could degrade camphor compounds.
the strain containg OCT plasmid could degrade octane, hexane and decane.
The strain containing XYL Plasmid could degrade xylene and toluene.
The strain containing NAH plasmid could degrade napthenes.
6. CONJGATIVE TRANSFER OF PLASMID
• The strain A containing CAM Plasmid is matted with strain B containing OCT
Plasmid.
• During this process CAM Plasmid is transferred from strain A&B.
• Inside the bacterial strain B, CAM Plasmid undergo homologous recombination , so
that a large CAM-OCT Plasmid is formed. thus the strain becomes strain E.
• The strain C contains XYL Plasmid is mated with strain D containing NAH Plasmid.
• During the conjugation XYL of strain C enters the strain D. thus strain D becomes
strain F containing both XYL and NAH Plasmids.
7. • The strain E and strain F are mated to transfer CAM-OCT Plasmid into strain
F.
• Because of the plasmid transfer, strain F becomes strain G.
• The strain G has three plasmids, namely CAM-OCT Plasmid XYL-NAH
Plasmid.
• It can degrade camphor, octane, xylene and napthenes.
• It is named as superbug because of its high metabolic capabilities.
9. MECHANISM
• The degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons can be modified by specific enzyme
system oxygenases, cytochrome p450 alkane hydrolyses.
• Attachment of microbial cells to substrates.
• Production of biosurfactants- surface enhances solubilization and removal of
contaminants.
• Biodegradation is also enchanced by surfactants due to increased bioavailability of
pollutants.
• Petroleum products contain cycloalkenes(Octanes), napthaenes, xylene, toluene and
aromatic hydrocarbons.
• These are degraded by modified superbugs.
10. USAGE OF SUPERBUGS
• The genetic engineering approaches are used by genetic engineers to
construct new strains of microbes (Genetically engineered microorganisms,
GEMs or transgenic microorganisms) that have the unique characteristics
compared to the wild type and broad spectrum recycling of polystyrene
foam, otherwise thought to be not biodegradable.
• Other examples of bioremediation by microorganisms-Scientists have
developed Anabaena sp. and Nostoc Ellipsosporum by the insertion of linA (from
P. paucimobilus) and fcbABC (from Arthrobacter globiformis) respectively.
11. • The gene lineA controls the biodegradation of lindane (γhexachlorocyclohexane),
and fcbABC confers the ability to biodegrade halobenzoates and can be used to
remediate these pollutants from water sources.
• There are several developments in GEMs which overcome the limits of using wild
type microbes. Microbes are confined to aerobic catabolic and cometabolic
pathways and therefore cannot be applied to anaerobic environment.
• GEMs are developed by inserting genes for oxygenases make it possible to use
them in anaerobic environmental conditions. One must consider all the xenobiotics
present in multi-contaminated sites before applying microbes for bioremediation.
• GEMs offer the properties of many microbes due to the insertion of genes in a
single microorganism. ThereforeGEMs can be used successfully for bioremediation
purpose.