Thunderstorms require three conditions: atmospheric instability, sufficient water vapor, and a lifting mechanism to trigger formation. There are two main types of thunderstorms: heat or airmass storms caused by daytime heating, and frontal storms that form along weather fronts. Thunderstorms pose several hazards to aviation including turbulence, wind shear, icing, lightning, hail, downbursts, and static electricity buildup on aircraft surfaces.

2. ThunderstormsThunderstorms

3. ThunderstormsThunderstorms
Conditions of Atmospher
1. Instability
2. Sufficient Water Vapor
3. Trigger Action (Lifting Mechanism)

4. ThunderstormsThunderstorms

5. ThunderstormsThunderstorms
Conditions of Atmospher
1. Heat or Airmass Thunderstorms
2. Frontal Thunderstorms

6. ThunderstormsThunderstorms

7. ThunderstormsThunderstorms

8. ThunderstormsThunderstorms
Thunderstorm associated Hazards
1. Turbulence and Windshear
2. Icing
3. Lightning
4. Hail
5. Downburst
6. Static Electric

9. ThunderstormsThunderstorms
Turbulence and WindshearTurbulence and Windshear
 5000 feet vertical displacement and 40 Nm
 80 Kt and 90 degrees different

10. ThunderstormsThunderstorms
IcingIcing

11. ThunderstormsThunderstorms
HailHail

12. ThunderstormsThunderstorms
HailHail

13. ThunderstormsThunderstorms
HailHail

14. ThunderstormsThunderstorms
HailHail

15. ThunderstormsThunderstorms
HailHail

16. ThunderstormsThunderstorms
DownburstDownburst

17. ThunderstormsThunderstorms
DownburstDownburst

18. ThunderstormsThunderstorms
Static ElectricStatic Electric
Saint Elmo’s Arc on the fuselage or canopy

19. ThunderstormsThunderstorms

20. ThunderstormsThunderstorms
“THINK TWICE”
Phill COLLINS
if it is not OAT