The document summarizes the outcomes of the UN Climate Change Conference (COP 17) in Durban, South Africa from November 28 to December 11, 2011. Key outcomes included: establishing a second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol; agreeing to a process to negotiate a new legal agreement applicable to all countries by 2015; and operationalizing the Green Climate Fund to support climate action in developing countries. The conference saw progress on long-term cooperative climate action after difficulties in Copenhagen and efforts in Cancun to rescue the multilateral climate regime. However, concerns remained about whether commitments made would close the gap between emissions pledges and levels needed to avoid dangerous climate change impacts.
The document summarizes the outcomes of COP16, the 2010 United Nations climate change conference in Cancun, Mexico. Key outcomes included the "Cancun Agreements," which established the Green Climate Fund to mobilize $100 billion annually for developing countries, frameworks for reducing deforestation and increasing transparency, and formalization of emissions pledges. However, no agreement was reached on extending the Kyoto Protocol, postponing that decision until COP17. Overall COP16 was seen as progressing the UNFCCC process and rejuvenating global climate cooperation.
International Efforts on Climate Change MitigationIrfan Mohammed
The document summarizes key events and outcomes in international efforts to address climate change mitigation from 1979 to 2011, including:
1) The establishment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988 to assess scientific information on climate change.
2) The adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992 and entry into force in 1994, establishing a framework for international cooperation.
3) The adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, which legally bound developed countries to emission reduction targets, and subsequent Conferences of the Parties to negotiate details of implementation.
1) The document presents a draft agreement for an international climate change accord. It includes articles on mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology development, capacity building, transparency, compliance, and other issues.
2) Key provisions include requiring parties to communicate and pursue progressively more ambitious emissions reduction targets, and establishing transparency requirements for mitigation actions and support provided.
3) The draft establishes a compliance mechanism and requires regular global stocktakes to assess collective progress towards meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement.
The document summarizes outcomes from the Bonn Intercessional climate negotiations held in June 2013. Key points include:
- The negotiations were divided into three tracks focusing on the Durban Platform, implementation, and scientific/technological advice.
- Discussions centered around the post-2020 climate agreement, raising near-term climate ambition, and implementing existing decisions.
- Specific topics discussed included rules and transparency for emission pledges, mobilizing climate finance, accounting methods, and adapting to climate impacts.
- The sessions provided an opportunity for parties to exchange ideas before the next major COP meeting in Poland later this year.
This document provides the schedule and agenda for the Twelfth Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification taking place from October 12-23, 2015 in Ankara, Turkey. It outlines the meetings, sessions, and events planned during the conference, including committee of the whole meetings to discuss the post-2015 development agenda, effective implementation of the convention, and procedural matters. High-level discussions are also scheduled including parallel ministerial roundtables on land degradation neutrality, drought adaptation, and land-based climate change adaptation. The document provides logistical details on participant registration and seating for the various sessions.
Aosis Proposal For Kp Survival And New Copenhagen Protocol FinalJulian Wong
The Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) proposes a Copenhagen Protocol to enhance implementation of the UNFCCC and ensure the survival of the Kyoto Protocol. Key points include:
1) Establishing long-term global goals to limit warming to 1.5C and reduce emissions by at least 85% by 2050.
2) Developed countries commit to reducing emissions by 45% below 1990 levels by 2020.
3) A new Multilateral Fund on Climate Change is created to support adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer in developing countries.
4) National plans are required by all countries to reduce emissions and adapt to climate impacts. Support is prioritized for vulnerable developing states.
Climate negotiations cop20lima_p4_ext_shortArthur Lee
The document summarizes negotiations from COP20 in Lima, Peru. Key issues that divided nations included differences over common but differentiated responsibilities and what constitutes a balanced agreement. After 30 hours of overtime negotiations, nations agreed on the Lima Call for Climate Action which included references to adaptation, loss and damage, and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. The Call also pushed negotiations forward on elements of the 2015 treaty to be completed by COP21 in Paris.
Recognizing that climate change represents an urgent and potentially irreversible threat to human societies and the planet and thus requires the widest possible cooperation by all countries, and their participation in an effective and appropriate international response, with a view to accelerating the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions, and need for reductions in global emissions as a common concern of humankind, World Leaders in terms of global annual emissions of greenhouse gases by 2020 and aggregate emission pathways consistent with holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C,
Also emphasizing that enhanced pre‐2020 ambition can lay a solid foundation for enhanced post‐2020 ambition,
Stressing the urgency of accelerating the implementation of the Convention and its Kyoto Protocol in order to enhance pre-2020 ambition.Draft agreement is as Annexture to
FCCC/CP/2015/L.9
The document summarizes the outcomes of COP16, the 2010 United Nations climate change conference in Cancun, Mexico. Key outcomes included the "Cancun Agreements," which established the Green Climate Fund to mobilize $100 billion annually for developing countries, frameworks for reducing deforestation and increasing transparency, and formalization of emissions pledges. However, no agreement was reached on extending the Kyoto Protocol, postponing that decision until COP17. Overall COP16 was seen as progressing the UNFCCC process and rejuvenating global climate cooperation.
International Efforts on Climate Change MitigationIrfan Mohammed
The document summarizes key events and outcomes in international efforts to address climate change mitigation from 1979 to 2011, including:
1) The establishment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988 to assess scientific information on climate change.
2) The adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992 and entry into force in 1994, establishing a framework for international cooperation.
3) The adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, which legally bound developed countries to emission reduction targets, and subsequent Conferences of the Parties to negotiate details of implementation.
1) The document presents a draft agreement for an international climate change accord. It includes articles on mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology development, capacity building, transparency, compliance, and other issues.
2) Key provisions include requiring parties to communicate and pursue progressively more ambitious emissions reduction targets, and establishing transparency requirements for mitigation actions and support provided.
3) The draft establishes a compliance mechanism and requires regular global stocktakes to assess collective progress towards meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement.
The document summarizes outcomes from the Bonn Intercessional climate negotiations held in June 2013. Key points include:
- The negotiations were divided into three tracks focusing on the Durban Platform, implementation, and scientific/technological advice.
- Discussions centered around the post-2020 climate agreement, raising near-term climate ambition, and implementing existing decisions.
- Specific topics discussed included rules and transparency for emission pledges, mobilizing climate finance, accounting methods, and adapting to climate impacts.
- The sessions provided an opportunity for parties to exchange ideas before the next major COP meeting in Poland later this year.
This document provides the schedule and agenda for the Twelfth Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification taking place from October 12-23, 2015 in Ankara, Turkey. It outlines the meetings, sessions, and events planned during the conference, including committee of the whole meetings to discuss the post-2015 development agenda, effective implementation of the convention, and procedural matters. High-level discussions are also scheduled including parallel ministerial roundtables on land degradation neutrality, drought adaptation, and land-based climate change adaptation. The document provides logistical details on participant registration and seating for the various sessions.
Aosis Proposal For Kp Survival And New Copenhagen Protocol FinalJulian Wong
The Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) proposes a Copenhagen Protocol to enhance implementation of the UNFCCC and ensure the survival of the Kyoto Protocol. Key points include:
1) Establishing long-term global goals to limit warming to 1.5C and reduce emissions by at least 85% by 2050.
2) Developed countries commit to reducing emissions by 45% below 1990 levels by 2020.
3) A new Multilateral Fund on Climate Change is created to support adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer in developing countries.
4) National plans are required by all countries to reduce emissions and adapt to climate impacts. Support is prioritized for vulnerable developing states.
Climate negotiations cop20lima_p4_ext_shortArthur Lee
The document summarizes negotiations from COP20 in Lima, Peru. Key issues that divided nations included differences over common but differentiated responsibilities and what constitutes a balanced agreement. After 30 hours of overtime negotiations, nations agreed on the Lima Call for Climate Action which included references to adaptation, loss and damage, and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. The Call also pushed negotiations forward on elements of the 2015 treaty to be completed by COP21 in Paris.
Recognizing that climate change represents an urgent and potentially irreversible threat to human societies and the planet and thus requires the widest possible cooperation by all countries, and their participation in an effective and appropriate international response, with a view to accelerating the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions, and need for reductions in global emissions as a common concern of humankind, World Leaders in terms of global annual emissions of greenhouse gases by 2020 and aggregate emission pathways consistent with holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C,
Also emphasizing that enhanced pre‐2020 ambition can lay a solid foundation for enhanced post‐2020 ambition,
Stressing the urgency of accelerating the implementation of the Convention and its Kyoto Protocol in order to enhance pre-2020 ambition.Draft agreement is as Annexture to
FCCC/CP/2015/L.9
Sessions 3 and 4 combined september 2020 euro (final 16 sept)Felix Dodds
The document outlines an agenda for a two-day online course on capacity building for the Fifth United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA 5). The course will cover understanding UNEA and UNEP, engaging with member states, drafting resolutions, working with media, and fundraising tips. It will be led by senior advisers from Stakeholder Forum for a Sustainable Future and aims to help participants contribute to delivering UNEP's Medium-Term Strategy and Programme of Work.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the UNFCCC. It sets binding emissions reduction targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by an average of 5% against 1990 levels between 2008-2012. The key principles are common but differentiated responsibilities, where developed countries take the lead in reducing emissions due to their historical contributions to climate change. The Kyoto mechanisms of emissions trading, clean development mechanism, and joint implementation allow countries flexibility in meeting their targets. By the end of the first commitment period in 2012, a new framework is needed to deliver further emissions reductions to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations.
The document discusses global warming, its causes and effects, and the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as a solution. It defines global warming and lists greenhouse gases and their effects. It then explains the Kyoto Protocol, the CDM concept and process, including baseline setting, additionality, methodologies, and registration. The CDM aims to assist developing countries' sustainable development through emissions reduction projects financed by developed countries.
This document summarizes an agreement reached by the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action. It agreed to transmit two texts to the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-first session for further consideration. The first text is titled "Draft agreement and draft decision on workstreams 1 and 2 of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action" and contains a draft Paris Agreement. The second text is contained in Annex II but its contents are not described.
This document summarizes the draft agreement and decision from the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris. Key points include:
- The Ad Hoc Working Group agreed to transmit the draft agreement text to COP21 for further consideration. The text includes a draft agreement and draft decision.
- The draft agreement establishes the purpose of holding global temperature increase below 2°C and increasing adaptation abilities. It includes provisions for national climate commitments and a long-term decarbonization goal.
- The draft outlines that parties will communicate and implement successive national climate commitments to achieve the goals of the agreement. It establishes collective long-term mitigation aims and that individual parties will pursue domestic policies to implement
Borrador del acuerdo de la conferencia del clima COP21 al 9 de diciembre. La Nacion Chile
This document contains a draft text for the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Key points include:
- The draft agreement text outlines the purpose, general provisions, mitigation efforts, adaptation efforts, and means of implementation.
- On mitigation, it discusses a collective long-term temperature goal and individual nationally determined contributions, with options for goals of below 1.5°C or 2°C.
- It emphasizes differentiation between developed and developing countries and recognition of common but differentiated responsibilities and capabilities.
- The draft remains unfinished with placeholder text and options still under negotiation particularly around specifics of mitigation efforts and support for developing countries.
The document summarizes a student's research paper on strategies for the upcoming COP21 climate conference in Paris. It discusses the failures of the Kyoto Protocol to meaningfully reduce global emissions due to lack of participation from major emitters like the US and China. The student argues COP21 should focus on creating voluntary, specific emission guidelines for all countries to encourage widespread adoption and pressure the US to participate. This may elevate the agreement to a universal law.
This document provides a summary of a book that details the UNFCCC COP climate change negotiations. It covers the history and development of the climate change negotiation process, including the key agreements and conferences that have taken place. It examines the Kyoto Protocol and the mechanisms it established, including emissions trading, clean development mechanisms, and joint implementation. It also discusses the financial mechanisms of the UNFCCC, including funds like the GEF, SCCF, LDCF, and GCF. The book aims to serve as an easy guide for understanding the activities and processes of the UNFCCC COP conferences.
Center for Clean Air Policy- Eligibility Of Land UseObama White House
This document provides an overview of the debate around allowing land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) projects to generate carbon credits under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). While LULUCF projects could provide greenhouse gas benefits, there are concerns about accurately measuring these benefits and ensuring their permanence. The document analyzes these technical issues and lays out options for policymakers to address risks like measurement uncertainty, ensuring additionality of projects, preventing leakage of emissions, and guaranteeing the permanence of carbon storage. It concludes by outlining a framework for a potential decision on LULUCF project eligibility under the CDM.
This document contains a draft agreement and decision on workstreams 1 and 2 from the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action. The draft agreement contains 15 preamble paragraphs and proposes definitions. Article 2 outlines the purpose of the agreement, including holding temperature increases below certain thresholds and pursuing sustainable development with resilient, low-emission societies and food security.
The document summarizes the outcomes of COP18, which was held in Doha, Qatar in November-December 2012. Key outcomes included finalizing the terms of the Kyoto Protocol's second commitment period through 2020 and establishing the Doha Climate Gateway. Progress was made on national adaptation plans and loss and damage, while little headway occurred on REDD+. Oversight of mitigation efforts and markets was transferred to UNFCCC bodies. The Durban Platform became the sole negotiating process for a post-2020 climate treaty.
The document provides background information on preparations for COP18, the 18th session of the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, which will be held in Doha, Qatar from November 26 to December 7, 2012. COP18 aims to finalize an extended second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol, resolve remaining issues from the AWG-LCA, and advance negotiations on a new legal climate agreement applicable to all countries under the Durban Platform. Preparatory meetings in Bonn and Bangkok put the complex negotiations on track by establishing work programs but also exposed disagreements between developed and developing countries. Qatar faces challenges in hosting the conference as a major oil and gas producer but aims to demonstrate climate leadership.
The third newsletter of the project has been released. You can download it from below.
[JICA, The project for Assessment of Earthquake Disaster Risk For the Kathmandu Valley]
The Kyoto Protocol has both strengths and weaknesses when considering future agreements to tackle climate change. Its main strength is its emissions trading mechanism, which allows countries to meet emissions targets at lowest cost. However, the Kyoto Protocol alone cannot effectively deal with the uncertainties around abatement costs and climate change impacts. Future agreements could build on Kyoto's structure but address its shortcomings by adding options like price caps, indexed targets, and non-binding targets for developing countries to make commitments more ambitious and incentives for participation greater.
What\'s Copenhagen mean for forward thinking Australian businesses?RodDouglas
1. The Copenhagen climate summit failed to reach legally binding agreements but did produce a non-binding political accord signed by 26 countries including the US and China.
2. The accord aims to limit global temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius and have signatories nominate emissions reduction targets by January 2010, but significant uncertainties remain around countries' commitment levels.
3. Back in Australia, passage of federal climate change legislation is now uncertain given the non-binding nature of the Copenhagen accord, with the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme bill unlikely to pass until after the next election in 2011 at the earliest.
The document summarizes the activities of a project assessing earthquake disaster risk in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. It describes:
1) Three working groups established to conduct seismic hazard assessment, seismic risk assessment, and pilot activities.
2) Results of the seismic hazard assessment including identifying three scenario earthquakes and modeling ground shaking levels.
3) Joint coordination committee and working group meetings held to discuss the project's progress and results.
The document summarizes a press briefing about a new Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate initiated by the U.S. and five other countries. The partnership aims to (1) create new investment opportunities and remove barriers for cleaner technologies; (2) help each country meet energy security and pollution reduction goals in the context of economic growth; and (3) complement international climate change efforts like the Kyoto Protocol. Key areas of cooperation include capturing methane from mines and landfills, clean coal, nuclear power, and bioenergy. The partnership will consolidate existing bilateral initiatives into a more coordinated effort measured by specific emission reduction targets.
Reed Smith - Anticipating the outcome of the 2015 Paris Climate Change Confer...Nicholas Rock
The document discusses some of the key challenges that may prevent negotiators from reaching an agreement at the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference (COP21). Specifically:
1) One major legal challenge is determining the form of the international agreement, whether it will be a protocol, legal instrument, or agreed outcome under international law.
2) The role and status of the intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) submitted by countries prior to the conference is unclear in terms of how they may be renegotiated or changed post-COP21.
3) Issues around measuring and accounting for the collective impact of countries' efforts to limit global temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius and how to structure cooperative arrangements between countries.
BlindSpot Prince's Foundation net-positive circular economyJames Greyson
Sept 2013 Masterclass presentation and biochar making demo
40 years of global problem solving -> problems overall worse.
Mapping the solution space -> new category of solutions?
Positive development -> net positive impacts
Switch policy and practice -> reverse intractable problems?
Biochar, precycling, circular economy
The document provides a comparative analysis of national climate change strategies from five developing countries: India, Brazil, China, Mexico, and South Africa. It summarizes each country's plan, including the issuing entity, stated objectives, process for development, examples of proposed mitigation interventions, and in some cases, examples of proposed adaptation interventions. The plans address reducing greenhouse gas emissions in sectors like energy generation, transport, forestry, and waste. They also propose building resilience in agriculture, ecosystems, water resources and public health.
Hidroelectricas de Menor Escala - Revista IP831Eduardo Zolezzi
El documento describe el potencial de generación hidroeléctrica de pequeña escala en Perú y las barreras para su desarrollo. Un estudio del Banco Mundial encontró un potencial de 1,600 MW, pero se han desarrollado solo 17 proyectos por 200 MW debido a las bajas tarifas ofrecidas a los generadores. Para liberar este potencial, se requiere establecer tarifas rentables y predecibles a través de subastas, así como facilitar el financiamiento a largo plazo de los proyectos.
Sessions 3 and 4 combined september 2020 euro (final 16 sept)Felix Dodds
The document outlines an agenda for a two-day online course on capacity building for the Fifth United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA 5). The course will cover understanding UNEA and UNEP, engaging with member states, drafting resolutions, working with media, and fundraising tips. It will be led by senior advisers from Stakeholder Forum for a Sustainable Future and aims to help participants contribute to delivering UNEP's Medium-Term Strategy and Programme of Work.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the UNFCCC. It sets binding emissions reduction targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by an average of 5% against 1990 levels between 2008-2012. The key principles are common but differentiated responsibilities, where developed countries take the lead in reducing emissions due to their historical contributions to climate change. The Kyoto mechanisms of emissions trading, clean development mechanism, and joint implementation allow countries flexibility in meeting their targets. By the end of the first commitment period in 2012, a new framework is needed to deliver further emissions reductions to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations.
The document discusses global warming, its causes and effects, and the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as a solution. It defines global warming and lists greenhouse gases and their effects. It then explains the Kyoto Protocol, the CDM concept and process, including baseline setting, additionality, methodologies, and registration. The CDM aims to assist developing countries' sustainable development through emissions reduction projects financed by developed countries.
This document summarizes an agreement reached by the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action. It agreed to transmit two texts to the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-first session for further consideration. The first text is titled "Draft agreement and draft decision on workstreams 1 and 2 of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action" and contains a draft Paris Agreement. The second text is contained in Annex II but its contents are not described.
This document summarizes the draft agreement and decision from the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris. Key points include:
- The Ad Hoc Working Group agreed to transmit the draft agreement text to COP21 for further consideration. The text includes a draft agreement and draft decision.
- The draft agreement establishes the purpose of holding global temperature increase below 2°C and increasing adaptation abilities. It includes provisions for national climate commitments and a long-term decarbonization goal.
- The draft outlines that parties will communicate and implement successive national climate commitments to achieve the goals of the agreement. It establishes collective long-term mitigation aims and that individual parties will pursue domestic policies to implement
Borrador del acuerdo de la conferencia del clima COP21 al 9 de diciembre. La Nacion Chile
This document contains a draft text for the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Key points include:
- The draft agreement text outlines the purpose, general provisions, mitigation efforts, adaptation efforts, and means of implementation.
- On mitigation, it discusses a collective long-term temperature goal and individual nationally determined contributions, with options for goals of below 1.5°C or 2°C.
- It emphasizes differentiation between developed and developing countries and recognition of common but differentiated responsibilities and capabilities.
- The draft remains unfinished with placeholder text and options still under negotiation particularly around specifics of mitigation efforts and support for developing countries.
The document summarizes a student's research paper on strategies for the upcoming COP21 climate conference in Paris. It discusses the failures of the Kyoto Protocol to meaningfully reduce global emissions due to lack of participation from major emitters like the US and China. The student argues COP21 should focus on creating voluntary, specific emission guidelines for all countries to encourage widespread adoption and pressure the US to participate. This may elevate the agreement to a universal law.
This document provides a summary of a book that details the UNFCCC COP climate change negotiations. It covers the history and development of the climate change negotiation process, including the key agreements and conferences that have taken place. It examines the Kyoto Protocol and the mechanisms it established, including emissions trading, clean development mechanisms, and joint implementation. It also discusses the financial mechanisms of the UNFCCC, including funds like the GEF, SCCF, LDCF, and GCF. The book aims to serve as an easy guide for understanding the activities and processes of the UNFCCC COP conferences.
Center for Clean Air Policy- Eligibility Of Land UseObama White House
This document provides an overview of the debate around allowing land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) projects to generate carbon credits under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). While LULUCF projects could provide greenhouse gas benefits, there are concerns about accurately measuring these benefits and ensuring their permanence. The document analyzes these technical issues and lays out options for policymakers to address risks like measurement uncertainty, ensuring additionality of projects, preventing leakage of emissions, and guaranteeing the permanence of carbon storage. It concludes by outlining a framework for a potential decision on LULUCF project eligibility under the CDM.
This document contains a draft agreement and decision on workstreams 1 and 2 from the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action. The draft agreement contains 15 preamble paragraphs and proposes definitions. Article 2 outlines the purpose of the agreement, including holding temperature increases below certain thresholds and pursuing sustainable development with resilient, low-emission societies and food security.
The document summarizes the outcomes of COP18, which was held in Doha, Qatar in November-December 2012. Key outcomes included finalizing the terms of the Kyoto Protocol's second commitment period through 2020 and establishing the Doha Climate Gateway. Progress was made on national adaptation plans and loss and damage, while little headway occurred on REDD+. Oversight of mitigation efforts and markets was transferred to UNFCCC bodies. The Durban Platform became the sole negotiating process for a post-2020 climate treaty.
The document provides background information on preparations for COP18, the 18th session of the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, which will be held in Doha, Qatar from November 26 to December 7, 2012. COP18 aims to finalize an extended second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol, resolve remaining issues from the AWG-LCA, and advance negotiations on a new legal climate agreement applicable to all countries under the Durban Platform. Preparatory meetings in Bonn and Bangkok put the complex negotiations on track by establishing work programs but also exposed disagreements between developed and developing countries. Qatar faces challenges in hosting the conference as a major oil and gas producer but aims to demonstrate climate leadership.
The third newsletter of the project has been released. You can download it from below.
[JICA, The project for Assessment of Earthquake Disaster Risk For the Kathmandu Valley]
The Kyoto Protocol has both strengths and weaknesses when considering future agreements to tackle climate change. Its main strength is its emissions trading mechanism, which allows countries to meet emissions targets at lowest cost. However, the Kyoto Protocol alone cannot effectively deal with the uncertainties around abatement costs and climate change impacts. Future agreements could build on Kyoto's structure but address its shortcomings by adding options like price caps, indexed targets, and non-binding targets for developing countries to make commitments more ambitious and incentives for participation greater.
What\'s Copenhagen mean for forward thinking Australian businesses?RodDouglas
1. The Copenhagen climate summit failed to reach legally binding agreements but did produce a non-binding political accord signed by 26 countries including the US and China.
2. The accord aims to limit global temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius and have signatories nominate emissions reduction targets by January 2010, but significant uncertainties remain around countries' commitment levels.
3. Back in Australia, passage of federal climate change legislation is now uncertain given the non-binding nature of the Copenhagen accord, with the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme bill unlikely to pass until after the next election in 2011 at the earliest.
The document summarizes the activities of a project assessing earthquake disaster risk in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. It describes:
1) Three working groups established to conduct seismic hazard assessment, seismic risk assessment, and pilot activities.
2) Results of the seismic hazard assessment including identifying three scenario earthquakes and modeling ground shaking levels.
3) Joint coordination committee and working group meetings held to discuss the project's progress and results.
The document summarizes a press briefing about a new Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate initiated by the U.S. and five other countries. The partnership aims to (1) create new investment opportunities and remove barriers for cleaner technologies; (2) help each country meet energy security and pollution reduction goals in the context of economic growth; and (3) complement international climate change efforts like the Kyoto Protocol. Key areas of cooperation include capturing methane from mines and landfills, clean coal, nuclear power, and bioenergy. The partnership will consolidate existing bilateral initiatives into a more coordinated effort measured by specific emission reduction targets.
Reed Smith - Anticipating the outcome of the 2015 Paris Climate Change Confer...Nicholas Rock
The document discusses some of the key challenges that may prevent negotiators from reaching an agreement at the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference (COP21). Specifically:
1) One major legal challenge is determining the form of the international agreement, whether it will be a protocol, legal instrument, or agreed outcome under international law.
2) The role and status of the intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) submitted by countries prior to the conference is unclear in terms of how they may be renegotiated or changed post-COP21.
3) Issues around measuring and accounting for the collective impact of countries' efforts to limit global temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius and how to structure cooperative arrangements between countries.
BlindSpot Prince's Foundation net-positive circular economyJames Greyson
Sept 2013 Masterclass presentation and biochar making demo
40 years of global problem solving -> problems overall worse.
Mapping the solution space -> new category of solutions?
Positive development -> net positive impacts
Switch policy and practice -> reverse intractable problems?
Biochar, precycling, circular economy
The document provides a comparative analysis of national climate change strategies from five developing countries: India, Brazil, China, Mexico, and South Africa. It summarizes each country's plan, including the issuing entity, stated objectives, process for development, examples of proposed mitigation interventions, and in some cases, examples of proposed adaptation interventions. The plans address reducing greenhouse gas emissions in sectors like energy generation, transport, forestry, and waste. They also propose building resilience in agriculture, ecosystems, water resources and public health.
Hidroelectricas de Menor Escala - Revista IP831Eduardo Zolezzi
El documento describe el potencial de generación hidroeléctrica de pequeña escala en Perú y las barreras para su desarrollo. Un estudio del Banco Mundial encontró un potencial de 1,600 MW, pero se han desarrollado solo 17 proyectos por 200 MW debido a las bajas tarifas ofrecidas a los generadores. Para liberar este potencial, se requiere establecer tarifas rentables y predecibles a través de subastas, así como facilitar el financiamiento a largo plazo de los proyectos.
(1) George Mitchell descubrió que podía extraer gas natural atrapado en rocas de esquisto usando fracturación hidráulica, un proceso que ahora provee una cuarta parte del gas natural de EE.UU.
(2) La explotación de gas de esquisto tiene el potencial de cambiar radicalmente el panorama energético global al proveer grandes cantidades de gas para décadas.
(3) Aunque hay preocupaciones sobre el uso de agua y contaminación, el gas de esquisto también tiene ventajas ambientales al reemplazar combustibles más contaminantes.
Los vientos en contra de la energía renovable:
1) La energía renovable aún no ha superado las críticas de ser demasiado costosa para competir con los combustibles fósiles y depender demasiado de subsidios gubernamentales.
2) El almacenamiento de la energía renovable para su uso futuro sigue siendo un desafío técnico sin resolver.
3) A pesar del crecimiento reciente, la energía renovable aún representa una pequeña fracción del consumo global de energía.
Este decreto establece disposiciones extraordinarias para facilitar la promoción de la inversión privada en determinados proyectos de infraestructura en Perú durante el 2011. Declara de necesidad nacional 27 proyectos de inversión en sectores como transporte, energía, agua y saneamiento. Simplifica los requisitos para la aprobación de estos proyectos, permitiendo estudios de prefactibilidad y acortando los plazos para emitir opiniones previas a 10 días.
Este documento anuncia que Perú Microenergía se ha convertido en el primer proveedor de energía eléctrica fotovoltaica en Perú que tiene acceso al Fondo de Compensación Social Eléctrico (FOSE). Esto significa que los usuarios de los sistemas fotovoltaicos de Perú Microenergía solo tendrán que pagar 10 soles al mes, mientras que el FOSE cubrirá el resto de la tarifa regulada. Antes, los usuarios de energías renovables no recibían ningún tipo de ayuda económica y
El documento critica los decretos de urgencia que eliminan los estudios de impacto ambiental para proyectos de inversión, señalando que el Ministerio del Ambiente los respalda a pesar de que son ilógicos, anticonstitucionales y podrían generar conflictos sociales. Argumenta que los decretos priorizan las inversiones sobre los derechos ambientales y de las comunidades, y ponen "la carreta delante de los caballos" al ir en contra del Estado de derecho.
Este documento presenta información sobre el potencial de desarrollo hidroeléctrico conjunto entre Brasil y Perú. Se discuten cantidades de generación eléctrica a convenir entre los países, así como requisitos fundamentales, aspectos comerciales e institucionales. Se sugiere que una cantidad de 10,000 MW distribuidos en partes iguales entre los países podría ser aceptable. Se enfatiza la importancia de realizar estudios técnicos, socioambientales y definir condiciones comerciales transparentes para proyectos conjuntos.
The document provides an overview and summary of negotiations leading up to COP16, the UN climate change conference to be held in Cancun, Mexico from November 29th to December 10th, 2010. It discusses the failure of COP15 to establish binding emissions reductions, key events since then, the official agenda for COP16, and opinions on expectations for the outcome in Cancun, which most see as a step towards a future agreement rather than a major breakthrough.
Earth Negotiations Bulletin Summary of Second Round of Informal-Informal Nego...uncsd2012
This document provides a summary of informal consultations on the draft outcome document for the 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20). It discusses the process of revising the draft document through negotiations between 23 April and 4 May 2012. While some progress was made and agreement reached on 21 paragraphs, over 400 paragraphs remained bracketed due to ongoing disagreements on issues like green economy, institutional framework for sustainable development, and sustainable development goals. An additional negotiation session was scheduled for late May to continue working on the document before Rio+20.
Executive Summary
COP (Conference of the Parties) is an annual gathering of all countries that are Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It is one of the United Nations climate change conferences which has grown exponentially in size over the past two decades and is now among the largest international meetings in the world.
These conferences are the foremost global forums for multilateral discussion of climate change matters and serve as the formal meetings of the Conference of the Parties (COP), the Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP) and the Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (the CMA).
The Conference of the Parties (meeting as COP, CMP and CMA) usually lasts two weeks and serves to review the implementation of the Convention, the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement as well as adopt decisions to further develop and implement these three instruments. The first COP conference
(COP1) was held in 1995 at Berlin, Germany. The 27th Conference of the Parties (COP27) scheduled for
6 to 18 November 2022 in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, seeks renewed solidarity between countries to
deliver on the landmark Paris Agreement, for people and the planet.
It has been observed that children and youth are particularly vulnerable to climate impacts and requiremtailored support to ensure their safety and protection of their rights. The UNFCCC decisions have also
emphasised that youth are a key stakeholder in implementing Action for Climate Empowerment and they also have an important role to play in climate change governance.
In view of this, Waste Or Create Hub prepared this COP27 Starter Pack as a guide for youth intending to know more about COP or participate at the conference. This Starter Pack contains an Overview of
COP, Agenda of COP, COP27 in Focus, as well as Youth Involvement and their Role at COP.
It also details Waste Or Create Hub’s Strategy to enable youth involvement at COP. The Environmental
Workforce for Africa is a 5-year Strategy which outlines how Waste Or Create intends to enable the youth to the work opportunities that abound in the green economy and provide skills training that will equip the workforce to take up challenges and innovate with the knowledge acquired, thereby providing a sustainable and viable means of livelihood that the youth can embrace. The strategy gives the
youth the opportunity to become young environmental sustainability professionals and develop their
experience in the green economy space with adequate tools, knowledge, and resources.
It is anticipated that the youth will find this starter pack insightful and also make full use of the opportunities aorded them through COP.
The document summarizes key outcomes and discussions from COP17 in Durban, South Africa. There was initial lack of optimism due to disagreements between developed and developing countries. However, an agreement was reached to establish a universal legal agreement on emissions reductions by 2020 that would apply to all countries. The Durban Platform established a roadmap for negotiations toward a new treaty, but opinions were mixed on whether the outcome was sufficient to address the scale of the climate change problem.
A presentation on the social-political background to the Paris climate talks, a 'mapping' of the climate regime, a summary of outcomes, and the full text highlighted and explained.
This document discusses the prospects for a new international climate agreement. It notes that climate negotiations are extremely complex, covering issues like development, energy, trade, and more. The current UN process involves two working groups addressing mitigation, adaptation, finance, and more. Reaching agreement has been difficult due to gaps between developed and developing countries over responsibility for emissions reductions and finance. The Cancun conference in 2010 will be important for rebuilding trust in the UN process and making progress toward a new global climate regime.
The document discusses COP28, the 28th Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. It provides context on COP and the Paris Agreement. It summarizes that COP28 will be hosted by the UAE in 2023 and the UAE presidency has committed to the conference setting a clear roadmap for an inclusive and pragmatic global energy transition and climate action.
The document provides an overview of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) established under the Kyoto Protocol. The CDM allows emission reduction projects in developing countries to generate certified emission reductions credits that can be used by developed countries to meet emission reduction targets. It describes the basic framework of the CDM including eligible project and participant types, the project cycle of identification, approval, validation, verification and credit issuance, and the role of the CDM Executive Board in overseeing project implementation.
The UNFCCC is an international treaty negotiated in 1992 aimed at stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations to prevent dangerous climate change. It provides a framework but no binding emissions limits. The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, implemented the UNFCCC by requiring reductions in emissions by developed countries. Subsequent agreements including the Copenhagen Accord and Cancun Agreements aimed to further strengthen climate actions and support for developing countries.
Global warming is being accelerated by human activity through interrupting the carbon cycle. The primary international response is the Kyoto Protocol, which sets emissions limits and was established by the UNFCCC. The Kyoto Protocol's goals are evaluated by the IPCC, whose "Hockey Stick Graph" indicates current warming trends are unprecedented. National and international policy responses aim to reduce emissions through agreements to limit greenhouse gases.
International Efforts on Climate Change MitigationIrfan Mohammed
The document summarizes key international conferences and agreements related to climate change mitigation efforts since 1979. It outlines the creation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988 to assess scientific information on climate change. Major agreements included the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992 and the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, which established legally binding emissions reduction targets for developed countries. Subsequent COP meetings addressed implementing and strengthening the global response to climate change through 2020.
The document discusses the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It was created in 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations and prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Nearly every country is party to the UNFCCC, which meets annually to assess climate change progress. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted under the UNFCCC in 1997 and established emissions reduction obligations for developed countries. The goal of the UNFCCC process is for universal participation to efficiently limit future global warming below 2.0°C through a new legally binding climate agreement.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement that aims to manage and reduce carbon dioxide emissions and other greenhouse gases.
The Protocol was adopted at a conference in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997 and became international law on February 16, 2005.
Aim: Commits the parties to reduce GHGs emission
The Protocol was linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
History of climate negotiation & National Action Plan for Climate Change, indiaAmit Prakash
The document provides a history of global climate change negotiations from the 1970s to present. It discusses the formation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988 and highlights key conferences and agreements, including the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and COP meetings. It also summarizes India's National Action Plan on Climate Change, which outlines 8 missions focusing on solar energy, energy efficiency, sustainable habitats, water, the Himalayas, green India, agriculture, and strategic knowledge. The missions address mitigation and adaptation strategies.
The document provides an overview of global and national interactions related to climate change politics. At the global level, it discusses the key players in producing climate change evidence like the IPCC and scientific journals. It also outlines several important international agreements on climate change like the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement. At the national level, it examines the climate policies and commitments of governments in countries like the US, China, Canada, and Australia at both the federal and state/provincial levels. It provides details on the key climate plans and initiatives of these different governments.
Montreal protocol, Kyoto protocol & Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)Nethravathi Siri
The document discusses several major international environmental agreements:
1) The Montreal Protocol aims to protect the ozone layer by phasing out ozone-depleting substances. It has achieved universal ratification and has put the ozone layer on a path to recovery.
2) The Kyoto Protocol, under the UNFCCC, sets binding emissions reduction targets for developed countries to reduce greenhouse gases. Its goals are to lower emissions of six key gases and establish the Clean Development Mechanism.
3) The Convention on Biological Diversity aims to conserve biodiversity and promote sustainable use and sharing of genetic resources. It includes programs on forests, islands, inland waters and more.
The document summarizes the evolution of international accords and agreements around reducing carbon emissions, including the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Copenhagen Accord. It discusses goals and mechanisms of these agreements, such as emissions targets and market-based mechanisms. It also provides context on current atmospheric CO2 levels, global emissions, and the potential consequences of failure to reduce emissions.
Similar to Summary Durban Climate Change Conference (20)
Este documento resume los principales puntos sobre las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) en el sector eléctrico peruano. Explica que Perú tiene una huella de carbono de 2.6 toneladas de CO2 por persona y que la mayor parte de su electricidad proviene de fuentes hidroeléctricas. También analiza las emisiones de GEI de diferentes centrales eléctricas y embalses, y propone escenarios para maximizar los beneficios ambientales del sector eléctrico peruano al 2028 a través
El documento resume la situación de la electrificación rural en el Perú y describe un proyecto del Banco Mundial y el gobierno peruano para expandir el acceso a la electricidad en zonas rurales a través de subsidios a la inversión. El proyecto tiene como objetivo llevar la electricidad a 160,000 hogares rurales a través de extensiones de red y energías renovables. Los resultados preliminares muestran que el proyecto ha conectado a más de 100,000 hogares con una inversión subsidiada de alrededor de $800 por conex
Este documento presenta información sobre el potencial de desarrollo hidroeléctrico conjunto entre Brasil y Perú. Se discuten cantidades potenciales de hasta 10,000 MW que podrían ser desarrolladas de manera equitativa entre los dos países. También se destacan los requisitos técnicos, socioambientales, comerciales e institucionales que deberían considerarse para llevar a cabo proyectos hidroeléctricos de integración entre Brasil y Perú.
Iii congreso gasenergiabolivia-presentacionezfsEduardo Zolezzi
Este documento resume la situación mundial y regional de las energías renovables. A nivel mundial, las energías renovables representan alrededor del 19% del consumo final de energía, aunque su participación en la generación eléctrica es menor. En América Latina, países como Argentina, Brasil y Perú han implementado mecanismos como tarifas feed-in y subastas para promover las energías renovables, lo que ha impulsado significativamente su desarrollo en la región en años recientes.
Peru evaluationhydropowerpotential finalupdateEduardo Zolezzi
This document summarizes the evaluation of hydropower potential in Peru conducted by Eduardo Zolezzi David Menéndez Arán from the World Bank and Halcrow consultants. It provides an overview of the history of hydropower evaluations in Peru since the 1970s and describes the data and modeling used in the current 2011 study. This included digital terrain data, weather/precipitation/temperature records, stream flow data, and hydrological modeling. The study estimated Peru's theoretical hydropower potential at 270,371 MW and technical potential at 114,816 MW. It also identified the best 100 potential small and mid-sized hydropower plant sites between 1-100 MW based on economic, environmental, and other criteria. Maps
Iii congreso regulacion2011panelsmartgrids-ezEduardo Zolezzi
Este documento presenta información sobre redes eléctricas inteligentes (smart grids) en el contexto mundial y regional. Explica que las smart grids permiten la integración de energías renovables y dan a los usuarios un papel activo en la gestión de la energía. Luego, describe situaciones de smart grids en Brasil, Colombia y México. Finalmente, propone una hoja de ruta para Perú que incluye establecer un marco regulatorio y realizar proyectos piloto con alianzas público-privadas para beneficiar a los consumidores.
El documento discute el futuro del sector eléctrico peruano. Señala que Perú tiene potencial para energías renovables como hidroeléctrica, eólica y solar debido a su geografía, pero que aún queda por cubrir el acceso a electricidad para millones de personas, especialmente en zonas rurales. También destaca la necesidad de mejorar la planificación del sector, corregir deficiencias en el mercado eléctrico, y redefinir el rol del estado en las empresas eléctricas.
Este documento discute los nuevos retos para la electrificación rural en Perú. Presenta estadísticas sobre el acceso a la electricidad actual en áreas rurales versus urbanas y destaca que cerrar la brecha de cobertura eléctrica en zonas rurales es el principal desafío. Otras metas incluyen mejorar la calidad del servicio rural, expandir el uso de energías renovables y reformar la gestión de las empresas proveedoras.
Este documento resume una evaluación reciente del potencial hidroeléctrico de Perú realizada con financiamiento del Banco Mundial. La evaluación incluyó la recopilación y procesamiento de datos topográficos, hidrológicos y climáticos, la modelación hidrológica de cuencas, y la determinación del potencial hidroeléctrico teórico, técnico y económico-técnico a nivel de cuenca y planta. Se identificaron los 100 mejores potenciales de plantas de tamaños
El documento presenta un resumen del panorama mundial y regional de las energías renovables. Explica el contexto energético global actual, marcado por el crecimiento de la demanda y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Luego describe el aumento de la capacidad instalada de energías renovables a nivel mundial entre 2000 y 2013, liderado por la eólica y la solar. Finalmente, analiza las políticas y resultados de promoción de las renovables en Brasil, como el programa PROINFA.
El documento discute las reformas necesarias en las empresas eléctricas de distribución en Perú. Propone que se necesita una agenda regulatoria y de políticas públicas para corregir las deficiencias del sector después de 20 años de reformas. Señala que dos áreas que requieren reformas urgentes son el sistema de concesiones hidroeléctricas y la regulación de la distribución. También argumenta que se debe redefinir el rol del estado en la propiedad de empresas públicas del sector energético y la participación del FONAFE en su gestión.
El experto considera que una integración energética estricta entre países de la región sería difícil debido a diferencias en los precios de la energía. La interconexión entre Perú y Chile podría ser beneficiosa, mientras que con Ecuador y Bolivia solo habría intercambios ocasionales. Un proyecto previo de interconexión con Brasil no se justificó debido al tamaño mucho mayor del mercado energético brasileño. A largo plazo, los países de la región dependerán principalmente de energías renovables e hidroeléctric
Este documento discute los problemas de las empresas eléctricas del estado (EDEEs) en Perú y propone dos posibles soluciones: 1) privatizar completamente las EDEEs y empresas de generación eléctrica del estado o 2) reestructurar y reforzar legalmente a las EDEEs para que funcionen como empresas públicas autónomas. Una alternativa es la "corporatización" de las EDEEs, transformándolas primero en corporaciones privadas antes de vender acciones al sector privado, siguiendo el ejemplo de empresas eléctricas colombianas
Principales Tendencias del Mercado de EnergíaEduardo Zolezzi
1) El documento presenta las principales tendencias del mercado energético mundial y regional, incluyendo el cambio climático, el aumento de la demanda de energía y la importancia creciente de las energías renovables.
2) Describe el contexto energético de países como Brasil, Chile, Colombia y Ecuador, resaltando sus recursos y políticas energéticas.
3) Examina la situación energética de Perú, incluyendo sus recursos renovables y de gas natural, así como los desafíos en el sector eléctrico y de hidrocar
Principales Tendencias Regionales y Mundiales en el Mercado de la EnergíaEduardo Zolezzi
Este documento presenta un resumen del panorama energético mundial y regional. A nivel mundial, se destaca el cambio climático causado por las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y el aumento del consumo de combustibles fósiles. En América del Sur, Brasil posee grandes recursos hidroeléctricos y petroleros, mientras que Chile depende fuertemente de las importaciones de energía. Colombia cuenta principalmente con recursos de petróleo, gas natural y carbón.
El documento presenta una visión estratégica de la economía energética en el Perú. Resume el contexto energético mundial, regional y nacional, destacando los importantes recursos energéticos del Perú, el crecimiento de la demanda y la necesidad de diversificar la matriz energética ante la producción decreciente de petróleo y las limitaciones en el gas natural. También analiza las tendencias energéticas en Brasil, Chile y Colombia e implicancias para la integración regional.
La Masificacion del Uso del Gas Natural en DebateEduardo Zolezzi
El documento debate sobre si el subsidio es la mejor forma de lograr la masificación del uso del gas natural en Perú. John Hartley argumenta que el GLP y el gas natural ya están subsidiados y que otros subsidios podrían causar distorsiones en el mercado. Eduardo Zolezzi señala que el acceso a fuentes de energía modernas es un objetivo clave de desarrollo, pero que lograrlo no es fácil debido a las diferentes economías de cada combustible. Propone que los subsidios deberían estar limitados al segmento más pobre y no introducir distor
Tecnología para el Desarrollo Humano de Comunidades Rurales - EnergíaEduardo Zolezzi
Este documento trata sobre el suministro de energía a comunidades rurales aisladas. Presenta una lista de autores y sus afiliaciones institucionales. Luego, introduce el papel de la energía en el desarrollo y su relación con los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Explica que aunque el acceso universal a la energía es complejo, se define como el acceso a servicios de energía limpios, fiables y asequibles para cubrir necesidades básicas y usos productivos mínimos.
The United Nations Interagency Framework Team for Preventive Action provides guidance on preventing conflicts related to extractive industries. The guidance note addresses how extractive industries can trigger tensions and conflict if not properly managed. It provides six principles for understanding the drivers of extractive industry conflicts and recommendations for effective engagement, equitable benefit-sharing, impact mitigation, revenue management, legal frameworks, and addressing natural resources in peace processes. The guidance is meant to help UN and EU practitioners prevent conflicts and design intervention strategies around natural resource management.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
2. Earth Negotiations Bulletin
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Tuesday, 13 December 2011 Vol. 12 No. 534 Page 2
anthropogenic interference” with the climate system. The CANCUN CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE:
Convention, which entered into force on 21 March 1994, now Following four preparatory meetings in 2010, the UN Climate
has 195 parties. Change Conference in Cancun, Mexico, took place from 29
In December 1997, delegates to the third session of the November to 11 December 2010. By the end of the conference,
Conference of the Parties (COP) in Kyoto, Japan, agreed to a parties had finalized the Cancun Agreements, which include
Protocol to the UNFCCC that commits industrialized countries decisions under both negotiating tracks. Under the Convention
and countries in transition to a market economy to achieve track, Decision 1/CP.16 recognized the need for deep cuts in
emission reduction targets. These countries, known as Annex global emissions in order to limit global average temperature
I parties under the UNFCCC, agreed to reduce their overall rise to 2°C. Parties also agreed to consider strengthening the
emissions of six greenhouse gases by an average of 5.2% below global long-term goal during a review by 2015, including in
1990 levels between 2008-2012 (the first commitment period), relation to a proposed 1.5°C target. They took note of emission
with specific targets varying from country to country. The Kyoto reduction targets and nationally appropriate mitigation actions
Protocol entered into force on 16 February 2005 and now has (NAMAs) communicated by developed and developing
193 parties. countries, respectively (FCCC/SB/2011/INF.1/Rev.1 and FCCC/
At the end of 2005, the first steps were taken to consider long- AWGLCA/2011/INF.1, both issued after Cancun). Decision
term issues. Convening in Montreal, Canada, the first session 1/CP.16 also addressed other aspects of mitigation, such as
of the CMP decided to establish the AWG-KP on the basis of measuring, reporting and verification (MRV); reducing emissions
Protocol Article 3.9, which mandates consideration of Annex from deforestation and forest degradation in developing
I parties’ further commitments at least seven years before the countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management
end of the first commitment period. COP 11 agreed to consider of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing
long-term cooperation under the Convention through a series of countries (REDD+).
four workshops known as “the Convention Dialogue,” which Parties also agreed to establish several new institutions and
continued until COP 13. processes, such as the Cancun Adaptation Framework and the
BALI ROADMAP: COP 13 and CMP 3 took place in Adaptation Committee, as well as the Technology Mechanism,
December 2007 in Bali, Indonesia. Negotiations resulted in which includes the Technology Executive Committee (TEC)
the adoption of the Bali Action Plan. Parties established the and the Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN).
AWG-LCA with a mandate to focus on key elements of long- On finance, Decision 1/CP.16 created the Green Climate
term cooperation identified during the Convention Dialogue: Fund (GCF), which was designated to be the new operating
mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology and a shared vision entity of the Convention’s financial mechanism and is to be
for long-term cooperative action. The Bali conference also governed by a board of 24 members. Parties agreed to set up a
resulted in agreement on the Bali Roadmap. Based on two Transitional Committee tasked with the Fund’s detailed design,
negotiating tracks under the Convention and the Protocol, the and established a Standing Committee to assist the COP with
Roadmap set a deadline for concluding the negotiations in respect to the financial mechanism. They also recognized the
Copenhagen in December 2009. commitment by developed countries to provide US$30 billion of
COPENHAGEN CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE: fast-start finance in 2010-2012, and to jointly mobilize US$100
The UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, billion per year by 2020.
took place in December 2009. The event was marked by disputes Under the Protocol track, Decision 1/CMP.6 included
over transparency and process. During the high-level segment, agreement to complete the work of the AWG-KP and have the
informal negotiations took place in a group consisting of major results adopted by the CMP as soon as possible and in time
economies and representatives of regional and other negotiating to ensure there will be no gap between the first and second
groups. Late in the evening of 18 December, these talks resulted commitment periods. The CMP urged Annex I parties to raise
in a political agreement: the “Copenhagen Accord,” which was the level of ambition of their emission reduction targets with
then presented to the COP plenary for adoption. Over the next 13 a view to achieving aggregate emission reductions consistent
hours, delegates debated the Accord. Many supported adopting with the range identified in the Fourth Assessment Report of the
it as a step towards securing a “better” future agreement. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Parties also
However, some developing countries opposed the Accord, adopted Decision 2/CMP.6 on land use, land-use change and
which they felt had been reached through an “untransparent” forestry (LULUCF).
and “undemocratic” negotiating process. Ultimately, the COP The mandates of the two AWGs were extended to the UN
agreed to “take note” of the Copenhagen Accord. It established Climate Change Conference in Durban.
a process for parties to indicate their support for the Accord and, UN CLIMATE CHANGE TALKS IN 2011: In 2011, three
during 2010, over 140 countries did so. More than 80 countries official UNFCCC negotiating sessions were held in the lead-
also provided information on their national emission reduction up to Durban. In April, the two AWGs convened in Bangkok,
targets and other mitigation actions. Thailand. The AWG-LCA engaged in procedural discussions
On the last day of the Copenhagen Climate Change on its agenda, finally agreeing on an agenda for its subsequent
Conference, parties also agreed to extend the mandates of the work. Under the AWG-KP, parties focused on key policy issues
AWG-LCA and AWG-KP, requesting them to present their hindering progress.
respective outcomes to COP 16 and COP/MOP 6. Two months later, negotiators gathered in Bonn, Germany,
for sessions of the SBI, SBSTA, AWG-LCA and AWG-KP.
SBSTA agreed to a new agenda item on impacts of climate
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change on water and integrated water resources management Vice-President of Angola, Fernando de Piedade Dias dos
under the Nairobi Work Programme. No agreement was reached Santos, representing the Southern African Development
on other proposed new items, such as blue carbon and rights of Community, stated that the Kyoto Protocol is the only suitable
nature and the integrity of ecosystems, and a work programme tool that can enable the international community to remain
on agriculture. Under the SBI, work was launched on national committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
adaptation plans, and loss and damage, as mandated by the President of Chad, Idriss Déby Itno, representing the
Cancun Agreements. The agenda item relating to MRV remained Economic Community of Central African States, said Africa
in abeyance. Proposed new items related to the impacts of the needs the resources to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
implementation of response measures also featured prominently. Jacob Zuma, President of South Africa, emphasized the
The focus of the AWG-KP in Bonn was on outstanding need for a balanced, fair and credible outcome in Durban. He
political issues and conditionalities set by various Annex I highlighted the responsibility of affirming the multilateral rules-
countries for taking on new commitments during a second based system anchored by the Kyoto Protocol, as well as the
commitment period. Despite initial opposition from developing need to provide funding to address climate change impacts by
countries, parties also undertook technical work, including operationalizing the Green Climate Fund.
on LULUCF, the flexibility mechanisms and methodological Delegates observed a minute of silence to honor SBSTA Chair
issues. Under the AWG-LCA, substantive work began based Mama Konaté of Mali, who had recently passed away and had
on Decision 1/CP.16. Parties worked on adaptation, finance, been a key actor in the climate change process for many years.
technology, capacity building, shared vision, review of the Maite Nkoana-Mashabane, South Africa’s Minister of
global long-term goal, legal options, and diverse issues related to International Relations and Cooperation, was elected COP 17
mitigation. Parties agreed that notes prepared by the facilitators and CMP 7 President by acclamation. She said negotiations and
of the AWG-LCA informal groups be carried forward to the third outcomes in Durban should be transparent, inclusive, fair and
part of AWG-LCA 14 in Panama. While progress was reported equitable. She called for progress on key issues, such as legal
on some issues, many felt that the outcomes were relatively options and the Green Climate Fund.
modest. During opening statements, Argentina, for the Group of
The AWG-LCA and AWG-KP reconvened from 1-7 October 77 and China (G-77/China), supported a second commitment
2011 in Panama City, Panama. The AWG-KP concentrated on period under the Kyoto Protocol as part of a balanced and
outstanding issues and further clarifying options concerning comprehensive outcome for Durban, saying the Cancun
mitigation targets, the possible nature and content of rules Agreements should be fully operationalized. Australia, for the
for a second commitment period, and the role of a possible Umbrella Group, supported a transition towards a climate change
second commitment period within a balanced outcome in framework including all major economies, taking into account
Durban. Under the AWG-LCA, negotiators engaged in extended countries’ respective capabilities. The European Union (EU)
procedural discussions based on Decision 1/CP.16 and the Bali said Durban should address the gap in the level of ambition,
Action Plan. Parties worked on adaptation, finance, technology, a common international accounting system, and a process to
capacity building, shared vision, review of the global long-term deliver a new global comprehensive legally-binding framework
goal, legal options, and diverse issues related to mitigation. to be completed by 2015.
The outcome for most of the informal group discussions was Switzerland, for the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG),
some “form of text” forwarded to Durban as a basis for further outlined three important steps for Durban: agreeing on key
discussions. elements of an international regime after 2012; launching a
process to further strengthen the regime in the mid-term; and
UNFCCC COP 17 agreeing on the key elements of a shared vision, including a
The United Nations Climate Change Conference in Durban, long-term global goal for emission reductions and a date for
South Africa, opened on Monday morning, 28 November 2011. peaking of global emissions.
Following a welcoming ceremony attended by South African Grenada, for the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS),
President Jacob Zuma and other high-level dignitaries, delegates supported: a process to scale up the ambition of mitigation
gathered for the opening plenary meetings of the COP, CMP, pledges; a second commitment period; a Durban mandate for a
SBI and SBSTA. COP 16 President Patricia Espinosa, Minister legally-binding agreement in accordance with the Bali Action
of Foreign Affairs, Mexico, urged delegates to agree on, inter Plan; operationalizing the new institutions established in Cancun;
alia, full implementation of the Cancun Agreements, capitalizing and reviewing the adequacy of the long-term global goal for
the Green Climate Fund, and the future of the Kyoto Protocol, emission reductions.
reaffirming the relevance of a rules-based system. Youth said Durban should not be the “burying ground for the
UNFCCC Executive Secretary Christiana Figueres stressed Kyoto Protocol.”
that two decisive steps must be taken in Durban: tasks from COP ORGANIZATIONAL MATTERS: COP President Nkoana-
16 must be completed and key political questions from Cancun Mashabane reminded parties of the practice since COP 1 of
answered. She highlighted launching the Adaptation Committee, applying the draft rules of procedure (FCCC/CP/1996/2) with
operationalizing the Technology Mechanism in 2012, approving the exception of draft rule 42 on voting, which has remained
the Green Climate Fund (GCF), and providing more clarity on unresolved since COP 1. Papua New Guinea expressed concerns,
fast-start finance. She stressed the need for a fair and responsible suggesting that lack of agreement on voting can mean “lowest
process towards a multilateral rules-based system under the common denominator” outcomes. Further consultations were
Convention. held during COP 17. On Friday, 9 December, COP Vice-Chair
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Andrej Kranjc (Slovenia) reported that no consensus was reached ministerial meeting. The COP President also confirmed that COP
on this matter. Parties agreed that informal consultations would 19 will be in Eastern Europe and no offers have been received to
continue and agreed to apply provisionally the rules of procedure date.
without rule 42.
The COP closing plenary also approved the credentials of PROPOSALS UNDER CONVENTION ARTICLE 17
parties’ representatives (FCCC/CP/2011/L.10). The COP plenary addressed this issue on 30 November.
Adoption of the agenda: On 28 November, parties agreed to Parties noted proposals by Japan, Tuvalu, the US, Australia,
proceed with their work based on the provisional agenda (FCCC/ Costa Rica and Grenada. Parties agreed to leave the issue open
CP/2011/1) with a view to its formal adoption at a later stage pending an outcome from the AWG-LCA consideration of legal
following informal consultations on three agenda items proposed options in its work. On Sunday, 11 December, during the closing
by India (on accelerated access to critical technologies, equitable plenary, the COP agreed that the item will be included in the
access to sustainable development and unilateral trade measures). provisional agenda of COP 18.
Singapore expressed concern over this procedure, noting that PROPOSALS FOR AMENDMENTS TO THE CONVENTION
it could open the door to more agenda items and make the UNDER ARTICLES 15 AND 16.
workload unmanageable. Syria supported having discussions on PROPOSAL BY MEXICO AND PAPUA NEW GUINEA
India’s proposals. The agenda was discussed during the week in ON VOTING: This item was first considered during the COP
informal consultations. plenary on 30 November. Mexico, supported by Colombia and
On 9 December, the COP’s evening plenary considered the others, introduced a proposal to allow a “last resort” vote in
adoption of the agenda (FCCC/CP/2011/1). Vice-Chair Kranjc cases when every effort to reach consensus has failed on issues
reported on consultations by the COP President regarding the that carry broad support. Parties also discussed the matter
three agenda items proposed by India. He said an agreement during the week. He explained that this was in order to avoid
had been reached to consider the issue of equitable access to “paralysis.” Bolivia, Venezuela and Saudi Arabia said they could
sustainable development through a workshop under a relevant only support a consensus approach. Informal consultations were
agenda item. India requested that the body to hold the workshop convened on this issue.
be identified, while Australia said agreement was to bring During informal consultations, many spoke in favor of
back this item under a relevant agenda item, but not to identify this proposal stating it would improve the effectiveness of
the body at this COP. The President noted both comments the Convention, including Costa Rica, Colombia, Guyana,
in the report, and the COP then adopted the agenda for the Suriname and the EU. Saudi Arabia, Bolivia and Venezuela
meeting without items 11, 12 and 13 (proposals by India), as opposed any change to the consensus rule. During the COP 17
well as holding in abeyance the item on the second review of closing plenary, Mexico expressed satisfaction with the interest
Convention Articles 4.2(a) and 4.2(b) (policies and measures on generated, noting that a revised version of the proposal had been
emissions and removals from sinks), as has been the practice introduced. Parties agreed to include the item on the provisional
since COP 4. agenda for COP 18.
Election of officers: On Sunday, 11 December, the COP PROPOSAL BY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION TO
elected: Artur Runge-Metzger (Germany) as Vice President, AMEND CONVENTION ARTICLE 4.2 (COMMITMENTS):
Phillip Muller (Marshall Islands) as Vice President, Richard This item was first considered during the COP plenary on 30
Muyungi (Tanzania) as SBSTA Chair, and Andrej Kranjc November. The Russian Federation explained the need for
(Slovenia) as rapporteur. He said there were ongoing periodic review of the list of countries in Annexes I and II.
consultations on other nominations and noted once such Belarus, Ukraine and Kazakhstan supported this proposal, while
nominations from regional groups are received, they will be Saudi Arabia opposed it. Informal consultations facilitated by
deemed elected at COP 17. Amb. Javier Diaz (Costa Rica) were held. During the closing
Regarding SBI, the COP elected Kishan Kumarsingh plenary, the Russian Federation sought clarification on the status
(Trinidad and Tobago) as SBI Chair, Narcis Paulin Jeler of the proposal. COP President Nkoana-Mashabane observed
(Romania) as SBI Vice-Chair and Petrus Muteyauli (Namibia) as that constructive discussions had been held on legal, political and
SBI Rapporteur. other implications of the proposal, noting that additional time is
On AWG-LCA officers, the COP elected Aysar Ahmed Al required to consider the proposal. Parties agreed to include the
Tayeb (Saudi Arabia) as Chair, Marc Pallemaerts (Belgium) item on the provisional agenda for COP 18.
as Vice-Chair, and Valeria Gonzalez Posse (Argentina) as PROPOSAL FROM CYPRUS AND THE EU TO AMEND
Rapporteur. The AWG KP officers remain same, except for the ANNEX I TO THE CONVENTION: Informal consultations
election of AWG-KP Vice-Chair Yukka Uosukainen (Finland). were facilitated by Amb. Javier Diaz on a joint proposal from
Dates and venues of future sessions: On Sunday, 11 Cyprus and the EU to amend Annex I to the Convention to
December the COP adopted a decision on the date and venue of include Cyprus. On Sunday, 11 December the COP adopted a
future sessions (FCCC/CP/2011/L.4). The decision accepts the decision to include Cyprus in Annex I of the Convention.
offer of Qatar to host COP 18 in Doha from 26 November - 7 COP Decision: The decision (FCCC/CP/2011/L.2) amends
December 2012. Qatar said his government will spare no efforts Annex I to the Convention to include Cyprus.
to ensure its success. The Republic of Korea said that, following
lengthy discussions, his country would host the pre-COP
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TECHNOLOGY EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE – MODALITIES She stressed that the GCF must possess international legal
AND PROCEDURES personality, work under the guidance of the COP and have no
On 28 November, SBSTA addressed this issue, pursuant conflict of interest between the fiduciary and executive trustee
to Decision 1/CP.16 to establish a Technology Mechanism functions.
comprising a Technology Executive Committee (TEC) and a Egypt said the draft governing instrument lacks crucial
Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN), and decided elements, including international legal personality, accountability
to establish a contact group chaired by Carlos Fuller (Belize) to the COP and country ownership of projects. Acknowledging
and Zitouni Ould-Dada (UK). Delegates considered a report concerns with the draft governing instrument, Japan and
from the TEC (FCCC/CP/2011/8). TEC Chair Gabriel Blanco Colombia (on behalf of Costa Rica, Chile, Honduras, the
(Argentina) presented a draft decision text for comment. The Dominican Republic, Peru and Panama), opposed reopening
G-77/China called for the term of the TEC to be extended by one the document and requested the COP Presidency to conduct
year and for the adoption of modalities and procedures as soon consultations. Australia expressed willingness to approve the
as possible. On 3 December, SBSTA adopted a draft decision, document “as is.”
which was confirmed by the COP on 9 December. Japan acknowledged concerns over the Fund’s legal
COP Decision: The decision (FCCC/CP/2011/L.3) recalls personality and ambiguity in the relationship between the Fund
Decision 1/CP.16 on the establishment of a Technology and the Convention, but said the newly established Board could
Mechanism, comprising a Technology Executive Committee and address these concerns. Egypt, India, Namibia and the LDCs said
a Climate Technology Centre and Network to enhance action on the Fund should have full juridical personality to ensure direct
technology development and transfer. It welcomes the report of access. Along with Kenya, Saudi Arabia and the Sudan, they also
the TEC (FCCC/CP/2011/8) and adopts the modalities and rules stressed the importance of ensuring the GCF’s accountability
of procedure as contained in Annexes 1 and 2. to the COP. Fiji called for complementarity with other funding
The modalities include: analysis and synthesis; policy instruments and institutions. Nigeria, Tanzania and Zambia
recommendations; facilitation; linkage with other institutional warned against overreliance on the private sector.
arrangements; engagement with stakeholders; and information The EU recognized concerns, but said he was confident the
and knowledge sharing. The decision requests the TEC to further COP would be able to agree on the draft instrument and that
elaborate its modalities for consideration by COP 18 on linkage parties should focus on interim arrangements to get things off the
with other institutions. ground. Switzerland said countries with economies in transition
should have access to the Fund. Nigeria identified a “strategic
GREEN CLIMATE FUND – REPORT OF THE imbalance” in the negotiations, with mitigation discussions far
TRANSITIONAL COMMITTEE ahead of those on adaptation.
This item was considered in open-ended informal During lengthy informal discussions, parties were able to
consultations presided over by COP President Nkoana- agree on the legal personality, the host country selection process,
Mashabane. It was also the subject of high-level ministerial and a process for conferring legal personality on the Fund.
consultations. Informal consultations, facilitated by Zaheer Fakir On the interim secretariat, parties agreed that it shall be fully
(South Africa) on behalf of the COP 17 Presidency, also took accountable to the Board and shall function under its guidance
place. The main issues for parties were: legal status; relationship and authority. Parties also agreed that the head of the secretariat
to the COP; the role of private sector financing; establishing should have experience working with developing countries. On
the Board; and elaborating a process to establish an interim the host of the interim secretariat, three options were presented
secretariat to support the Board. (the UNFCCC Secretariat, the Global Environment Facility
On 30 November, Transitional Committee Co-Chair Trevor (GEF) Secretariat and the UN Office in Geneva), but parties
Manuel (South Africa) presented the Committee’s report, which were unable to agree on this. During closing COP plenary,
includes the GCF’s draft governing instrument. He explained COP President Nkoana-Mashabane noted the efforts made to
that the report aims to present a middle ground as the basis for resolve outstanding issues and welcomed the text as a basis for
launching the GCF in Durban. The EIG and the African Group the GCF to “become the main global fund for climate finance.”
welcomed the report. The EU observed that the draft governing She noted the letter received from the G-77/China regarding the
instrument is a compromise but agreement should be reached on composition of developing country membership of the GCF. The
it as part of a balanced package, and further discussions would decision was then adopted.
be counterproductive. Zambia, for the Least Developed Countries COP Decision: The COP (FCCC/2011/CP/L.9) designates
(LDCs), said the draft governing instrument provides sufficient the GCF as an operating entity of the financial mechanism of
basis for a financial institutional arrangement. The Philippines, the Convention, with arrangements to be concluded between the
for the G-77/China, said the GCF is a crucial element of the COP and the Fund at COP 18 to ensure that it is accountable to
solution. Barbados, for AOSIS, stressed that operationalizing and functions under the guidance of the COP to support projects,
the GCF cannot be delayed in spite of its shortcomings, which programmes, policies and other activities in developing country
include lack of a dedicated small island developing states (SIDS) parties. It also:
and LDC funding window, and the lack of provision for a • provides guidance to the Board of the GCF, including on
replenishment process. He said the GCF should not be an empty matters related to policies, programme priorities and eligibility
shell. Venezuela, for the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of criteria;
Our America (ALBA), expressed “alarm over certain elements of
the report, which would hinder democratic access to resources.”
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• requests the Board to develop a transparent no-objection on further implementation of Convention Article 12.5 and the
procedure to be conducted through national designated provision of financial and technical support. On 9 December, the
authorities, in order to ensure consistency with national COP adopted the draft decision on the CGE.
climate strategies and plans and a country-driven approach SBI Conclusions: The CGE conclusions (FCCC/
and to provide for effective direct and indirect public and SBI/2011/L.31) welcome the progress report on its work. On
private sector financing by the Green Climate Fund; further implementation of Convention Article 12.5 (FCCC/
• stresses the need to secure funding for the GCF to facilitateSBI/2011/L.32), SBI defers consideration of this sub-item to SBI
its expeditious operationalization and requests the Board to 36. On the provision of financial and technical support (FCCC/
SBI/2011/L.33), SBI, inter alia: invites the GEF to continue to
establish necessary policies and procedures, which will enable
an early and adequate replenishment process; provide information on its activities relating to the preparation
• invites parties, through their regional groupings and of national communications by non-Annex I parties; and
constituencies, to submit their nominations for the members of
encourages non-Annex I parties to submit project proposals for
the Board to the interim secretariat by 31 March 2012; the funding of their subsequent national communications.
• confers juridical personality and legal capacity to the GCF COP Decision: The decision on the CGE (FCCC/
Board; SBI/2011/L.31 and Add.1): continues the Group’s current
• invites parties to submit to the Board expressions of interest
mandate until the end of 2012; and invites parties to submit their
for hosting the GCF Fund by 15 April 2012; views on its term and mandate with a view to address the issue
• further requests the Board to establish the independent in a draft decision at COP 18.
secretariat of the GCF in the host country in an expedited TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER: On 29 November, the SBI
manner as soon as possible; briefly addressed this agenda item and established a joint SBSTA/
• invites the Board to select the trustee of the GCF through anSBI contact group, co-chaired by Carlos Fuller (Belize) and Zitouni
open, transparent and competitive bidding process in a timelyOuld-Dada (UK). On 3 December, SBI adopted draft conclusions on
manner to ensure there is no discontinuity in trustee services;
development and transfer of technologies.
and SBI Conclusions: The SBI approved draft conclusions
• selects the head of the interim secretariat based on, inter alia,
(FCCC/SBI/2011/L.34), together with SBSTA (FCCC/
expertise in the design or management of funds, relevant SBSTA/2011/L.22), encouraging parties not included in Annex
administrative and management experience, experience in or I to the Convention to develop and submit project proposals,
working with developing countries, and policy expertise. particularly for technologies for adaptation, to the GEF, and
welcomes the results of the technology needs assessments that
REVIEW OF IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMITMENTS are being prepared in cooperation with the United Nations
AND OTHER PROVISIONS OF THE CONVENTION Environment Programme (UNEP). The conclusions also include
NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS FROM ANNEX I an annex with elements for a draft decision on development and
PARTIES: On 29 November, this issue was briefly considered transfer of technologies, that: welcomes the elected members
in SBI plenary. SBI took note of the report on the status of of the TEC, Gabriel Blanco (Argentina) and Antonio Pfluger
submission and review of fifth national communications and the (Germany); and sets out the duration of the terms of TEC
report on national greenhouse gas inventory data from Annex members.
I parties for the period 1990-2009 (FCCC/SBI/2011/INF.8). CAPACITY BUILDING: This issue was first addressed
A contact group, co-chaired by Alma Jean (Saint Lucia) and in the SBI plenary on 29 November. SBI Chair Owen-Jones
Kiyoto Tanabe (Japan), was established to address: compilation noted that the review of the framework for capacity building
and synthesis of fifth national communications; compilation for developing countries must be completed in Durban. During
and synthesis of supplementary information; and further the SBI closing plenary, the SBI adopted a draft COP decision,
implementation of Article 12, paragraph 5, of the Convention, which was then adopted by the COP on 9 December.
including consideration of Decision 1/CP.16, paragraphs 40 COP Decision: This decision (FCCC/SBI/2011/L.37) invites
and 46. On 3 December, SBI adopted draft conclusions with relevant UN agencies and intergovernmental organizations to
no further discussion, which were confirmed by COP on 9 continue providing support to developing countries and Annex
December. II parties, the private sector and multilateral, bilateral and
SBI Conclusions: SBI took note of the annual compilation international agencies to support capacity-building activities. The
and accounting report (FCCC/SBI/2011/L.26). decision, inter alia, invites parties to enhance reporting on best
NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS FROM NON- practices.
ANNEX I PARTIES: On 29 November, the issue was briefly The decision also states that further implementation of the
considered in SBI plenary. A contact group, co-chaired by Alma capacity-building framework in developing countries should be
Jean (Saint Lucia) and Kiyoto Tanabe (Japan), was established improved by:
to address: work of the Consultative Group of Experts; further • ensuring consultations with stakeholders throughout the entire
implementation of Article 12, paragraph 5, of the Convention; process of activities;
and provision of financial and technical support. On 3 December, • enhancing integration of climate change issues and capacity-
SBI adopted conclusions and a draft COP decision on the work building needs into national development strategies, plans and
of the Consultative Group of Experts (CGE); and conclusions budgets;
• increasing country-driven coordination of capacity-building
activities; and
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• strengthening networking and information sharing among SBI Conclusions: The SBI takes note of information
developing countries, especially through South-South and presented on support provided by the GEF (FCCC/
triangular cooperation. SBI/2011/L.39 and FCCC/SBI/2011/L.41) and recommends
Finally, the COP decides to conclude the second that the COP request the GEF to continue to provide financial
comprehensive review and to initiate the third comprehensive resources to developing countries through the LDC Fund and
review of the implementation of the capacity-building Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF). It also takes note on
framework, with a view to completing the review at COP 22. support provided through the LDC Fund and forwarded a
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BUENOS AIRES decision to the COP.
PROGRAMME OF WORK ON ADAPTATION AND COP Decision: The COP decisions (FCCC/SBI/2011/L.40
RESPONSE MEASURES (DECISION 1/CP.10): The issue Add.1 and FCCC/SBI/2011/L.41/Add.1) request the GEF as
was taken up under the SBI on 28 November. SBI Chair Owen- operating entity of the LDC Fund to, inter alia:
Jones provided parties with an update, including the organization • support the development of programmatic approaches for the
of two workshops: the workshop on promoting risk management implementation of NAPAs;
approaches on the specific needs and concerns of developing • further explore opportunities to streamline the LDC Fund
country parties arising from the impact of the implementation project cycle;
of response measures (21 September 2011, in Bonn, Germany); • clarify the concept of additional costs as applied to different
and the workshop to identify challenges and gaps in the types of adaptation projects under the LDC Fund and SCCF;
implementation of risk management approaches to the adverse and
effects of climate change (10-12 October 2011, in Lima, Peru). • continue to enhance the transparency of the project review
Informal consultations were chaired by Samuel Ortiz Basualdo process throughout the project cycle.
(Argentina). On the draft conclusions, the Gambia, for LDCs, ADMINISTRATIVE, FINANCIAL AND
sought to add reference to LDCs in one section. Saudi Arabia INSTITUTIONAL MATTERS: The SBI took up this agenda
and Venezuela both raised concerns about the text. Parties item on 29 November. The topic included three sub-items
agreed to hold further informal discussions on Saturday evening. dealing with budget performance for the biennium 2010-2011
However, these did not result in an agreement and parties agreed (FCCC/SBI/2011/16 and FCCC/SBI/2011/INF.14); continuing
to take up the issue again at SBI 36. review of the functions and operations of the Secretariat (FCCC/
SBI Conclusions: In its conclusions (FCCC/SBI/2011/L.25), SBI/2011/16 and FCCC/SBI/2011/INF.15); and implementation
the SBI, inter alia: agrees to continue consideration of this of the Headquarters Agreement. On the 2010-2011 budget,
matter at SBI 36 and welcomes the report on the interim UNFCCC Executive Secretary Figueres noted that the majority
workshops to identify challenges and gaps in the implementation of mandates and activities in the work programme for 2010-2011
of risk management approaches to the adverse effects of climate had been completed but any additional activities would require
change and on promoting risk management approaches on the further financial support. On the review of the Secretariat’s
specific needs and concerns of developing countries. functions, she highlighted planned efficiency gains for the
MATTERS RELATING TO THE LDCs: This issue (FCCC/ biennium 2012-2013. The SBI adopted conclusions on these
SBI/2011/11, FCCC/TP/2011/7) was first taken up under the issues on 3 December, and the COP and CMP each adopted the
SBI on 28 November when a representative from the Least following decision on 9 December.
Developed Countries Expert Group (LEG) provided an update COP/CMP Decision: In its decisions (FCCC/SBI/2011/L.27/
on the work of the LEG for 2011. Parties met twice in informal Add.1 and Add.2), the COP takes note of the information
consultations and focused work on activities of the LEG in 2011 contained in the interim financial statements for the biennium
and activities planned for 2012 as part of its work programme for 2010-2011, the report on budget performance for January 2010
2011-2012. to 30 June 2011 and the status of contributions to the Trust
SBI Conclusions: In its conclusions (FCCC/SBI/2011/L.22), Fund for the Core Budget of the UNFCCC, the Trust Fund for
the SBI, inter alia: took note of the oral report by the Chair of Supplementary Activities and the Trust Fund for Participation in
the LEG, welcomes the submission of 46 national adaptation the UNFCCC Process.
programmes of action (NAPAs), and expressed appreciation The COP/CMP: takes note of the information relating to the
to the LEG for progress made under its 2011-2012 work functions and operations of the Secretariat and appreciates the
programme. report on planned efficiency gains for the biennium 2012-2013;
and agrees that SBI 36 and SBI 38 should consider matters under
FINANCIAL MECHANISM this sub-item.
On 29 November, the SBI addressed this agenda item, Implementation of the Headquarters Agreement: This item
including the report of, and additional guidance to, the GEF, as was introduced in the SBI plenary on 29 November. The SBI
well as the LDC Fund (support for the implementation of elements adopted draft conclusions on 3 December.
of the LDCs’ work programme other than NAPAs), and forwarded
SBI Conclusions: The SBI (FCCC.SBI/20011/L.28) takes
it to a contact group co-chaired by Ana Fornells de Frutos notes of the information provided by the Host Government of
(Spain) Lavaasa Malua (Samoa). The group prepared a set of the Secretariat that construction works on the new conference
draft decisions, which were adopted by the SBI on 3 December. facilities in Bonn will be resumed and that their completion is
The decisions were adopted by the COP on 11 December. still expected by the first negotiating session of 2013.
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The SBI was informed by the Host Government and the experience and through one or two core programmes to ensure
UNFCCC Executive Secretary of the progress made in the funds can be accessed quickly. The US opposed singling out
completion of the new premises for the Secretariat in Bonn and specific organizations. The G-77/China stressed the need to
that the first building is to be completed by mid-2012 and that ensure the provision of long-term support for the process. During
the second building and additional meeting facilities are expected the closing plenary on Sunday morning, 11 December, the COP
to be completed by 2017. adopted a decision on this issue.
COP Decision: The first section of this decision (FCCC/
OTHER MATTERS REFERRED BY THE SUBSIDIARY CP/2011/L.8/Add.1) addresses the framing of national adaptation
BODIES plans. The COP agrees, inter alia, that the national adaptation
REVISION OF THE UNFCCC REPORTING plan process should not be prescriptive, nor result in the
GUIDELINES ON ANNUAL INVENTORIES FOR ANNEX duplication of in-country efforts, but should rather facilitate
I PARTIES: This item was first taken up by the SBSTA on country-owned, country-driven action.
28 November. Informal consultations were facilitated by Riita The second section outlines the process to enable LDCs
Pipatti (Finland) and Nagmeldin Elhassan (Sudan). On Sunday to formulate and implement national adaptation plans, and
morning, SBSTA Chair Richard Muyungi presented a draft has subsections on: guidelines, modalities, and financial
decision to the COP regarding the revision of the UNFCCC arrangements for the formulation and implementation of national
reporting guidelines on annual inventories for parties included in adaptation plans.
Annex I to the Convention, which was adopted. On modalities, the COP requests the LEG to, inter alia, invite
COP Decision: In the decision (FCCC/CP/2011/L.6), the COP, the Adaptation Committee and other relevant bodies under the
inter alia: adopts the UNFCCC Annex I inventory reporting Convention to contribute to its work in support of the national
guidelines; decides the global warming potentials used by parties adaptation plan process. The decision also invites parties to
to calculate the carbon dioxide equivalence of anthropogenic strengthen their engagement with regional centers and networks,
emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases and requests developed country parties to provide LDCs with
shall be listed in Annex III to the decision; and invites Annex finance, technology and capacity building.
I parties to use the inventory reporting guidelines voluntarily On financial arrangements, the decision, inter alia: requests
during a trial period from October 2012 to May 2013. the GEF, as an operating entity of the financial mechanism,
NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLANS: This issue was first through the LDC Fund, to consider how to enable activities for
addressed during the opening SBI plenary on 29 November, the preparation of national adaptation plans
and subsequently in an informal group, facilitated by SBI Chair The third section invites developing country parties that are
Owen-Jones. During the closing SBI plenary on 3 December, not LDCs to employ the modalities for national adaptation plans.
Chair Owen-Jones said while progress was being made, more The decision requests the Adaptation Committee to consider in
work was still needed on this issue, and parties adopted SBI its workplan the relevant modalities for supporting interested
conclusions (FCCC/SBI/2011/L.36), which recommended that developing countries that are not LDCs to plan, prioritize and
the COP consider and finalize a draft decision on this issue. implement their national adaptation planning measures, and
During the discussions, the G-77/China said national invites operating entities of, inter alia, the financial mechanism
adaptation plans should recognize that adaptation occurs at the of the Convention to provide financial and technical support
local level, and be flexible and country-driven. LDCs said the The final section addresses reporting, monitoring and
national adaptation plan process was distinct and separate from evaluation and, inter alia:
the NAPA process. Much of the debate on this issue revolved • invites parties to provide information, through their national
around whether to broaden the national adaptation plans to communications on which measures they have undertaken
include other vulnerable developing countries, with Colombia and on support provided or received relevant to the national
initially proposing development of a work programme to this adaptation plan process; and
end. Norway and others reiterated that national adaptation • requests the Secretariat to utilize and enhance existing
plans should only apply to the LDCs. Following informal databases to include information on support and other
consultations, Colombia presented compromise text on activities under the national adaptation plan process.
modalities for other developing countries that are not LDCs The attached annex on initial guidelines for the formulation
and on the provision of financial and technical support to those of national adaptation plans by the LDCs contains elements
countries. of national adaptation plans, including sections on: laying
On reporting, monitoring and evaluation, delegates discussed the groundwork and addressing gaps; preparatory elements;
using national communications as the primary tool for implementation strategies; and reporting, monitoring and review.
communicating progress and whether the Secretariat should LOSS AND DAMAGE: This item was briefly taken up in
establish a database, with some developed countries expressing the SBI plenary on 29 November and forwarded for further
concern over costs, and some developing counties specifying consideration to an informal group chaired by SBI Chair Owen-
such a database should be on support provided, not on activities. Jones. Further to consultations held during the week, the SBI
Another point of contention during the discussions related to adopted draft conclusions on 3 December and forwarded a draft
the role of the GEF. Many countries stressed that GEF guidance decision to the COP, which was adopted on 9 December.
should be clear, simple and operationally feasible to ensure the SBI Conclusions: The conclusions (FCCC/SBI/2011/L.35)
support that LDCs require will be provided. Colombia said the note the outcomes of the workshop to identify challenges and
GEF would need to work through agencies with on-the-ground gaps in the implementation of risk management approaches
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to the adverse effects of climate change and recommend a and recognizes the importance and necessity of adequate and
draft decision on the work programme on loss and damage for predictable financial and technology support for developing the
adoption by the COP. elements referred to in Decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 71.
COP Decision: The decision on approaches to address Under the section on guidance on systems for providing
loss and damage associated with climate change impacts information on how safeguards are addressed and respected, the
in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to COP, inter alia:
the adverse effects of climate to enhance adaptive capacity • notes that the implementation of the safeguards referred to
(FCCC/SBI/2011/L.35/Add.1) sets out a work programme on in Appendix I to Decision 1/CP.16, and information on how
loss and damage. The decision requests SBI to: continue the these safeguards are being addressed and respected, should
implementation of the work programme on loss and damage; and support national strategies or action plans and be included in,
take into account the questions mentioned in the annex to the where appropriate, all phases of implementation;
decision on risk assessment, and approaches to, loss and damage. • agrees that systems for providing information on how the
The COP further invites parties and relevant organizations safeguards are addressed and respected should, among other
to, inter alia, take into account the three thematic areas on risk things: provide transparent and consistent information that
assessment and to engage a large and diverse representation is accessible by all relevant stakeholders and updated on
of experts in undertaking work under the thematic areas. The a regular basis, be country-driven and implemented at the
decision recognizes the need to explore a range of possible country level, and build upon existing systems, as appropriate;
approaches and potential mechanisms, including an international • agrees that developing countries undertaking the activities
mechanism, to address loss and damage. referred, should provide a summary of information on how
RESEARCH AND SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION: This the safeguards referred to are being addressed and respected
agenda item (FCCC/SBSTA/2011/MISC.8, FCCC/SBSTA/2011/ throughout the implementation of the activities; and
MISC.8/Add.1 and FCCC/SBSTA/2011/MISC.14) was taken up • decides that the summary of information referred should
in the SBSTA plenary on 29 November. SBSTA conclusions and be provided periodically and included in national
a draft COP decision were adopted on 3 December. The COP communications, consistent with relevant COP decisions
adopted the decision on 9 December. on non-Annex I parties’ national communications, or
SBSTA Conclusions: In its conclusions (FCCC/SBSTA/2011/ communication channels agreed by the COP.
L.27), the SBSTA welcomes the IPCC Special Report on The COP requests SBSTA 36 to consider the timing of
Managing the Risks of Extreme Weather Events and Disasters the first and the frequency of subsequent presentations of the
to Advance Climate Change Adaptation and invites parties summary of information to be considered by COP 18, and the
and international and regional research programmes to provide need for further guidance to the COP.
information on technical and scientific aspects of, inter alia, Under modalities for forest reference emission levels and
emissions by sources and removals by sinks. forest reference levels, the COP, inter alia:
COP Decision: In the decision (FCCC/SBSTA/2011/L.27/ • agrees that forest reference emission levels and/or forest
Add.1), the COP urges parties and invites regional and reference levels are benchmarks for assessing each country’s
international research programmes to discuss needs, and convey performance in implementing the referred activities;
findings from, climate change research. • decides that these shall be established considering Decision 4/
REDD+ (Methodological guidance): This agenda item CP.15, paragraph 7 and consistent with anthropogenic forest-
(FCCC/SBSTA/2011/MISC.7, Add.1, 2 and 3) was taken up in related greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by
SBSTA plenary on 29 November and then addressed in a contact sinks as in each country’s greenhouse gas inventories;
group co-chaired by Peter Graham (Canada) and Victoria Tauli- • invites parties to submit information and rationale on the
Corpuz (Philippines). The issues addressed included: guidance development of their forest reference emission levels and/
on systems for providing information on how safeguards are or forest reference levels including details of national
addressed and respected, modalities for forest reference emission circumstances, and if adjusted to national circumstances,
levels and forest reference levels and MRV. Discussions focused including details in accordance with the guidelines contained
on, inter alia: how the information on safeguards to be provided in the annex;
by countries would be used and whether to identify the specific • acknowledges that subnational forest reference emission and/
type of information to be provided in this context; and how or forest reference levels may be elaborated as an interim
to consider historical deforestation, projections and national measure, while transitioning to a national level, and that
circumstances in the context of reference levels. interim reference levels may cover less than the national
On 3 December, the SBI forwarded a draft decision for territory of forest area;
adoption by the COP. The African Group, Australia and others • agrees that developing parties should update forest emission
welcomed progress on this issue. On 9 December, the COP reference levels and/or forest reference levels periodically, as
adopted the decision. appropriate, taking into account new knowledge, trends and
COP Decision: In its decision (FCCC/SBSTA/2011/L.25/ any modification of scope and methodologies;
Add.1), the COP notes that guidance on systems for providing • requests the Secretariat to make information on forest
information on safeguards should be consistent with national reference levels, including submissions, available on the
sovereignty, national legislation and national circumstances, UNFCCC REDD web platform; and
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• agrees to a process enabling technical assessment of the 28 November, and was taken up under both bodies throughout
proposed forest reference levels when submitted or updated the week. A joint SBSTA/SBI forum was co-chaired by SBSTA
by parties in accordance with guidance to be developed by Chair Muyungi and SBI Chair Owen-Jones.
SBSTA 36. On 1 December, a special event was held on the joint SBI/
The decision contains an annex that includes guidelines for SBSTA forum, with presentations made by several parties and
submissions of information on reference levels. organizations, and parties convened in a contact group to review
NAIROBI WORK PROGRAMME: This issue was first the report on the special event (FCCC/SB/2011/INF.5). Parties
addressed in the opening SBSTA plenary on 28 November. The continued to meet throughout the week with views diverging on,
EU supported making the Nairobi Work Programme (NWP) inter alia: the interpretation of mandates from the AWG-LCA
more relevant for practitioners. Delegates were briefed on the and the subsidiary bodies (SBs), and on the role and inclusion of
recent IPCC Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme trade issues; language regarding positive and negative aspects of
Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. response measures; language regarding the duration of the work
The issue was referred to an informal group, during which programme; and modalities and operationalization of the work
Bolivia supported future work on vulnerable stakeholder groups, programme.
including women, and highlighted indigenous knowledge and COP Decision: On 11 December, the COP adopted a decision
key sectors, such as water. The US urged taking full advantage (FCCC/CP/2011/L.7) that contains, inter alia:
of the knowledge and expertise of partners, and expanding • the adoption of a work programme;
into areas, such as agriculture, water and ecosystem-based • the adoption of modalities for the operationalization of the
approaches. AOSIS stressed coherence of action on adaptation work programme, which could include convening workshops
under the Convention. Australia stressed links between the NWP and meetings, receiving input from experts and preparing
and the Adaptation Committee that is being discussed under the reports and technical papers;
AWG-LCA. During Saturday’s SBSTA closing plenary, SBSTA • the establishment of a forum on the impact of the
adopted draft conclusions and a draft decision, which was then implementation of response measures;
adopted by the COP on 9 December. • a decision that the forum will be convened under a joint
SBSTA Conclusions: The SBSTA (FCCC/SBSTA/2011/L.26) agenda item of the SBs; and
welcomes, inter alia: • a request for the SBs to review the work of the forum at SB
• a compilation of submissions on proposals for upcoming 39.
activities under the NWP;
• a technical paper on water and climate change impacts and KYOTO PROTOCOL CMP 7
adaptation strategies; The seventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties
• a compilation of information on ecosystem-based approaches serving as the Meeting of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP
to adaptation; and 7) opened on Monday morning, 28 November, with Maite
• the report on the survey of national focal points to identify Nkoana-Mashabane elected CMP 7 President by acclamation.
priority needs for disseminating products related to impacts Parties adopted the agenda and agreed to the organization of
and vulnerability. work (FCCC/KP/CMP/2011/1), and referred a number of issues
COP Decision: This decision (FCCC/SBSTA/2011/L.26 to the subsidiary bodies (FCCC/SBSTA/2011/3 and FCCC/
Add.1) requests SBSTA 38 to reconsider the NWP work areas SBI/2011/8).
with a view to making recommendations to COP 19 on how In opening statements, Argentina, for the G-77/China,
to best support the objectives of the NWP. It invites parties reaffirmed the need for a second commitment period under the
and relevant organizations to submit to the Secretariat by 17 Kyoto Protocol, calling for a higher level of ambition by Annex
September 2012, their views on potential areas of future work I parties.
under the NWP, and requests the Secretariat to compile those Switzerland, for the EIG, called for, inter alia: further clarity
submissions by SBSTA 38. on the AWG-LCA outcome; maintaining a rules-based system;
The decision further requests the Secretariat to: and enhancing the environmental integrity of the regime in areas
• organize workshops on water and climate change impacts and such as land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) and
adaptation strategies and on ecosystem-based approaches; the flexible mechanisms.
• prepare a compilation of case studies on national adaptation Australia, for the Umbrella Group, supported a new climate
planning processes by SBSTA 37; and change framework that builds on the Kyoto Protocol, when
• continue developing user-friendly knowledge products and appropriate, and takes operationalizing the Cancun Agreements
outputs, and engaging stakeholders, under the NWP. as a foundation for future action.
The decision also, inter alia: encourages the NWP partner The EU supported a multilateral, ambitious rules-based system
organizations to better align pledged actions with the needs with broad participation, notably from major economies. He
of parties; and notes the value of the Focal Point Forum in said a second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol could
facilitating information exchange and collaboration between be considered as part of a transition to a wider legally-binding
partner organizations. framework, provided there is an agreement for a robust roadmap
for a new legally-binding framework with a clear timeline and
OTHER MATTERS
engaging all parties.
FORUM ON THE IMPACT OF RESPONSE
The Democratic Republic of the Congo, for the African
MEASURES: This joint SBI/SBSTA item was first addressed on
Group, said the two negotiating tracks should remain separate
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and expressed concern over countries not willing to commit group co-chaired by Carolina Fuentes Castellanos (Mexico) and
to a second commitment period. Grenada, for AOSIS, said the Kunihiko Shimada (Japan).
Protocol is central to the future of the climate change regime. During informal consultations, some developing countries
The Gambia, for LDCs, called for a second commitment sought to specifically link participation in the CDM after 2012 to
period under the Kyoto Protocol and on Annex I parties to accepting a target under the Kyoto Protocol, which proved to be
reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by at least 45% below a major point of discussion. Other contentious issues included:
1990 levels by 2020 and at least 95% below 1990 levels by governance-related issues; an appeals process; monitoring
2050. Saudi Arabia, for the Arab Group, rejected attempts to methodologies; ways to improve the current approach to
marginalize the Kyoto Protocol. assessment of additionality; and public and private sector CDM
China, for the BASIC countries, said defining a second projects. Following lengthy consultations, parties were unable
commitment period should be the main priority for Durban. He to agree on: supplementarity of the mechanism; transition to
opposed “unilateral measures” on international aviation under the a second commitment period; review of CDM modalities and
EU’s Emissions Trading Scheme. procedures; stakeholder consultations; and share of proceeds for
Papua New Guinea, for the Coalition of Rainforest Nations, certified emission reduction (CER) issuance.
supported an agreement on a second commitment period, the The bracketed text was forwarded to the CMP plenary. On 11
introduction of a REDD+ mechanism on a voluntary basis, and December, parties agreed to delete bracketed text and adopted
eliminating loopholes in the rules on LULUCF. the decision as amended.
Venezuela, for ALBA, condemned the “selfishness” of CMP Decision: The decision on further guidance relating to
predatory economies that are destroying the existing climate the CDM (FCCC/KP/CMP/2011/L.11), inter alia: takes note of
regime to replace it with a voluntary approach that will be lethal the annual report for 2010-2011 of the CDM Executive Board;
for the planet. welcomes the launch of the CDM policy dialogue; designates
operational entities to carry out sector-specific validation
ELECTION OF OFFICERS specified in an annex; and requests the Executive Board to
On Sunday, 11 December, the CMP elected officers to the develop appropriate voluntary measures, and to continue its work
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Adaptation Fund, to improve the procedures on programmes of activities.
Compliance Committee (facilitative branch and enforcement On governance, the decision, inter alia: encourages the
branch) and Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee. They Executive Board to make technical reports publicly available;
also elected Madeleine Diouf (Senegal) and Yukka Uosukainen and requests the Board to continue its work on improving the
(Finland) as Chair and Vice-Chair of the AWG-KP. consistency, efficiency and transparency of its decision-making,
PROPOSALS FOR AMENDMENTS TO THE KP and to revise the draft procedure.
This item (FCCC/KP/CMP/2010/3 and FCCC/KP/ On baseline and monitoring methodologies and additionality,
CMP/2009/2-13) was first addressed by the CMP plenary on the decision, inter alia: encourages the Executive Board to
30 November. India said it will not agree to changes to Annex extend the simplified modalities for the demonstration of
B unless a second commitment period is agreed. Belarus, the additionality to a wider scope of project activities; requests
EU and Ukraine favored simplifying amendment procedures. the Board to continue ensuring environmental integrity when
During the 11 December closing plenary, the CMP decided developing and revising baseline and monitoring methodologies,
consideration of this item will continue at CMP 8. This issue is and to conduct further work to develop simplified top-down
also addressed under the AWG-KP Outcome Document (FCCC/ baseline and monitoring methodologies, tools and standardized
KP/CMP/2011/L.3 Add.1) Annexes II and III, which include baselines. The decision also contains some provisions on
proposed amendments to the Kyoto Protocol. registration of CDM project activities and issuance of CERs; and
regional and subregional distribution and capacity building.
KAZAKHSTAN’S PROPOSAL TO AMEND ANNEX B APPEALS AGAINST CDM EXECUTIVE BOARD
On 30 November, the issue was briefly considered in DECISIONS: On 29 November this agenda item was
CMP plenary. An informal group co-chaired by Philip Gwage briefly considered in SBI plenary and forwarded for further
(Uganda) and Ositadinma Anaedu (Nigeria) was established consideration to a contact group co-chaired by Yaw Bediako
to address the item. The CMP adopted a draft decision on 11 Osafo (Ghana) and Kunihiko Shimada (Japan). The contact
December. group addressed procedures, mechanisms and institutional
CMP Decision: In the decision (FCCC/KP/CMP/2011/L.9), arrangements for appeals against the decisions of the CDM
the CMP agrees to include this item on the provisional agenda Executive Board. Parties made progress on the form but did
for its next session in order to continue its consideration of this not agree on the mandate to establish an appeals process. On 3
proposal. December, SBI adopted conclusions on the item.
CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM SBI Conclusions: SBI conclusions (FCCC/SBI/2011/L.30)
On 30 November, the issue was considered in the CMP take note of: the progress on reaching an agreement on the form
plenary. CDM Executive Board Chair Martin Hession (UK) and some of the features of the possible appeals body, and the
reported on efforts to improve the Board’s work, including revised Co-Chairs’ text annexed to the conclusions. SBI agreed
strengthening additionality guidance and standardized baselines, to continue the consideration of this item at SBI 36, with a view
as well as guidelines on “suppressed demand,” and urged a clear to forwarding a draft text to CMP 8.
signal on the CDM’s future. The item was referred to a contact
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JOINT IMPLEMENTATION the work of the Adaptation Fund, indicating that institutional
On 30 November, the issue was considered in the CMP progress has been overshadowed by falling prices of CERs.
plenary. Muhammed Quamrul Chowdhury (Bangladesh), Chair Bahamas, for the G-77/China, stressed the comparatively small
of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee (JISC), amount of money made available for adaptation. Several others
noted substantial progress since Cancun. He said the JISC said the accreditation process should be simplified to facilitate
recommended: replacing the current two-track approach with a access. Throughout the week, parties addressed aspects of
single, unified verification process; establishing a new governing the Report of the Adaptation Fund Board and Review of the
body to oversee this verification process; and providing clarity Adaptation Fund jointly.
on how joint implementation should continue after 2012. A On the Report of the Adaptation Fund Board, a group of
contact group co-chaired by Balisi Gopolang (Botswana) and countries said that the operationalization of the Adaptation Fund
Helmut Hojesky (Austria) was established to address issues has proceeded with agreed plans and with the available level of
relating to joint implementation. The CMP adopted a draft funding. Parties noted the regional workshops held recently in
decision on 11 December. Senegal and Panama were viewed as “very productive” and two
CMP Decision: The decision on guidance on the remaining workshops were noted for 2012, one in Asia and the
implementation of Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol (FCCC/KP/ other in the Pacific. Several countries expressed concern over the
CMP/2011/L.7), inter alia: encourages the JISC to continue fallen price of CERs.
to streamline the process of accrediting independent entities, On the Review of the Adaptation Fund, one country requested
including efforts to align the joint implementation accreditation greater independence of the Adaptation Fund Board Secretariat.
process with the CDM accreditation process, and to continue Parties agreed to forward the initial review of the Adaptation
enhancing the implementation of the verification procedure Fund to SBI 36, with a view to recommending a draft decision
under the Committee; agrees to consider at CMP 8 the issuance for adoption by CMP 8. On 9 December, the CMP adopted
of emission reduction units (ERUs) for projects considered by decision on this matter and Bahamas expressed his satisfaction
the JISC; and requests the JISC to draft a revised set of key with the decisions adopted under this agenda item.
attributes and transitional measures dealing with the possible CMP Decisions: The decision on the report of the Adaptation
changes to the joint implementation guidelines with a view to Fund Board (FCCC/KP/CMP/2011/L.5) looks forward to the
develop revised joint implementation guidelines for adoption organization of the two regional workshops to assist in the
at CMP 9. The decision also contains some provisions on accreditation of national implementation entities.
governance and resources for the work on joint implementation. The decision on the review of the Adaptation Fund (FCCC/
KP/CMP/2011/L.6): requests the Adaptation Fund Board to
COMPLIANCE
submit to the Secretariat, as soon as possible, after its first
On 30 November, this issue was briefly considered in the
meeting in March 2012, its views on the report on the Review of
CMP plenary, which established an informal group co-chaired by
the Interim Arrangements of the Adaptation Fund for inclusion in
Amjad Abdulla (Maldives) and Richard Tarasofsky (Canada) to
an information document; requests SBI 36 to consider the initial
address the report of the Compliance Committee and the appeal
review of the Adaptation Fund; and decides to complete at CMP
by Croatia against a final decision of the enforcement branch of
8 the initial review of the Adaptation Fund.
the Compliance Committee in relation to the implementation of
Decision 7/CP.12 (level of emissions for Croatia’s base year). INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTION LOG
Parties agreed on two draft decisions on the two sub-items to be This matter was first considered in the SBI plenary on 29
forwarded to the CMP for adoption. On 11 December the CMP November. The SBI adopted draft conclusions on 3 December,
adopted the two decisions. which were confirmed by the CMP on 11 December.
CMP Decisions: The decision on the Compliance Committee SBI Conclusions: In the conclusions (FCCC/SBI/2011/L.23),
(FCCC/KP/CMP/2011/L.2) notes the continued interest of the the SBI takes note of the annual report of the administrator of the
Compliance Committee in ensuring privileges and immunities International Transaction Log under the Kyoto Protocol for 2011.
for its members and alternate members, and takes note of the
Committee’s proposal to extend the eligibility for funding COMPILATION AND ACCOUNTING REPORT FOR ANNEX
related to the costs of travel and participation in the Committee’s B PARTIES
meetings to all its members and alternate members. This agenda item was considered by the SBI. On 3 December,
The decision on the appeal by Croatia (FCCC/KP/CMP/2011/ SBI adopted draft conclusions, which were confirmed by the
L.3) takes note of: the withdrawal by Croatia of its appeal and CMP on 11 December.
the termination of the appeal’s consideration by the Compliance SBI Conclusions: In the conclusions (FCCC/SBI/2011/L.26),
Committee. SBI takes note of the annual compilation and accounting report
for Annex B parties under the Kyoto Protocol for 2011.
ADAPTATION FUND BOARD
The Report of the Adaptation Fund Board (AFB) and Review CAPACITY BUILDING
of the Adaptation Fund (FCCC/KP/CMP/2011/6 and FCCC/KP/ This issue was first addressed in the SBI plenary on 29
CMP/2011/MISC.1) were first addressed in the CMP plenary on November. During Saturday’s closing plenary, the SBI forwarded
30 November. A contact group was established, co-chaired by a draft CMP decision, which was then adopted by the CMP on 9
Ruleto Camacho (Antigua and Barbuda) and Stefan Schwager December.
(Switzerland). Addressing the CMP, Adaptation Fund Board CMP Decision: This decision (FCCC/SBI/2011/L.38) refers
Chair Ana Fornells de Frutos (Spain) provided an update on to the importance of taking into account gender aspects and
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acknowledging the role and needs of youth and persons with SBSTA Conclusions: In its conclusions (FCCC/
disabilities in capacity-building activities. The CMP invites SBSTA/2011/L.18), SBSTA recommends that the elements
continued provision of financial and technical resources to contained in the annex of its decision be incorporated into
support capacity-building activities for the implementation of thea decision on further guidance relating to the CDM for
Kyoto Protocol, addressing the following challenges: consideration and adoption by the COP/MOP.
• geographical distribution of CDM project activities; CMP Decision: In its decision (FCCC/KP/CMP/2011/L.10),
• lack of technical expertise to estimate changes in carbon stockthe CMP, inter alia: decides that the concept of materiality
in soils; and should be applied in a consistent manner under the CDM;
• the need to train and retain experts to plan and implement defines material information; decides on elements under the
project activities. scope of materiality; and decides that the scope of the concept
The CMP, inter alia, decides that further implementation of materiality and the materiality thresholds shall be reviewed,
of the capacity-building framework should be improved at the based on data reported, by the Executive Board of the CDM, no
systematic, institutional and individual levels by: later than one year after their implementation.
• ensuring consultations with stakeholders; CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE IN
• enhancing integration of climate change issues and capacity- THE CDM: This agenda item (FCCC/SBSTA/2011/4, FCCC/
building needs into national development strategies, plans and SBSTA/2011/MISC.10 and 11) was taken up in the SBSTA
budgets; plenary on 29 November and then addressed in a contact
• increasing country-driven coordination of capacity-building group co-chaired by Pedro Martins Barata (Portugal) and
activities; and Andrea García Guerrero (Colombia). On 3 December, the
• strengthening networking and information sharing among SBSTA adopted conclusions and forwarded a draft decision
developing countries, through South-South and triangular for consideration by CMP. On 8 December, during an informal
cooperation. stocktaking plenary, SBSTA Chair Muyungi said that after
The CMP further: consultations, compromise had been reached on carbon capture
• encourages cooperative efforts between developed and and storage (CCS) in the CDM, while project-specific reserve
developing country parties to implement capacity-building and transboundary issues were referred to SBSTA 36. On 9
activities relating to participation in the CDM; December the CMP adopted a decision.
• encourages relevant intergovernmental and non-governmental SBSTA Conclusions: In its conclusions (FCCC/
organizations to continue enhancing and coordinating their SBSTA/2011/L.24), the SBSTA takes note of the views
capacity-building activities under the Nairobi Framework; and submitted on CCS and of the related documents prepared by the
• decides to conclude the second comprehensive review and to Secretariat.
initiate the third comprehensive review of the implementation CMP Decision: In its decision (FCCC/SBSTA/2011/L.4), the
of the capacity-building framework, with a view to completing CMP, inter alia:
the review at CMP 12. • adopts the modalities and procedures for CCS as CDM project
activities, to be reviewed no later than five years after the
ARTICLES 2.3 AND 3.14 adoption of this decision;
Article 3.14 was first taken up under the SBI on 29 • agrees to consider at CMP 8 the eligibility of CCS involving
November, and Article 2.3 was first taken up under the SBSTA the transport of carbon dioxide from one country to another
on 28 November. This issue (FCCC/SB/2011/INF.6) concerns or which involves geological storage sites that are located in
the adverse impacts of response measures. Parties established a more than one country;
joint contact-group for Article 2.3 and Article 3.14 under both • requests SBSTA 36 to consider provisions for the type
subsidiary bodies, co-chaired by Eduardo Calvo Buendia (Peru) of project activities referred, including a possible dispute
and José Romero (Switzerland). SBSTA adopted conclusions and resolution mechanism with a view to forwarding a draft
agreed to further consideration of the issue at SBSTA 36. The decision for consideration by CMP 8; and
SBI adopted draft conclusions on the item and agreed to continue • invites submissions by 5 March 2012 on views by parties
discussions of the item at SBI 36. The CMP took note of the and observers and requests the Secretariat to compile the
conclusions on 9 December. submissions into a miscellaneous document.
SBI/SBSTA Conclusions: The conclusions of the SBI and An annex contains modalities and procedures for CSS in
SBSTA (FCCC/SBI/2011/L.29, FCCC/SBSTA/2011/L.21) geological formations under the CDM. Appendix A contains
welcome the organization of the joint workshop to address additional requirements for the CDM registry to address CCS
matters relating to Article 2.3 and Article 3.14; acknowledge the and Appendix B includes additional requirements for CCS.
lessons learned from the joint workshop; and agree to continue to
discuss related matters. ADMINISTRATIVE, FINANCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL
MATTERS
OTHER MATTERS REFERRED TO THE CMP BY THE SBS On 29 November, this item was taken up in SBI plenary for
MATERIALITY STANDARD UNDER THE CLEAN the first time. Discussions were held throughout the week and a
DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM: This issue (FCCC/ decision was adopted by the CMP on 11 December.
SBSTA/2011/MISC.13) was first taken up in the SBSTA plenary CMP Decision: The CMP Decision (FCCC/SBI/2011/L.27/
on 29 November and in informal consultations facilitated by Peer Add.2), inter alia, calls upon parties that have not made
Stiansen (Norway). On 3 December, SBSTA adopted conclusions contributions to the core budget and the international transaction
and forwarded a draft decision to the CMP.