The Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) proposes a Copenhagen Protocol to enhance implementation of the UNFCCC and ensure the survival of the Kyoto Protocol. Key points include:
1) Establishing long-term global goals to limit warming to 1.5C and reduce emissions by at least 85% by 2050.
2) Developed countries commit to reducing emissions by 45% below 1990 levels by 2020.
3) A new Multilateral Fund on Climate Change is created to support adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer in developing countries.
4) National plans are required by all countries to reduce emissions and adapt to climate impacts. Support is prioritized for vulnerable developing states.
Recognizing that climate change represents an urgent and potentially irreversible threat to human societies and the planet and thus requires the widest possible cooperation by all countries, and their participation in an effective and appropriate international response, with a view to accelerating the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions, and need for reductions in global emissions as a common concern of humankind, World Leaders in terms of global annual emissions of greenhouse gases by 2020 and aggregate emission pathways consistent with holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C,
Also emphasizing that enhanced pre‐2020 ambition can lay a solid foundation for enhanced post‐2020 ambition,
Stressing the urgency of accelerating the implementation of the Convention and its Kyoto Protocol in order to enhance pre-2020 ambition.Draft agreement is as Annexture to
FCCC/CP/2015/L.9
1) The document presents a draft agreement for an international climate change accord. It includes articles on mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology development, capacity building, transparency, compliance, and other issues.
2) Key provisions include requiring parties to communicate and pursue progressively more ambitious emissions reduction targets, and establishing transparency requirements for mitigation actions and support provided.
3) The draft establishes a compliance mechanism and requires regular global stocktakes to assess collective progress towards meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement.
Borrador del acuerdo de la conferencia del clima COP21 al 9 de diciembre. La Nacion Chile
This document contains a draft text for the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Key points include:
- The draft agreement text outlines the purpose, general provisions, mitigation efforts, adaptation efforts, and means of implementation.
- On mitigation, it discusses a collective long-term temperature goal and individual nationally determined contributions, with options for goals of below 1.5°C or 2°C.
- It emphasizes differentiation between developed and developing countries and recognition of common but differentiated responsibilities and capabilities.
- The draft remains unfinished with placeholder text and options still under negotiation particularly around specifics of mitigation efforts and support for developing countries.
This document summarizes the draft agreement and decision from the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris. Key points include:
- The Ad Hoc Working Group agreed to transmit the draft agreement text to COP21 for further consideration. The text includes a draft agreement and draft decision.
- The draft agreement establishes the purpose of holding global temperature increase below 2°C and increasing adaptation abilities. It includes provisions for national climate commitments and a long-term decarbonization goal.
- The draft outlines that parties will communicate and implement successive national climate commitments to achieve the goals of the agreement. It establishes collective long-term mitigation aims and that individual parties will pursue domestic policies to implement
The document discusses the UNFCCC process and current climate change negotiations. It provides an overview of key terms and organizations involved in the UNFCCC including the COP, Kyoto Protocol, AWG-KP, and AWG-LCA. The current negotiations are focused on establishing further commitments beyond the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol from 2012-2020, as well as addressing long-term cooperative action on mitigation, adaptation, technology transfer, and financing under the Bali Action Plan through both the AWG-KP and AWG-LCA tracks.
2.1b nap sdg i frame overview june 2018 set 2NAP Events
The document presents an Integrative Framework for aligning National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It describes how the objectives of NAPs and the global goal on adaptation in the Paris Agreement relate to sustainable development. The framework identifies SDG targets related to climate change adaptation and classifies them as high-level objectives, specific outcomes, or guiding principles. It then outlines steps to develop a country-specific list of development goals and targets from the SDGs and other frameworks to assess systems vulnerable to climate hazards and implement adaptation actions that achieve both development and adaptation goals.
This document provides an overview of international commitments and progress on sustainable ocean management. It discusses the importance of oceans, including their role in supporting life, driving climate cycles, and providing food and resources that support hundreds of millions of livelihoods. While agreements like UNCLOS and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation recognize oceans' importance, implementation of sustainable ocean policies has been slow. Existing initiatives and agreements have had limited effectiveness in addressing threats like overfishing, pollution, and loss of coastal and marine habitats. Continued international cooperation is needed to close remaining policy gaps and more fully achieve the goal of healthy, productive oceans.
The History of Climate Change NegotiationsUNDP Eurasia
The document provides a short history of international climate change policy, starting from early scientific studies in the late 19th century through the establishment of the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. It summarizes the key objectives and principles of the UNFCCC, as well as commitments made by Annex I, Annex II, and other parties. It then discusses the Kyoto Protocol, including its commitments, limitations, and need for future action. It concludes by outlining the AWG-KP and AWG-LCA processes aimed at establishing new commitments beyond the first Kyoto commitment period and a long-term global climate agreement.
Recognizing that climate change represents an urgent and potentially irreversible threat to human societies and the planet and thus requires the widest possible cooperation by all countries, and their participation in an effective and appropriate international response, with a view to accelerating the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions, and need for reductions in global emissions as a common concern of humankind, World Leaders in terms of global annual emissions of greenhouse gases by 2020 and aggregate emission pathways consistent with holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C,
Also emphasizing that enhanced pre‐2020 ambition can lay a solid foundation for enhanced post‐2020 ambition,
Stressing the urgency of accelerating the implementation of the Convention and its Kyoto Protocol in order to enhance pre-2020 ambition.Draft agreement is as Annexture to
FCCC/CP/2015/L.9
1) The document presents a draft agreement for an international climate change accord. It includes articles on mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology development, capacity building, transparency, compliance, and other issues.
2) Key provisions include requiring parties to communicate and pursue progressively more ambitious emissions reduction targets, and establishing transparency requirements for mitigation actions and support provided.
3) The draft establishes a compliance mechanism and requires regular global stocktakes to assess collective progress towards meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement.
Borrador del acuerdo de la conferencia del clima COP21 al 9 de diciembre. La Nacion Chile
This document contains a draft text for the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Key points include:
- The draft agreement text outlines the purpose, general provisions, mitigation efforts, adaptation efforts, and means of implementation.
- On mitigation, it discusses a collective long-term temperature goal and individual nationally determined contributions, with options for goals of below 1.5°C or 2°C.
- It emphasizes differentiation between developed and developing countries and recognition of common but differentiated responsibilities and capabilities.
- The draft remains unfinished with placeholder text and options still under negotiation particularly around specifics of mitigation efforts and support for developing countries.
This document summarizes the draft agreement and decision from the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris. Key points include:
- The Ad Hoc Working Group agreed to transmit the draft agreement text to COP21 for further consideration. The text includes a draft agreement and draft decision.
- The draft agreement establishes the purpose of holding global temperature increase below 2°C and increasing adaptation abilities. It includes provisions for national climate commitments and a long-term decarbonization goal.
- The draft outlines that parties will communicate and implement successive national climate commitments to achieve the goals of the agreement. It establishes collective long-term mitigation aims and that individual parties will pursue domestic policies to implement
The document discusses the UNFCCC process and current climate change negotiations. It provides an overview of key terms and organizations involved in the UNFCCC including the COP, Kyoto Protocol, AWG-KP, and AWG-LCA. The current negotiations are focused on establishing further commitments beyond the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol from 2012-2020, as well as addressing long-term cooperative action on mitigation, adaptation, technology transfer, and financing under the Bali Action Plan through both the AWG-KP and AWG-LCA tracks.
2.1b nap sdg i frame overview june 2018 set 2NAP Events
The document presents an Integrative Framework for aligning National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It describes how the objectives of NAPs and the global goal on adaptation in the Paris Agreement relate to sustainable development. The framework identifies SDG targets related to climate change adaptation and classifies them as high-level objectives, specific outcomes, or guiding principles. It then outlines steps to develop a country-specific list of development goals and targets from the SDGs and other frameworks to assess systems vulnerable to climate hazards and implement adaptation actions that achieve both development and adaptation goals.
This document provides an overview of international commitments and progress on sustainable ocean management. It discusses the importance of oceans, including their role in supporting life, driving climate cycles, and providing food and resources that support hundreds of millions of livelihoods. While agreements like UNCLOS and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation recognize oceans' importance, implementation of sustainable ocean policies has been slow. Existing initiatives and agreements have had limited effectiveness in addressing threats like overfishing, pollution, and loss of coastal and marine habitats. Continued international cooperation is needed to close remaining policy gaps and more fully achieve the goal of healthy, productive oceans.
The History of Climate Change NegotiationsUNDP Eurasia
The document provides a short history of international climate change policy, starting from early scientific studies in the late 19th century through the establishment of the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. It summarizes the key objectives and principles of the UNFCCC, as well as commitments made by Annex I, Annex II, and other parties. It then discusses the Kyoto Protocol, including its commitments, limitations, and need for future action. It concludes by outlining the AWG-KP and AWG-LCA processes aimed at establishing new commitments beyond the first Kyoto commitment period and a long-term global climate agreement.
1. The Copenhagen Accord was agreed to by heads of state and governments at the 2009 UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen.
2. It recognizes the need to limit global temperature rise to below 2 degrees Celsius and the scientific view that deep cuts in global emissions are required. It establishes goals for Annex I countries to implement emissions targets and developing countries to undertake mitigation actions.
3. Developed countries commit to provide $30 billion in fast-start climate financing for 2010-2012 and aim to mobilize $100 billion per year by 2020, to help developing countries take climate action. A Copenhagen Green Climate Fund will be established.
This document contains a draft agreement and decision on workstreams 1 and 2 from the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action. The draft agreement contains 15 preamble paragraphs and proposes definitions. Article 2 outlines the purpose of the agreement, including holding temperature increases below certain thresholds and pursuing sustainable development with resilient, low-emission societies and food security.
Adaptation Responses to Climate Change under the UNFCCC and Kyoto ProtocolDr. William C.G. Burns
The document discusses key provisions around adaptation from the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. It outlines that the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol establish obligations for developed countries to assist vulnerable developing countries with adaptation costs. It also summarizes various adaptation funds established, but notes that funding pledged has far exceeded amounts received and disbursed. Developed countries are argued to not have fully supported adaptation investments in developing countries as committed.
This document summarizes an agreement reached by the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action. It agreed to transmit two texts to the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-first session for further consideration. The first text is titled "Draft agreement and draft decision on workstreams 1 and 2 of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action" and contains a draft Paris Agreement. The second text is contained in Annex II but its contents are not described.
The UNFCCC was negotiated from 1991-1992 and entered into force in 1994, with 193 countries ratifying it. It divides parties into three categories based on development status. Annex 1 countries have financial obligations. Annual COP meetings have been held since 1995 to negotiate strengthening commitments, resulting in the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 which set emission reduction targets. The Marrakesh Accords in 2001 provided implementation details. Subsequent COPs addressed extending commitments beyond 2012 and established institutions like the ADP to negotiate a new legal framework by 2015 for post-2020 action.
The UNFCCC is an international treaty negotiated in 1992 aimed at stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations to prevent dangerous climate change. It provides a framework but no binding emissions limits. The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, implemented the UNFCCC by requiring reductions in emissions by developed countries. Subsequent agreements including the Copenhagen Accord and Cancun Agreements aimed to further strengthen climate actions and support for developing countries.
United Nations Environment Programme environment for developmentcarloparlato
This document discusses the importance of the environmental pillar to the institutional framework for sustainable development (IFSD). It provides background on achievements made since the 1972 Stockholm Conference, including the creation of mechanisms to address environmental issues and linkages between environmental, development and economic concerns. At the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, a number of institutions were established under Agenda 21 to advance sustainable development goals, including the Commission on Sustainable Development. The document outlines some of the key institutions and agreements that were formed to strengthen international environmental governance in pursuit of sustainability.
International efforts for green house gas emission reduction and climate changeIra Tobing
The document summarizes international efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address climate change through frameworks like the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, Cancun Agreements, and Durban Platform. It discusses key milestones and components of climate agreements including mitigation, adaptation, technology transfer, and financing. The challenges of addressing climate change are also examined, as well as opportunities for reducing emissions through green economic sectors.
The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification: A Case Study of its ...Justine Braby
This document provides an overview of Namibia's National Programme to Combat Desertification (NAPCOD). It begins with background on the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and its objectives. Namibia initiated NAPCOD in 1994, prior to ratifying the UNCCD, to address land degradation and drought. NAPCOD was a collaborative effort between government ministries and other organizations. It had three phases from 1994-2003 focused on consultation, planning, and implementing structures to assess policies related to land degradation and propose solutions. The document examines how Namibia has applied the UNCCD through NAPCOD at a national level to combat desertification.
The document summarizes the outcomes of the UN Climate Change Conference (COP 17) in Durban, South Africa from November 28 to December 11, 2011. Key outcomes included: establishing a second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol; agreeing to a process to negotiate a new legal agreement applicable to all countries by 2015; and operationalizing the Green Climate Fund to support climate action in developing countries. The conference saw progress on long-term cooperative climate action after difficulties in Copenhagen and efforts in Cancun to rescue the multilateral climate regime. However, concerns remained about whether commitments made would close the gap between emissions pledges and levels needed to avoid dangerous climate change impacts.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) partners with foundations, research institutions, private sector, and other stakeholders to achieve climate action impact. Becoming a UNFCCC Climate Partner involves 3 simple steps - developing a proposal, reviewing partnership guidelines, and submitting the proposal to the provided email address. Current Climate Partners are working with UNFCCC around the world on various climate initiatives.
The document discusses climate change policy at both the international and national (Bangladesh) levels. At the international level, it outlines several key agreements and protocols aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, including the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, and others. The Kyoto Protocol set binding emissions reduction targets for developed countries. The Paris Agreement's goal is to limit global warming to 1.5-2 degrees Celsius. At the national level, the document outlines Bangladesh's climate change policies, strategies and funds aimed at adaptation and building resilience.
This document summarizes discussions from the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) in Glasgow. It acknowledges the urgent need to strengthen climate action and support for developing countries based on the latest science. Key points include: recognizing that impacts are already occurring at 1.1°C of warming; stressing the need to scale up adaptation funding and actions; welcoming increased pledges but noting more is needed, especially to double adaptation funding; and reaffirming commitments to limit warming to 1.5°C through deep global emissions reductions.
Nigeria is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts due to its weak economy, fragile institutions, and ecological challenges like desertification and deforestation. Effective adaptation requires understanding current and future climate risks and vulnerabilities. Nigeria has committed to producing national communications and plans like NAPA to assess impacts and develop adaptation options. However, constraints include institutional weaknesses, limited technical and financial resources, and lack of coordination. The new Climate Change Commission aims to help Nigeria coordinate climate change actions and develop a national strategy.
Aosis Proposal For Kp Survival And New Copenhagen Protocol FinalJulian Wong
The Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) proposes a Copenhagen Protocol to enhance implementation of the UNFCCC and ensure the survival of the Kyoto Protocol. Key points include:
1) Establishing long-term global goals to limit warming to 1.5C and reduce emissions by at least 85% by 2050.
2) Developed countries commit to reducing emissions by 45% below 1990 levels by 2020.
3) A new Multilateral Fund on Climate Change is created to support adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer in developing countries.
4) National plans are required by all countries to reduce emissions and adapt to climate impacts. Support is prioritized for vulnerable developing states.
Strategic Recommendations for How the PRC Could Create an Optimal Outcome at COP15, by Bidisha Banerjee, Andy Barnett, Alyssa Go, Angel Hsu, Saman Ikram, Christopher Kieran, and MarianThorpe.
The document summarizes Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's assessment of China's energy-saving accomplishments and opportunities during the 11th Five Year Plan period from 2006 to 2010. It finds that China has made substantial progress in meeting its overall 20% energy intensity reduction target, with most energy efficiency programs on track to meet or exceed their goals. However, it notes limitations in data and analysis that hamper full evaluation. It provides recommendations to strengthen policies, programs, and monitoring to achieve further energy and emissions savings.
The document summarizes the findings and recommendations from a study assessing China's energy-saving and emission-reduction accomplishments during the 11th Five Year Plan. Some key programs like the Top-1000 program and Ten Key Projects appear to be on track to meet energy savings targets. However, building retrofits and structural adjustment programs are not on track. Overall China has made progress reducing energy intensity but challenges remain in monitoring programs and addressing barriers to efficiency.
LBNL China 11th 5YP Energy Connservation ProgressJulian Wong
The document summarizes Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's assessment of China's energy-saving accomplishments and opportunities during its 11th Five Year Plan period from 2006 to 2010. It finds that China has made substantial progress in meeting its overall 20% energy intensity reduction target, with most key energy efficiency programs on track to meet or exceed their goals. However, it also identifies challenges, such as lack of systematic data reporting and barriers to building retrofits and structural industrial changes. It provides recommendations to strengthen China's energy policies by improving monitoring, program design, and targeting structural transformation.
1. The Copenhagen Accord was agreed to by heads of state and governments at the 2009 UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen.
2. It recognizes the need to limit global temperature rise to below 2 degrees Celsius and the scientific view that deep cuts in global emissions are required. It establishes goals for Annex I countries to implement emissions targets and developing countries to undertake mitigation actions.
3. Developed countries commit to provide $30 billion in fast-start climate financing for 2010-2012 and aim to mobilize $100 billion per year by 2020, to help developing countries take climate action. A Copenhagen Green Climate Fund will be established.
This document contains a draft agreement and decision on workstreams 1 and 2 from the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action. The draft agreement contains 15 preamble paragraphs and proposes definitions. Article 2 outlines the purpose of the agreement, including holding temperature increases below certain thresholds and pursuing sustainable development with resilient, low-emission societies and food security.
Adaptation Responses to Climate Change under the UNFCCC and Kyoto ProtocolDr. William C.G. Burns
The document discusses key provisions around adaptation from the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. It outlines that the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol establish obligations for developed countries to assist vulnerable developing countries with adaptation costs. It also summarizes various adaptation funds established, but notes that funding pledged has far exceeded amounts received and disbursed. Developed countries are argued to not have fully supported adaptation investments in developing countries as committed.
This document summarizes an agreement reached by the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action. It agreed to transmit two texts to the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-first session for further consideration. The first text is titled "Draft agreement and draft decision on workstreams 1 and 2 of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action" and contains a draft Paris Agreement. The second text is contained in Annex II but its contents are not described.
The UNFCCC was negotiated from 1991-1992 and entered into force in 1994, with 193 countries ratifying it. It divides parties into three categories based on development status. Annex 1 countries have financial obligations. Annual COP meetings have been held since 1995 to negotiate strengthening commitments, resulting in the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 which set emission reduction targets. The Marrakesh Accords in 2001 provided implementation details. Subsequent COPs addressed extending commitments beyond 2012 and established institutions like the ADP to negotiate a new legal framework by 2015 for post-2020 action.
The UNFCCC is an international treaty negotiated in 1992 aimed at stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations to prevent dangerous climate change. It provides a framework but no binding emissions limits. The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, implemented the UNFCCC by requiring reductions in emissions by developed countries. Subsequent agreements including the Copenhagen Accord and Cancun Agreements aimed to further strengthen climate actions and support for developing countries.
United Nations Environment Programme environment for developmentcarloparlato
This document discusses the importance of the environmental pillar to the institutional framework for sustainable development (IFSD). It provides background on achievements made since the 1972 Stockholm Conference, including the creation of mechanisms to address environmental issues and linkages between environmental, development and economic concerns. At the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, a number of institutions were established under Agenda 21 to advance sustainable development goals, including the Commission on Sustainable Development. The document outlines some of the key institutions and agreements that were formed to strengthen international environmental governance in pursuit of sustainability.
International efforts for green house gas emission reduction and climate changeIra Tobing
The document summarizes international efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address climate change through frameworks like the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, Cancun Agreements, and Durban Platform. It discusses key milestones and components of climate agreements including mitigation, adaptation, technology transfer, and financing. The challenges of addressing climate change are also examined, as well as opportunities for reducing emissions through green economic sectors.
The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification: A Case Study of its ...Justine Braby
This document provides an overview of Namibia's National Programme to Combat Desertification (NAPCOD). It begins with background on the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and its objectives. Namibia initiated NAPCOD in 1994, prior to ratifying the UNCCD, to address land degradation and drought. NAPCOD was a collaborative effort between government ministries and other organizations. It had three phases from 1994-2003 focused on consultation, planning, and implementing structures to assess policies related to land degradation and propose solutions. The document examines how Namibia has applied the UNCCD through NAPCOD at a national level to combat desertification.
The document summarizes the outcomes of the UN Climate Change Conference (COP 17) in Durban, South Africa from November 28 to December 11, 2011. Key outcomes included: establishing a second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol; agreeing to a process to negotiate a new legal agreement applicable to all countries by 2015; and operationalizing the Green Climate Fund to support climate action in developing countries. The conference saw progress on long-term cooperative climate action after difficulties in Copenhagen and efforts in Cancun to rescue the multilateral climate regime. However, concerns remained about whether commitments made would close the gap between emissions pledges and levels needed to avoid dangerous climate change impacts.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) partners with foundations, research institutions, private sector, and other stakeholders to achieve climate action impact. Becoming a UNFCCC Climate Partner involves 3 simple steps - developing a proposal, reviewing partnership guidelines, and submitting the proposal to the provided email address. Current Climate Partners are working with UNFCCC around the world on various climate initiatives.
The document discusses climate change policy at both the international and national (Bangladesh) levels. At the international level, it outlines several key agreements and protocols aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, including the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, and others. The Kyoto Protocol set binding emissions reduction targets for developed countries. The Paris Agreement's goal is to limit global warming to 1.5-2 degrees Celsius. At the national level, the document outlines Bangladesh's climate change policies, strategies and funds aimed at adaptation and building resilience.
This document summarizes discussions from the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) in Glasgow. It acknowledges the urgent need to strengthen climate action and support for developing countries based on the latest science. Key points include: recognizing that impacts are already occurring at 1.1°C of warming; stressing the need to scale up adaptation funding and actions; welcoming increased pledges but noting more is needed, especially to double adaptation funding; and reaffirming commitments to limit warming to 1.5°C through deep global emissions reductions.
Nigeria is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts due to its weak economy, fragile institutions, and ecological challenges like desertification and deforestation. Effective adaptation requires understanding current and future climate risks and vulnerabilities. Nigeria has committed to producing national communications and plans like NAPA to assess impacts and develop adaptation options. However, constraints include institutional weaknesses, limited technical and financial resources, and lack of coordination. The new Climate Change Commission aims to help Nigeria coordinate climate change actions and develop a national strategy.
Aosis Proposal For Kp Survival And New Copenhagen Protocol FinalJulian Wong
The Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) proposes a Copenhagen Protocol to enhance implementation of the UNFCCC and ensure the survival of the Kyoto Protocol. Key points include:
1) Establishing long-term global goals to limit warming to 1.5C and reduce emissions by at least 85% by 2050.
2) Developed countries commit to reducing emissions by 45% below 1990 levels by 2020.
3) A new Multilateral Fund on Climate Change is created to support adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer in developing countries.
4) National plans are required by all countries to reduce emissions and adapt to climate impacts. Support is prioritized for vulnerable developing states.
Strategic Recommendations for How the PRC Could Create an Optimal Outcome at COP15, by Bidisha Banerjee, Andy Barnett, Alyssa Go, Angel Hsu, Saman Ikram, Christopher Kieran, and MarianThorpe.
The document summarizes Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's assessment of China's energy-saving accomplishments and opportunities during the 11th Five Year Plan period from 2006 to 2010. It finds that China has made substantial progress in meeting its overall 20% energy intensity reduction target, with most energy efficiency programs on track to meet or exceed their goals. However, it notes limitations in data and analysis that hamper full evaluation. It provides recommendations to strengthen policies, programs, and monitoring to achieve further energy and emissions savings.
The document summarizes the findings and recommendations from a study assessing China's energy-saving and emission-reduction accomplishments during the 11th Five Year Plan. Some key programs like the Top-1000 program and Ten Key Projects appear to be on track to meet energy savings targets. However, building retrofits and structural adjustment programs are not on track. Overall China has made progress reducing energy intensity but challenges remain in monitoring programs and addressing barriers to efficiency.
LBNL China 11th 5YP Energy Connservation ProgressJulian Wong
The document summarizes Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's assessment of China's energy-saving accomplishments and opportunities during its 11th Five Year Plan period from 2006 to 2010. It finds that China has made substantial progress in meeting its overall 20% energy intensity reduction target, with most key energy efficiency programs on track to meet or exceed their goals. However, it also identifies challenges, such as lack of systematic data reporting and barriers to building retrofits and structural industrial changes. It provides recommendations to strengthen China's energy policies by improving monitoring, program design, and targeting structural transformation.
Water Quality and Urban Wastewater Management in ChinaJulian Wong
1) Water pollution is a major problem in China, with over half of rivers in northern China and over 70% in southern China rated as heavily polluted.
2) Domestic, industrial, and agricultural use all contribute to water pollution, with industry being the largest polluter.
3) China's urban wastewater treatment system is struggling with underutilized treatment plants, lack of funding for operations and maintenance, and no integration between drainage and treatment systems.
4) Improving performance will require setting enforceable but transitional standards, integrated management of drainage and treatment, private sector participation, and higher water tariffs.
The wealth management industry around the world is witnessing a multitude of changes due to weak economies in the developed world, strong growth in developing markets like China and India, an uncertain political future in Europe, increasing regulatory supervision, and new competition from rising FinTechs and their innovative services for High Net Worth Individuals (HNWIs).
Our analysis in this paper revolves around the impact of the above mentioned dynamics on the industry players and how they are adapting through this phase of transformation.
This document summarizes the outcome of the first global stocktake of the Paris Agreement. Key points include:
- Progress has been made in reducing emissions but collective efforts are still not on track to meet the Paris Agreement goals.
- Emissions need to peak before 2025 and reach net zero by 2050 to limit warming to 1.5°C, but current policies and NDCs are insufficient.
- Parties committed to accelerate climate action this decade through more ambitious NDCs and long-term strategies in a fair manner consistent with national circumstances.
- Areas highlighted for increased efforts include renewable energy, phasing down coal, zero-emissions vehicles and transport, reducing methane and HFCs, protecting ecosystems,
1) The document outlines the Copenhagen Accord agreed to by various parties at the UN Climate Change Conference in 2009.
2) Key points of the accord include commitments by developed countries to reduce emissions and provide funding to developing countries, establishing mechanisms for reducing deforestation, and enhancing technology development and transfer.
3) Developed countries commit to providing $30 billion over 2010-2012 for mitigation and adaptation in developing countries, with a goal of $100 billion annually by 2020, and a Green Climate Fund is established to support projects in developing countries.
1. The Copenhagen Accord was agreed to by heads of state and governments present at the 2009 UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen.
2. It recognizes the need to limit global temperature rise to below 2 degrees Celsius and the scientific view that deep cuts in global emissions are required. It establishes goals for Annex I countries to implement emissions targets and developing countries to undertake mitigation actions.
3. Developed countries commit to provide $30 billion in fast-start climate financing for 2010-2012 and aim to mobilize $100 billion per year by 2020, to help developing countries take climate action. New funds like the Copenhagen Green Climate Fund will be established.
COP28: Example of Formation of Negotiated Texts: Global StockTakeEnergy for One World
This document provides updated textual building blocks from co-chairs on the first global stocktake under the Paris Agreement. It includes 15 options under sections on context/cross-cutting considerations and collective progress. The sections cover recognition of the need for urgent climate action, concerns about emissions trajectories not being aligned with Paris goals, calls to accelerate mitigation across sectors, and recognition of progress made as well as implementation and ambition gaps.
Conclusions de la COP 28 de Dubai, décembre 2023Société Tripalio
1) The document summarizes the outcome of the first global stocktake under the Paris Agreement on climate change. It recognizes progress made in climate action but notes global emissions trajectories are not yet aligned with the Paris Agreement's temperature goals.
2) It emphasizes the need to urgently close the gap between policies and actions and what is needed to meet the goals, through deep reductions in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 in line with 1.5°C pathways. This includes transitioning from fossil fuels this decade and achieving net zero by 2050.
3) It acknowledges the critical role of protecting nature and ecosystems in climate mitigation and calls for enhanced efforts and support for activities like halting deforestation to help
COP28 Presidency Draft Outcome Document.
A day before the day of closing of the Cop28.
No words on " Phase out or Phase Down
Putting pressure on Negotiators
This document contains a draft text for the first global stocktake under the Paris Agreement. Some key points:
- It welcomes that the Paris Agreement has driven near-universal climate action but notes parties are not yet collectively on track to achieve its goals.
- It underscores the temperature goal of holding warming to 1.5°C and the need for urgent action this decade.
- It notes progress made but also expresses concern that emissions trajectories are not in line with the Paris Agreement goals and that pre-2020 ambition and implementation gaps remain.
- It emphasizes the need to accelerate mitigation and implementation of NDCs, energy transitions, renewable energy and efficiency, and support for developing countries.
1. The document outlines the Sharm el-Sheikh Implementation Plan agreed upon at COP27. It recognizes the urgent need to address climate change and biodiversity loss, and stresses that geopolitical issues should not be used as an excuse to backtrack on climate action.
2. It acknowledges the latest reports from the IPCC and UNEP which highlight the impacts of climate change and the need for rapid emissions reductions. The goal of limiting warming to 1.5°C is reaffirmed.
3. Countries agree to implement ambitious transitions to low-emission development, in line with the Paris Agreement. Efforts are needed across all sectors including a transition to renewable energy and just energy partnerships.
Draftul acordului climatic de la Paris, COP21Irina Breniuc
This document summarizes an agreement reached by the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action. It agreed to transmit two texts to the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-first session for further consideration. The first text is titled "Draft agreement and draft decision on workstreams 1 and 2 of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action". The second text is contained in Annex II but its contents are not described.
COP26 Draft Agreement on how to reach Paris Agreement net-zero emission targets.Dawid Hanak
This document contains a draft decision proposed by the President of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA). It addresses several key issues:
1) It emphasizes the importance of multilateralism and international cooperation to implement the Paris Agreement ambition.
2) It acknowledges impacts of COVID-19 and calls for a sustainable, resilient, and inclusive global recovery with support for developing countries.
3) It contains sections on adaptation, adaptation finance, mitigation, finance for mitigation and adaptation, loss and damage, and implementation - calling for increased climate action and support in these areas based on the best available science.
4) It welcomes commitments made
The document summarizes key principles of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), including:
1) The climate system is a common concern requiring cooperation by all countries according to their differentiated responsibilities and capabilities. Developed countries should take the lead in addressing climate change.
2) Developing countries' special needs and vulnerabilities must be considered. Policies should allow sustainable development and eradicating poverty.
3) Responses to climate change should balance environmental protection, economic development, and equity between nations. The UNFCCC is guided by the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.
Par JULIEN G. – Le samedi 13 novembre 2021, la COP26 a adopté un "pacte de Glasgow" destiné à accélérer la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique, mais sans assurer de le contenir à 1,5°C ni répondre aux demandes d'aide des pays pauvres. La Cop 26 restera aussi comme un Davos bis avec ses 400 atterrissages de jets privés avec une présence américaine frappante.
The document discusses the evolution of international agreements on climate change from the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 to the Paris Agreement in 2015. It outlines key developments and decisions at conferences of parties, including establishing the Bali Roadmap in 2007, the Copenhagen Accord in 2009 which did not reach a binding agreement, and the Doha Amendment in 2012 which established a second commitment period for the Kyoto Protocol. Finally, it summarizes India's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution which it communicated in 2015, including targets to reduce emissions intensity and increase non-fossil fuel energy capacity by 2030.
The document discusses several key climate change agreements:
1) The UNFCCC established an international framework for climate cooperation.
2) The Kyoto Protocol set binding emissions targets for developed countries but its effectiveness was limited.
3) The Paris Agreement was a landmark agreement where 196 countries committed to reducing emissions through Nationally Determined Contributions to limit warming to 1.5-2°C.
4) Ongoing COP meetings are important for negotiating strategies and assessing progress on climate goals.
This document is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change from 1992. It acknowledges that human-caused climate change poses risks and establishes an objective of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. It lays out principles including common but differentiated responsibilities, precautionary measures, and the need to address climate change while promoting sustainable development and economic growth. It outlines commitments for parties to report on emissions and take climate action to limit emissions and adapt to impacts.
The document summarizes key climate change agreements including the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement. It provides overviews of each agreement, including their goals, mechanisms, and significance. The UNFCCC established a framework for international cooperation on climate change. The Kyoto Protocol set binding emissions reductions targets for developed countries. The Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming to 1.5-2°C through Nationally Determined Contributions from countries that are intended to become more ambitious over time. Overall, the document examines the evolution and importance of international agreements in coordinating global climate action.
A presentation on the social-political background to the Paris climate talks, a 'mapping' of the climate regime, a summary of outcomes, and the full text highlighted and explained.
The document discusses COP28, the 28th Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. It provides context on COP and the Paris Agreement. It summarizes that COP28 will be hosted by the UAE in 2023 and the UAE presidency has committed to the conference setting a clear roadmap for an inclusive and pragmatic global energy transition and climate action.
G20 India : Environmental Ministers Outcome document and Chair Summary (July ...Energy for One World
This document summarizes the outcomes of the 2023 G20 Environment and Climate Ministers' Meeting in Chennai, India. Key points include:
- Ministers committed to urgently accelerating actions to address environmental crises like climate change, biodiversity loss, pollution, and more in a complementary manner.
- They reaffirmed commitments to international agreements like the Paris Agreement and 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and called for strengthened policies and increased climate finance for developing countries.
- Ministers expressed support for transitioning to sustainable lifestyles and consumption patterns to address various environmental issues and stressed the importance of achieving sustainable development goals.
This document discusses the prospects for a new international climate agreement. It notes that climate negotiations are extremely complex, covering issues like development, energy, trade, and more. The current UN process involves two working groups addressing mitigation, adaptation, finance, and more. Reaching agreement has been difficult due to gaps between developed and developing countries over responsibility for emissions reductions and finance. The Cancun conference in 2010 will be important for rebuilding trust in the UN process and making progress toward a new global climate regime.
Similar to Aosis Proposal For Kp Survival And New Copenhagen Protocol Final (20)
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
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Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
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The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
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Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
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In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
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We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Aosis Proposal For Kp Survival And New Copenhagen Protocol Final
1. PROPOSAL BY THE
ALLIANCE OF SMALL ISLAND STATES (AOSIS)
FOR THE SURVIVAL OF THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
AND A
COPENHAGEN PROTOCOL TO ENHANCE THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
AOSIS has 43 members, 39 of which are Party to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol: Antigua and Barbuda,
Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cape Verde, Comoros, Cook Islands, Cuba, Dominica,
Dominican Republic, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Grenada, Guinea-Bissau,
Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kiribati, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Nauru, Niue,
Palau, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Singapore, Solomon Islands,
Suriname, Timor Leste, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu. The other
members are: American Samoa, Guam, Netherlands Antilles and Virgin Islands (U.S.).
2. COPENHAGEN PROTOCOL TO ENHANCE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
The Parties to this Protocol,
Being Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, hereinafter
referred to as “the Convention”
In pursuit of the ultimate objective of the Convention as stated in its Article 2,
Recalling the provisions of the Convention, and the principles contained in its Article 3,
Pursuant to Decision 1/CP.13 (the ‘Bali Action Plan’), adopted by the Conference of the
Parties at its thirteenth session, and recognizing the need for long-term cooperative action
among all Parties to enable the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention
now, up to and beyond 2012, in order to achieve its ultimate objective,
Recalling the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change, hereinafter referred to as “the Kyoto Protocol”, and acknowledging its
important and ongoing role in contributing to the achievement of the ultimate objective of the
Convention,
Emphasizing the findings of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change that warming of the climate system is unequivocal,
Cognizant of the urgency to address climate change,
Renewing the political determination to strengthen a global partnership that enhances long-
term cooperative action and addresses existing implementation gaps, and to continue
building an inclusive, fair and effective implementation of the Convention that takes into
account the first and overriding priorities of all developing countries, which are the promotion
of sustainable economic and social development and poverty eradication
Mindful that cumulative historical emissions in developed countries remain relatively high
compared with those in developing countries, and that the negative impacts of climate
change are already evident and widespread, particularly in vulnerable regions of the world,
Recognizing that climate change has significant negative implications for human society and
ecosystems that are already occurring and pose an existential threat to particularly vulnerable
developing countries, especially the least developed countries and small island developing
countries and countries in Africa affected by drought, desertification and floods who have
contributed least to the problem;
Taking note of UN Human Rights Council resolution 10/4 of 25 March 2009 on “Human rights
and climate change”,
Acknowledging that deep cuts in global emissions will be required in as short a possible
timeframe to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention, including through fast action
strategies, and that every year of delay in reducing emissions incurs significant additional
1
3. costs whilst constraining opportunities to achieve lower stabilization levels and increasing the
risk of more severe climate impacts,
Recognizing the need to address the health, human rights and security implications of climate
change including the grave threat to the inherent dignity, livelihood, and security of the
particularly vulnerable developing countries, as well as the need for initiatives, where
necessary, to prepare communities for relocation.
Have agreed as follows:
Article 1
DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this Protocol, the definitions contained in Article 1 of the Convention and
Article 1 of the Kyoto Protocol shall apply mutatis mutandis. In addition:
“Conference of the Parties” means the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change;
“Party” means, unless the context otherwise indicates, a Party to this Protocol; and
“Particularly vulnerable developing countries” refers to least developed countries, small island
developing states1 and countries in Africa affected by drought, desertification and floods.
Article 2
SHARED VISION
1. In their actions to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention and to implement
the provision of this Protocol, the Parties’ shared vision is to enhance their implementation of
the Convention henceforth in a balanced and comprehensive manner by addressing
mitigation, adaptation, technology, financing and capacity-building support.
2. A long-term global goal for emissions reduction is part of the shared vision. The
Parties shall be guided by a shared vision to limit global average temperatures to well below
1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to long term stabilization of greenhouse
gas concentrations in the atmosphere to well below 350 parts per million of carbon dioxide
equivalent in order to prevent additional dangerous anthropogenic interference with the
climate system. To this end, the Parties agree that global emissions should peak by no later
than 2015 and will need to be reduced by at least 85 per cent below 1990 levels by 2050.
3. The Conference of the Parties shall periodically review the overall progress towards
the achievement of the ultimate objective of the Convention and actions related to the shared
vision on mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology transfer and capacity-building, in
accordance with the review procedure set out in Article 14 of this Protocol. Taking into
account the need to prevent and minimize further impacts on particularly vulnerable
developing countries, and the need to avoid breaching critical impact thresholds, the
Conference of the Parties shall, in the context of such reviews, periodically review the
1
‘Small island developing states’ refers to small island developing states and associated low-lying coastal
states of the Alliance of Small Island States.
2
4. adequacy of, and progress towards the achievement of the global goals set out in paragraph
2 above. Reviews shall be based on:
(a) the best available scientific knowledge, including the assessments of the
Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change;
(b) the observed impacts of climate change, especially in particularly vulnerable
developing countries;
(c) relevant technical, social and economic information;
(d) information submitted by Parties; and
(e) an assessment of the overall aggregated effect of the steps taken by the
Parties to combat climate change in order to achieve the ultimate objective
of the Convention and the shared vision.
Article 3
ADAPTATION
1. Parties agree that enhanced action on adaptation is urgently required to enable,
support and implement action to reduce vulnerability and build resilience to the impacts of
climate change.
2. Developing countries, especially the particularly vulnerable developing countries, shall
be provided with the necessary financial, technological and capacity-building support by
developed country Parties2 through the Multilateral Fund on Climate Change (MFCC),
established in Article 12, for the full range of adaptation actions undertaken pursuant to this
Protocol. Adaptation actions shall include, inter alia: action at the project, sectoral and
national levels; administrative and legislative actions; protection of people displaced by the
impacts of climate change; and addressing loss and damage arising from the adverse effects
of climate change.
3. Financial support for implementing adaptation action shall be grant-based, long-term
and over and above existing official development assistance commitments. Developing
country access to this financial support shall be simplified, expeditious and direct, with priority
given to particularly vulnerable developing countries.
4. National adaptation actions may be developed and implemented at different time
scales reflecting the diverse national circumstances of Parties.
5. All Parties shall develop, update periodically and make available to the Conference of
the Parties, their National Adaptation Priorities (NAPs), drawing where available on existing
strategies and plans. The absence of a NAP shall not be an impediment to eligibility for
financial, technological and capacity-building support for adaptation actions and priorities.
6. Developing country Parties shall be supported to establish or strengthen designated
national level institutional arrangements for adaptation to enhance work on the full range of
2
For the purposes of this Protocol, obligations under the Convention to provide support apply to the
developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II to the Convention.
3
5. adaptation actions from planning to implementation, including risk management planning for
the international mechanism for addressing loss and damage.
7. Regional centres for adaptation shall be established or strengthened to assist
developing country Parties with the implementation of adaptation action. The mandate,
control and contribution to the funding of regional centres will be guided by the developing
country Parties in the relevant region, supported by developed country Parties.
8. The Conference of the Parties shall consider the implementation of adaptation as a
standing item on its agenda. The consideration of adaptation issues by the Conference of the
Parties shall be supported by the Adaptation Committee, established below, which shall
provide an annual report to the Conference of the Parties on its activities, together with any
recommendation for actions by the Conference of the Parties.
9. An Adaptation Committee under the authority and guidance of the Conference of the
Parties is hereby established. The Adaptation Committee shall be comprised of Parties to
this Protocol and have a majority of Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention, and
may also include representatives from relevant international organizations.
10. The purpose of the Adaptation Committee shall be to support the work of the
Conference of the Parties in assisting developing country Parties to implement adaptation
actions, paying special attention to the needs of particularly vulnerable developing countries.
The functions of the Committee shall include, inter alia:
(a) interacting with Parties and bodies currently engaged in adaptation
implementation;
(b) analysing existing work and identifying best practice;
(c) helping countries to access adaptation related funding and support;
(d) identifying adaptation gaps and enhancing action to respond to such gaps;
(e) assessing delivery of financial, technological and capacity-building support; and
(f) advising on technical matters building on work of existing Convention bodies
and expert groups.
11. An international mechanism addressing risk management and risk reduction strategies
and insurance related risk sharing and risk transfer mechanisms, including mechanisms to
address loss and damage from the impacts of climate change, is hereby established and
defined. The purpose of the international mechanism shall be to support developing country
Parties, especially the particularly vulnerable developing countries, to build resilience through
addressing the risks associated with climate-related extreme weather events; and
compensation and rehabilitation for loss and damage resulting from climate-related slow
onset events, including sea level rise, increasing temperatures and ocean acidification.
12. Financial support for planning and implementing adaptation actions that address loss
and damage in developing countries shall be provided by developed countries through the
adaptation and insurance windows of the Multilateral Fund on Climate Change.
4
6. 13. All Parties should enhance reporting on the implementation of adaptation actions
through national communications funded and submitted pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 3,
and Article 12 of the Convention.
Article 4
MITIGATION
1. All Parties should contribute to the global effort to combat climate change on the basis
of equity in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective
capabilities, which oblige developed country Parties to take the lead in combating climate
change and the adverse effects thereof. Enhanced national action on mitigation by all Parties
should, in aggregate, deliver reduction of emissions and enhanced removals by sinks of
greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol sufficient to ensure a global
emission pathway consistent with the shared vision defined in Article 2 above.
2. Accordingly commitments of developed countries shall result in a collective reduction
of overall emissions of at least 45 per cent below 1990 levels by 2020, while actions by
developing countries should in aggregate aim to achieve significant deviations from baselines
by 2020, recognizing the role of Article 2 of the Convention and the principles set out in
Article 3 of the Convention.
3. Commencing in 2012, all developed country Parties to this Protocol shall formulate,
submit to the secretariat and revise every five years, a low-GHG-emissions development
strategy (LGEDS).
4. Developing country Parties, based on national circumstances and in the context of
sustainable development, poverty reduction and access to energy, and enabled by financing,
technology and capacity-building support provided by developed country Parties through the
mitigation window of the MFCC, shall submit strategies for achieving substantial deviation
from baselines. Initial submissions may be based on existing sources of information such as
national communications and national plans and strategies.
5. Such strategies shall be communicated to the Parties, through the Secretariat,
alongside national communications in accordance with Article 12 of the Convention. Least
developed countries and small island developing states may make their initial and
subsequent submissions of their strategies at their discretion, but where they have chosen to
do so, such countries shall be entitled to expedited and prioritized funding for these strategies
through the mitigation window of the MFCC, taking into account the need to support Parties in
their efforts to transition to lower-emission forms of development.
6. In accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective
capabilities, which oblige developed countries to take the lead in combating climate change
and the adverse effects thereof, all Parties shall undertake measures to enhance the
mitigation of climate change by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not
controlled by the Montreal Protocol, as follows:
(a) The Parties included in Annex I to the Convention that are also Party to the
Kyoto Protocol shall, individually or jointly, ensure that for the second
commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol (2013 to 2017) and subsequent
5
7. commitment periods, their aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent
emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A to the Protocol do not
exceed their assigned amounts calculated pursuant to their quantified
emissions limitation and reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B to the
Kyoto Protocol, as duplicated in Annex Z to this Protocol. Parties’ quantified
emissions limitation and reduction commitments for subsequent five-year
commitment periods, established in amendments to Annex B to the Kyoto
Protocol, shall be duplicated in Annex Z to this Protocol.
(b) Any Party included in Annex I to the Convention that is not Party to the Kyoto
Protocol shall ensure that its aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide
equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex Y do not exceed
its inscribed amounts for the assessment period 2013 to 2017 or for subsequent
assessment periods, calculated pursuant to its economy-wide quantified
emission limitation or reduction commitments inscribed in Annex Z to this
Protocol. Commitments for subsequent five-year assessment periods shall be
inscribed in Annex Z to this Protocol in accordance with the adjustment
procedures set out in Article 14 of this Protocol.
(c) If, subsequent to the adoption of this Protocol, a Party to the Convention not
addressed in subparagraphs (a) and (b) above voluntarily proposes a national
emissions limitation target for the assessment period 2013 to 2017 or
subsequent assessment period, the following procedures and rules shall apply:
(i) The Conference of the Parties shall determine whether the proposal
would contribute to the achievement of Article 2 of the Convention and
the shared vision set out in Article 2 of this Protocol, taking into account
the need to ensure consistency and transparency with regard to the
measurable, reportable and verifiable nature of the targets agreed
pursuant to this sub-paragraph and sub-paragraphs (a) and (b) above.
(ii) In the case of a positive determination, the Conference of the Parties
shall take the necessary action to inscribe this target in Annex Z of this
Protocol in the form of a national or sectoral voluntary emission limitation
target expressed as a percentage of base year or period.
(d) “Inscribed amounts” shall be calculated on the basis of methodologies, rules
and procedures used to calculate and record the assigned amount of Annex I
Parties to the Kyoto Protocol pursuant to Articles 3, 5, 7 and 8 of the Kyoto
Protocol.
(e) The Conference of the Parties shall at its next session following the adoption of
this Protocol define the relevant principles, modalities, rules and guidelines for
the generation and use of units that may be transferred and acquired for
compliance, guided by the eligibility requirements for participation in the
mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol.
6
8. Article 5
NATIONALLY APPROPRIATE MITIGATION ACTIONS
1. Developing country Parties shall undertake nationally appropriate mitigation actions
(NAMAs) in the context of sustainable development, which shall aim to reduce emissions and
enhance removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol
supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity-building provided by developed
country Parties through the mitigation window of the Multilateral Fund on Climate Change.
2. NAMAs may include a range of actions, undertaken at the national, sectoral or project
level which, to be registered, must result in a quantifiable reduction of emissions of
greenhouse gases below baseline.
3. Proposals for NAMAs by developing countries may be submitted for pre-registration in
the Registry established pursuant to Article 6 of this Protocol, in accordance with the
guidelines for pre-registration, financial matchmaking, notification of implementation and
recording for NAMAs adopted by the Conference of the Parties. All NAMAs that have been
notified to the Registry as being implemented by developing countries shall be recorded in
the Registry, whether or not such NAMAs are being financially supported.
4. The results of NAMAs undertaken by developing countries pursuant to this Article shall
be compiled by the Secretariat. The purpose of the compilation shall be to provide
information on developing country Parties’ mitigation efforts, individually and collectively, and
the intended and actual results of their mitigation actions. The Conference of the Parties
shall consider and adopt detailed guidelines for the format and functioning of the compilation.
Article 6
THE REGISTRY
1. A Registry is hereby established.
2. The purpose of the Registry shall be to register and facilitate the implementation of
nationally appropriate mitigation actions by developing country Parties to this Protocol
through the arrangement of financing of NAMAs, where so requested by a developing country
Party, and recording the financial, technological and capacity related support provided by
developed country Parties to this Protocol to support NAMAs.
3. The Registry shall function under the authority of the Conference of the Parties and
shall be maintained by the secretariat of the Convention. The Registry’s structure and
governance arrangements, including the establishment of technical panels to assess the
potential outcomes of NAMAs, shall be further elaborated by the next session of the
Conference of the Parties after the adoption of this Protocol.
4. NAMAs eligible for registration may include:
(a) actions that are supported by developed country Parties;
(b) actions for which support is sought; and
(c) actions that are domestically funded by developing country Parties.
7
9. 5. Under the Registry:
(a) Developing country Parties seeking support for nationally appropriate mitigation
actions shall submit information about proposed nationally appropriate
mitigation actions, including:
(i) a description of the action for which support is sought;
(ii) the expected outcomes in terms of quantifiable emission reductions in
tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent relative to nationally determined
baselines;
(iii) the time frame for implementation; and
(iv) the estimated cost.
(b) Information about proposed NAMAs, as outlined in paragraph (a) above, shall
be assessed by a technical panels coordinated by the secretariat, in
accordance with guidelines agreed by the Conference of the Parties to
determine whether a proposed NAMA shall be recorded as registered in the
Registry.
(c) Developing country Parties shall report on registered NAMAs in an agreed
format that indicated the impacts of their NAMAs on national emissions
inventories. Emissions reductions achieved by developing country Parties that
are below measured, reported and verified baselines shall be recognized and,
subject to the rules, procedures and modalities relating to market mechanisms
established pursuant to Article 9, may lead to the generation of offsets.
(d) Developing country Parties with emissions representing in excess of [X] percent
of global emissions in [ XXXX ] shall report every two years, with the first report
to be presented no later than [ date ]. This provision shall not apply to Least
Developed Countries and small island developing states, which may report at
their discretion or through the national communication process pursuant to
Article 12 of the Convention.
(e) Monitoring, review and verification of NAMAs may be undertaken by accredited
national, regional and international bodies in accordance with guidelines to be
adopted by the Conference of the Parties. Support for NAMAs provided by
developed country Parties under the Registry shall be measured, reported and
verified annually, in accordance with guidelines to be adopted by the
Conference of the Parties.
Article 7
EMISSIONS FROM INTERNATIONAL AVIATION AND MARITIME TRANSPORT
The Conference of the Parties, with a view to reducing emissions on a scale consistent with
the shared vision outlined in Article 2, invites the International Maritime Organization (IMO)
and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to initiate additional technical and
8
10. operational actions, and provide updates of progress to the Conference of the Parties at each
of its sessions, commencing at its sixteenth session. Parties to this Protocol that are also
members of the IMO and ICAO shall take the actions necessary to bring effect to these
actions in the IMO and ICAO, respectively.
Article 8
REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; AND THE ROLE OF CONSERVATION, SUSTAINABLE
MANAGEMENT OF FORESTS AND THE ENHANCEMENT OF FOREST CARBON
STOCKS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
1. All Parties shall aim to halt forest cover loss in developing countries by 2030 at the
latest and reduce gross deforestation in developing countries by at least 50 per cent by 2020
compared to current levels.
2. All Parties shall undertake policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating
to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) in developing
countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement
of forest carbon stocks in developing countries.
3. Actions taken by Parties in the context of paragraph 1 above shall:
(a) contribute to the objective prescribe in Article 2 of the Convention;
(b) be country-driven and voluntary;
(c) be undertaken in accordance with the respective capabilities and national
circumstances of Parties and respect sovereignty;
(d) be consistent with national sustainable development goals;
(e) contribute to poverty reduction;
(f) promote broad country participation;
(g) contribute to the adaptation needs of countries; and
(h) support developing countries in reorganizing the role of forests in the context of
supporting low-carbon economies.
4. When undertaking actions referred to in paragraph 1 above Parties shall ensure that:
(a) non-permanence of actions is adequately addressed;
(b) necessary actions are taken to address leakage and international and national
displacement of emissions;
(c) robust, transparent and accountable forest governance structures and
accessible support mechanisms are established and maintained, while taking
into account national legislation;
9
11. (d) actions are consistent with relevant international conventions and agreements;
(e) all actions are consistent with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples and respect the knowledge and rights of indigenous
peoples including ensuring their free, prior and informed consent;
(f) all actions promote the full and effective participation of all relevant
stakeholders; and
(g) all actions are consistent with the conservation of biological diversity and do not
provide incentives for the conversion of natural forests.
5. In accordance with national circumstances, developing country Parties aiming to
undertake actions referred to in paragraph 1 above shall develop:
(a) national action plans;
(b) national reference emission levels and or national reference levels which shall
be regularly updated and submitted for review and verification by the
Conference of the Parties in accordance with procedures and guidelines
developed by the Conference of the Parties; and
(c) robust and transparent national monitoring and reporting systems for emissions
and removals within the context of action taken with respect to paragraph 1
above.
6. National action plans referred to in paragraph 5(a) above, shall incorporate policies
and measures to address issues, concepts and principles referred to in paragraph 4,
subparagraphs (a) to (g) above.
7. All Parties shall undertake policies and measures to address the drivers of
deforestation and forest degradation and promote conservation, sustainable management of
forests and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks.
8. The implementation of actions prescribed in paragraph 1 above shall be supported by
finance, technology and capacity development through a REDD funding window of the MFCC
under this Protocol and through, inter alia, a variety of sources, including public, private and
market-based sources, as appropriate3, that employs robust methodological standards for
measurable, reportable and verifiable actions. Robust environmental integrity will need to be
maintained if a REDD mechanism is linked to international carbon markets.
9. In support of actions prescribed in paragraph 1 above, developing country Parties shall
establish community-based trust funds and national forest conservation funds.
10. At its next session following the adoption of this Protocol, the Conference of the
Parties shall adopt appropriate means of measuring, reporting and verifying nationally
appropriate mitigation actions associated with reducing emissions from deforestation and
3
Tuvalu has expressed a reservation on the reference to market-based sources.
10
12. forest degradation, and elaborate modalities and procedures for establishing reference
emission levels and/or reference levels.
11. At its next session following the adoption of this Protocol, the Conference of the
Parties shall adopt appropriate means for establishing an international reference level and
international monitoring systems to address international emissions displacement.
12. Regional REDD centres shall be established to assist developing countries to
undertake actions prescribed in paragraph 1 above.
Article 9
POLICIES AND MEASURES
The use of policy and measures to meet the commitments of developed country Parties shall
be subject to the authority of the Conference of the Parties. To facilitate the use by Parties of
such policies and measures, the Conference of the Parties shall, at its next session following
the adoption of this Protocol, define the relevant principles, modalities, rules and guidelines
for specific policies and measures established under this Protocol. In doing so, the
Conference of the Parties shall ensure that there is no double-counting between different
forms of units generated by policies and measures, including those established pursuant to
the Kyoto Protocol.
Article 10
CAPACITY BUILDING
1. Parties affirm that capacity-building is a cross-cutting issue that is fundamentally
related to the implementation by developing countries of their actions under the Convention
and this Protocol. To enable developing country Parties to participate fully in national and
international processes related to the implementation of the Convention and this Protocol,
developed country Parties agree to provide financial and technological support in the context
of Article 4, paragraph 9 of the Convention in a transparent, expedited, sustainable and
predictable manner, with direct access, under the overall guidance of the Conference of the
Parties, through a dedicated window for funding for capacity-building to be established under
the MFCC.
2. Parties agree that enhanced action on capacity building shall be, inter alia:
(a) A continuous, progressive and iterative process;
(b) Country-driven and consistent with national priorities and circumstances; and
(c) Participatory.
3. Parties agree that capacity-building actions shall be enhanced in order to fully
implement the framework for capacity-building in developing countries as contained in the
annex to decision 2/CP.7, including, inter alia,
(a) to build, develop, strengthen, improve and enhance, as appropriate, the
capacity of developing country Parties in areas identified in the agreed outcome
of the building blocks of the Bali Action Plan;
11
13. (b) to support developing country Parties in formulating and implementing capacity
building projects, programmes and activities related to all aspects of the
Convention and this Protocol;
(c) to strengthen subnational, national or regional capacities, skills, capabilities and
institutions to address emerging capacity-building needs, particularly those
related to the enhanced implementation of the Convention and this Protocol;
(d) to strengthen the capacity to plan, prepare and implement climate change
actions, including the integration of such actions into relevant national strategies
and plans; and
(e) to strengthen the capacity to monitor and report on climate change action,
including for the preparation of national communications.
Article 11
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER
1. All Parties shall enhance cooperation and joint development to promote the
development, deployment, diffusion and transfer of climate friendly technologies, in particular
to take effective measures to encourage and provide incentives for technology transfer to
developing countries, remove relevant barriers, and appropriately address issues of
intellectual property rights.
2. A mechanism for technology development and transfer, the Technology Mechanism, is
hereby established to fully implement the commitments on technology development and
transfer under the Convention, in particular Article 4, paragraphs 3, 5, and 7 of the
Convention.
3. The Technology Mechanism shall operate under the authority and guidance of the
Conference of the Parties and be accountable to it. It shall be comprised of an Executive
Body on Technology which shall oversee panels to support technology development and
transfer incentives programs, capacity building programs and innovation centers and
networks, and other priority areas to be further elaborated by the Conference of the Parties.
4. The Executive Body on Technology shall be comprised of 21 members, as follows:
four members from each United Nations regional grouping, taking into account the need to
ensure representation from Least Developed Countries, and one member representing the
small island developing states. The structure of the Technology Mechanism and its detailed
rules and working modalities, including majority decision-making procedures, shall be further
elaborated by the Conference of the Parties. The core functions of the Executive Body shall
be to:
(a) Accelerate the development, demonstration, deployment, adoption and diffusion
of environmentally sound technologies in developing country Parties, and the
transfer of such technologies from developed country Parties to developing
country Parties, in order to avoid the lock-in effects of technologies that are not
environmentally sound, and to promote sustainable development in developing
country Parties;
12
5
14. (b) Provide access to technology for adaptation at national, subregional and
regional levels, enabled by capacity-building and the provision of new and
additional, adequate and predictable financing resources to meet the costs of
both integration of adaptation into the development process and stand-alone
adaptation activities;
(c) Monitor and assess the financial support and performance of development and
transfer of environmentally sound technologies in terms of speed, range and
size of the technological flow;
(d) Remove barriers for technology development and transfer to developing
countries, and enhance the means of facilitating this transfer in order to promote
urgent access to advanced environmentally sound technologies;
(e) Promote the establishment of and strengthen, as appropriate, national and
regional technology innovation centres and networks, including centre-to-centre
twinning arrangements, with a view to enhancing cooperative research and
development and North-South, South-South, and triangular technology
cooperation, to accelerate the development, demonstration, deployment,
diffusion and transfer of environmentally safe and sound technologies to
support action on mitigation and adaptation by developing country Parties; and
(f) Report annually to the Conference of the Parties on progress to achieve the
objective set out in paragraph 1 above, including recommendations for further
action.
5. Technology related activities and actions are eligible for support from the MFCC on the
basis of priorities determined by the Conference of the Parties taking into account existing
programmes of work undertaken pursuant to the Convention, and any other additional
guidance decided by the Conference of the Parties pursuant to this Protocol.
Article 12
THE MULTILATERAL FUND ON CLIMATE CHANGE
1. Developed country Parties and other developed country Parties included in Annex II
shall provide new, additional and predictable financial resources to support enhanced action
on mitigation and adaptation in all developing countries, in accordance with Article 4 of the
Convention. The provision of financial resources shall be guided by the principles of the
Convention and the priorities of developing countries that are Party to this Protocol, especially
particularly vulnerable developing countries.
2. In the context of the implementation of Article 4, paragraphs 3, 4, 5, and 7, of the
Convention and the provisions of Article 11 of the Convention, a Multilateral Fund on Climate
Change is hereby established.
3. The Conference of the Parties shall elect an Executive Board to manage the MFCC.
The Executive Board shall operate under the authority and guidance of, and be accountable
to the Conference of the Parties, and shall exercise authority and provide overall strategic
guidance to the MFCC.
13
15. 4. The Executive Board shall have an equitable and balanced representation, and be
comprised of 19 members, as follows: three members from each United Nations regional
grouping, two members representing the small island developing states, and two members
from the group of Least Developed Countries.
5. The MFCC shall have six discrete funding windows: Adaptation; Mitigation; REDD;
Insurance; Capacity-Building and Technology. The Board shall recommend to the
Conference of the Parties the proportion of funding that shall be allocated to each funding
window, but shall give priority to funding for adaptation.
6. The Executive Board shall establish technical advisory panels for each of the funding
windows to, inter alia, identify sources of funding and priorities for funding, and provide
assistance, on request from developing countries, in developing project proposals and finding
appropriate financial support. Under the guidance of the Conference of the Parties, the
Executive Board shall also develop strategic guidance on ensuring equity in the distribution of
financial resources to ensure that developing countries are able to undertake their proposed
NAMAs and National Adaptation Priorities.
7. The Executive Board shall provide to the Conference of the Parties annual estimates
of the financial resources pledged, distributed and allocated to enhance the implementation of
the Convention, as well as the needs of developing countries in respect of mitigation and
adaptation, taking into account the proposed mitigation and adaptation actions proposed by
developing countries for the relevant timeframe. Such estimates shall be used to inform
reviews of the implementation of this Protocol in accordance with Article 14.
8. The Conference of the Parties shall invite existing international institutions to serve as
the secretariat of the MFCC. The Conference of the Parties shall further invite an existing
international financial institution to serve as Trustee to the Board, determined on the basis of
an open bidding process.
9. The MFCC shall be made operational no later than the 16th session of the Conference
of the Parties.
10. The MFCC shall be financed from new and additional financial resources over and
above Official Development Assistance (ODA) generated through a combination of various
sources, including the following:
(a) an assessed contribution from developed country Parties, based on [ {GDP}
{the polluter pays principle} {current emission levels} {historical responsibility},
amounting to {{0.5 to1}{0.8}{2} per cent of gross national product} {0.5 to 1 per
cent of GDP}]4;
(b) revenues generated by the Kyoto Protocol and transferred by the Adaptation
Fund to the adaptation window of the MFCC.
(c) revenues generated by any policies and measures established under Article 9
of this Protocol;
4
This list is without prejudice to further discussions on sources of financing for the purposes of this
Protocol.
14
16. (d) penalties or fines imposed as a consequence of non-compliance by developed
country Parties with respect to their emission reduction and financial support
commitments; and
(e) other sources including, but not limited to, resources being provided by an entity
that operates the Financial Mechanism under the Convention.
Article 13
COMPLIANCE
The Conference of the Parties shall approve appropriate and effective procedures and
mechanisms to determine and address cases of non-compliance with the quantified emission
limitation and reduction commitments undertaken by developed country Parties pursuant to
subparagraphs 6(a) and 6(b) of Article 4 of this Protocol. Such procedures and mechanisms
shall be based on those established pursuant to Article 18 of the Kyoto Protocol, including
related decisions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the
Kyoto Protocol, in order to address cases of non-compliance, and shall be strengthened.
Article 14
REVIEW AND ADJUSTMENT PROCEDURES
Review
1. Commencing in 2015, and at least every five years thereafter, the Conference of the
Parties shall review the implementation of this Protocol. Such periodic reviews shall include
the review of the adequacy of, and progress towards the achievement of, the shared vision, in
accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 2 of this Protocol.
2. The Conference of the Parties shall establish modalities for conducting the periodic
reviews not later than 2012, including an indicative list of actions that may be taken by the
Conference of the Parties at its first review to advance the achievement of the shared vision
and progress towards the achievement of the ultimate objective of the Convention.
Adjustment
3. Parties shall consider adjustment of the long-term global goals in paragraph 2 of
Article 2 of this Protocol on the basis of periodic reviews conducted in accordance with
paragraph 3 of Article 2 and paragraph 1 of this Article. The Parties shall decide whether
adjustments should be made, and if so, the nature of such adjustments, including their scope,
scale and timing.
4. Proposals for such adjustments shall be communicated to all Parties to the Convention
at least six months before the session of the Conference of the Parties at which they are
proposed for adoption. In taking decisions on adjustments to paragraph 2 of Article 2, the
Parties to this Protocol shall make every effort to reach agreement by consensus. If all efforts
at consensus have been exhausted, and no agreement is reached, such decisions may, as a
last resort, be adopted by a two-thirds majority vote. Decisions to adjust the long-term global
goals in paragraph 2 of Article 2 shall be communicated to the Parties by the Depositary.
15
17. Such adjustments shall take effect six months after the date of circulation of the
communication by the Depositary.
Adjustment of Annexes
5. Consideration by the Parties of adjustments to Annexes Y and Z shall be initiated at
least two years before the end of the current commitment period, taking into account the
provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 4 of this Protocol and the results of periodic reviews.
Proposals for such adjustments shall be communicated to all Parties to the Convention at
least six months before the session of the Conference of the Parties at which they are
proposed for adoption. The Parties to this Protocol shall make every effort to reach
agreement by consensus. If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted, and no
agreement is reached, such adjustments may, as a last resort, be adopted by a two-thirds
majority vote, provided that any adjustment shall be adopted only with the written consent of
the Party concerned, and that no adjustment may be made within one year before the end of
the current commitment period. Decisions to adjust Annex Z shall be communicated to the
Parties by the Depositary, and shall take effect six months after the date of circulation of the
communication by the Depositary.
Article 15
AMENDMENT OF THE PROTOCOL
1. Any Party may propose amendments to this Protocol.
2. Amendments to this Protocol shall be adopted at an ordinary session of the
Conference of the Parties serving as the Conference of the Parties to this Protocol. The text
of any proposed amendment to this Protocol shall be communicated to the Parties by the
secretariat at least six months before the session of the Conference of the Parties at which it
is proposed for adoption. The secretariat shall also communicate the text of any proposed
amendments to the Parties and signatories to the Convention and, for information, to the
Depositary.
3. The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on any proposed amendment
to this Protocol by consensus. If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted, and no
agreement is reached, the amendment may, as a last resort, be adopted by a two-thirds
majority vote of the Parties present and voting. The adopted amendment shall be
communicated by the secretariat to the Depositary, who shall circulate it to all Parties for their
acceptance.
4. Instruments of acceptance in respect of an amendment shall be deposited with the
Depositary. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 3 above shall enter into
force for those Parties having accepted it on the thirtieth day after the date of receipt by the
Depositary of an instrument of acceptance by at least half of the Parties to this Protocol.
Article 16
SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES
The provisions of Article 14 of the Convention on settlement of disputes shall apply mutatis
mutandis to this Protocol.
16
18. Article 17
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THIS PROTOCOL,
THE CONVENTION AND THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
1. The Conference of the Parties, the supreme body of the Convention, is also the
supreme body of this Protocol.
2. When the Conference of the Parties is taking decisions under this Protocol, such
decisions shall only be taken by those that are Party to this Protocol. Only Parties to this
Protocol shall be entitled to serve on the constituted bodies established pursuant to this
Protocol.
3. The secretariat established by Article 8 of the Convention shall serve as the secretariat
of this Protocol. Article 8, paragraph 2, of the Convention on the functions of the Secretariat,
and Article 8, paragraph 3, of the Convention on arrangements made for the functioning of
the secretariat, shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol. The secretariat shall, in
addition, exercise the functions assigned to it under this Protocol.
Article 18
IMMUNITIES FOR PERSONS SERVING ON BODIES CONSTITUTED UNDER THE
PROTOCOL
Without prejudice to the legal status, immunities accorded to the Convention secretariat,
officials, a Party or Parties, persons, officials, representatives of Members by the
Headquarters Protocol with the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany, the
Conference of the Parties shall, at its next session following the adoption of this Protocol,
examine the issue of immunities for persons serving on bodies constituted under this
Protocol.
Article 19
RESERVATIONS AND WITHDRAWALS
1. At any time after three years from the date on which this Protocol has entered into
force for a Party, that Party may withdraw from this Protocol by giving written notification to
the Depositary.
2. Any such withdrawal shall take effect upon expiry of one year from the date of receipt
by the Depositary of the notification of withdrawal, or on such later date as may be specified
in the notification of withdrawal.
3. Any Party that withdraws from the Convention shall be considered as also having
withdrawn from this Protocol.
4. No reservations may be made to this Protocol.
Article 20
ENTRY INTO FORCE
1. This Protocol shall be open for signature and subject to ratification, acceptance or
approval by States and regional economic integration organizations which are Parties to the
17
19. Convention. It shall be open for signature at United Nations Headquarters in New York from X
to Y. This Protocol shall be open for accession from the day after the date on which it is
closed for signature. Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be
deposited with the Depositary.
2. The Protocol shall enter into force 30 days after the date of deposit of the [XXth]
instrument of ratification, approval, acceptance or accession.
3. For Party to the Convention which ratifies, approves or accepts this Protocol or
accedes thereto after the deposit of the [XXth] instrument of ratification, approval, acceptance
or accession, this Protocol shall enter into force on the thirtieth day following the deposit of its
instrument of ratification, approval, acceptance or accession.
Article 21
PROVISIONAL APPLICATION
1. Each signatory agrees to apply this Protocol provisionally pending its entry into force,
to the extent that such provisional application is not inconsistent with its constitution, laws or
regulations.
2. Provisional application as defined in paragraph 1 above shall be effective for a period
of 12 months from January 1st, 2012. In the event that this Protocol does not enter into force
before the period of provisional application expires, that period may be extended if all
signatory States so decide. The period of provisional application shall in any event terminate
when this Protocol enters into force. However, the Parties to this Protocol and the signatory
States in respect of which this Protocol is yet to enter into force may then decide to extend
the period of provisional application in respect of those signatory States.
Article 22
DEPOSITORY
The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the Depositary of this Protocol.
Article 23
AUTHENTIC TEXTS
1. The original of this Protocol, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian
and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the
United Nations.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized to that effect, have signed
this Protocol,
DONE at Copenhagen, this eighteenth day of December two thousand and nine.
18
20. ANNEX Y
Greenhouse gases
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
Perfluorinated compounds
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)
Hydrofluoroethers/Fluorinated ethers (HFEs)
Perfluoropolyethers (PFPMIE)
Trifluoromethyl sulphur pentafluoride (SF5CF3)
Sectors/source categories
Energy
Fuel combustion
Energy industries
Manufacturing industries and construction
Transport
Other sectors
Other
Fugitive emissions from fuels
Solid fuels
Oil and natural gas
Other
Industrial processes
Mineral products
Chemical industry
Metal production
Other production
Production of halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride
Consumption of halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride
Other
Solvent and other product use
Agriculture
Enteric fermentation
Manure management
Rice cultivation
Agricultural soils
Prescribed burning of savannas
Field burning of agricultural residues
Other
Waste
19
22. COPENHAGEN AMENDMENTS TO THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
The following paragraph shall be inserted after Article 3 paragraph 1 of the
Protocol:
Article 3.1 bis. The Parties included in Annex I shall, individually or jointly,
ensure that their aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions
of greenhouse gases listed in Annex A do not exceed their assigned amounts,
calculated pursuant to the quantified emission limitation and reduction
commitments inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the provisions of this
Article, to reduce overall emissions of such gases [33] per cent below 1990
levels in the commitment period 2013-2017, towards the aim of reducing overall
emissions of such gases by at least [45] per cent below 1990 levels by 2020 .
The following paragraph shall be inserted after Article 3 paragraph 7 of the
Protocol:
Article 3.7 bis. In the second quantified emission limitation and reduction
commitment period, from 2013 to 2017, the assigned amount for each Party
included in Annex I shall be equal to the percentage inscribed for it in Annex B
of its aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the
greenhouse gases listed in Annex A in 1990, or the base year or period
determined in accordance with paragraph 5 above, multiplied by five.
The following paragraph shall be added to Article 3 of the Protocol after
paragraph 9:
9 bis The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
Protocol shall initiate the consideration of further commitments at least seven
years before the end of any commitment period.
The following paragraph shall be added to Article 6 of the Protocol after
paragraph 5:
5bis The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
Protocol shall ensure that a share of the proceeds from approved project
activities established under this Article is used to cover administrative expenses
as well as to assist developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to
the adverse effects of climate change to meet the costs of adaptation.
Rename the paragraph in Article 17 as paragraph 1 and insert Article 17,
paragraph 2:
2. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
Protocol shall ensure that a share of the proceeds from the issuance of
21
23. assigned amount units is used to cover administrative expenses as well as to
assist developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse
effects of climate change to meet the costs of adaptation.
Rename the paragraph in Article 18 as paragraph 1 and insert Article 18,
paragraph 2:
2. In accordance with paragraph 1 above, the procedures and mechanisms
relating to compliance under the Kyoto Protocol adopted by decision 27/CMP.1
of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
Protocol shall apply.
The following paragraph shall be added after Article 15 of the Protocol as Article
15bis.
Without prejudice to the legal status, immunities accorded to the Convention
secretariat, officials, a Party or Parties, persons, officials, representatives of
Members by the Headquarters Protocol with the Government of the Federal
Republic of Germany, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of
the Parties to this Protocol shall examine the issue of immunities for persons
serving on bodies constituted under this Protocol.
22
24. Proposal to replace Annex A with the following:
Annex A
Greenhouse gases
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
Perfluorinated compounds
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)
Hydrofluoroethers/Fluorinated ethers (HFEs)
Perfluoropolyethers (PFPMIE)
Trifluoromethyl sulphur pentafluoride (SF5CF3
Sectors/source categories
Energy
Fuel combustion
Energy industries
Manufacturing industries and construction
Transport
Other sectors
Other
Fugitive emissions from fuels
Solid fuels
Oil and natural gas
Other
Industrial processes
Mineral products
Chemical industry
Metal production
Other production
Production of halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride
Consumption of halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride
Other
Solvent and other product use
Agriculture
Enteric fermentation
Manure management
Rice cultivation
Agricultural soils
Prescribed burning of savannas
Field burning of agricultural residues
Other
Waste
Proposal to replace Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol
Annex B
23
25. Party Quantified emission Quantified emission
limitation or reduction reduction commitment
commitment (2008- (2013-2017)
2012) (percentage of base
(percentage of base year or period)
year or period)
Australia 108
Austria 92
Belgium 92
Belarus+
Bulgaria* 92
Canada 94
Croatia* 95
Czech Republic* 92
Denmark 92
Estonia* 92
European Community 92
Finland 92
France 92
Germany 92
Greece 92
Hungary* 94
Iceland 110
Ireland 92
Italy 92
Japan 94
Kazakhstan^
Latvia* 92
Liechtenstein 92
Lithuania* 92
Luxembourg 92
Malta±
Monaco 92
Netherlands 92
New Zealand 100
Norway 101
Poland* 94
Portugal 92
Romania* 92
Russian Federation* 100
Slovakia* 92
Slovenia* 92
Spain 92
Sweden 92
Switzerland 92
Ukraine* 100
United Kingdom of Great 92
Britain and Northern Ireland
United States of America 93
24
26. *Countries that are undergoing the process of transition to a market economy.
+
Countries that have proposed amendment to the Kyoto Protocol which is still to come into
effect.
^ Country which will request an amendment to Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol to include a target
for emission levels
±
Country which is under consideration to join Annex I
25