Organizations exist within various environments including community, economic, and political. Systems can be open or closed depending on information access. Virtual organizations allow parts of an organization to be in different locations using technology. Context-level data flow diagrams show data and environment settings using entities, processes, and data flows. Entity relationship diagrams help understand relationships between entities using keys and different types of relationships. The three levels of management are operations, middle, and strategic, which differ in their decision-making focus, information sources, and leadership responsibilities for the organization.

1. Summarize of chapter 2
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Organizations are subsystems
Organizational environments :
Community environment:
Physical location Population Education Average income.
Economic environment:
Market factors competition.
Political environment:
State Local government
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Systems are described as either:
Open: Free information (Art department)
Closed: restricted access to information (defense department)
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Virtual organization: parts of the organization in different physical locations (uses
computer networks and communicational technology).
Advantages of a virtual organization :
Reduced costs Rapid response Flexibility.
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Context-level data flow diagram (DFD) :
Tools for: showing data, overview of environment sittings.
Interrelat
edInterdependent

2. Context -level DFD symbols are:
 Entity ( person , group , department )
 Process ( represent the entire system)
 Data flow ( information that passes to and from the process , Noun )
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Entity relationship diagram (ER diagram):
 Helps the analyst understand the system.
Types of Relationships:
Many to many One to one. One to many.
Steps used to create E-R diagrams:
 List the entities.
 Choose key entities to narrow the scope of the problem.
 Identify the primary key.
 Confirm the results.
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The three levels of managerial control are:
 Operations management.
 Middle management
 Strategic management.
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Operations Management
 Make decisions using predetermined rules.
 Oversee the operating details.
 Dependent on internal information.
Middle Management
 Make short-term planning
 Decisions may be partly operational and partly strategic.
 Decisions are dependent on internal information (historical)

3. Strategic Management
 Look outward to the future
 Guide middle and operations managers.
 Define the organization as a whole.
 Make one-time decisions
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Each of the three levels of managements has:
 Leadership style
 Different organization structure.
 Organization culture
 Technological considerations.
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