The survey summarizes the key findings of the Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) survey conducted in Mongolia. It found that small and medium businesses suffer more from corruption than large businesses. The government agencies creating the most obstacles for businesses were reported as the Tax Office, Specialized Inspection Agency, and Customs. Despite anti-corruption efforts, there was little awareness of these efforts among the business community.
No organizations are self-reliant, nor does any organization have unlimited resources. With
the limited resources the organizations are not able to meet their unlimited wants. These wants
compete for the scarce resources of the organization. This further aggravates the need for
organizations to outsource work that can be conducted by others at lower cost and with greater
efficacy and effectiveness if not it will be a of waste valuable resources in the pursuit of
capabilities that can be readily purchased from others. Moreover, engaging in outsourcing allows
an organization access to skill, knowledge and competence found outside its boundaries. Through
outsourcing, a business can seem bigger than it actually is and provide its clients with total event
solutions. Knowing how to outsource, when to outsource, and whom to outsource to are crucial
skills for any business
INFORMAL SECTOR FINANCIAL CHALLENGES: A CASE OF MANUFACTURING INFORMAL SMALL ...ectijjournal
The study made an evaluation on the financial challenges in relation to manufacturing informal enterprises
(SMEs) in Harare. The research adopted the mixed research methodology. Primary data collection tools
used were: interviews and surveys. The study’s major finding was that informal small and medium
enterprises were virtually excluded from accessing working capital formal credit from established financial
institutions due to a myriad of challenges, the key challenge being none or inadequate bookkeeping
practices. Furthermore, the study revealed that The informal SMEs contribute significantly over 60% to the
Zimbabwe’s formal economy through various taxes and informal employment. The study recommended
that Ministry of Small and Medium enterprises should provide assistance in form of formal credit basing
on according records kept by informal sector.
Challenges of Small Scale Entrepreneurs in Dodoma Tanzaniainventionjournals
Small businesses irrefutably remain critical to the development of any nation’s economy as they are an excellent, source of employment creation, help in improvement of local skill, and extend aboriginal entrepreneurs. The small scale entrepreneurs who (either registered, unregistered, service or manufacturing or any other type) and have more than three years experience of entrepreneurship comprised the populace of the study. The method of convenience sampling was employed in arriving at the 100 Small firms. The major challenge could be lack of financial (Capital) resources. In the event funding institutions become flexible in their requirements for loan applications, respondents registered their willing to increase the number of their employees; the number of branches and willingness to accept specialized recommendation. In other ways, the only best way to help Small firm’s right of entry economic resources lies in the hands of funding institutions as acceptable and suggested by the best part of undersized entrepreneurs who submitted that the key determinants for seed resources attainment are: fair and low interest rates.
No organizations are self-reliant, nor does any organization have unlimited resources. With
the limited resources the organizations are not able to meet their unlimited wants. These wants
compete for the scarce resources of the organization. This further aggravates the need for
organizations to outsource work that can be conducted by others at lower cost and with greater
efficacy and effectiveness if not it will be a of waste valuable resources in the pursuit of
capabilities that can be readily purchased from others. Moreover, engaging in outsourcing allows
an organization access to skill, knowledge and competence found outside its boundaries. Through
outsourcing, a business can seem bigger than it actually is and provide its clients with total event
solutions. Knowing how to outsource, when to outsource, and whom to outsource to are crucial
skills for any business
INFORMAL SECTOR FINANCIAL CHALLENGES: A CASE OF MANUFACTURING INFORMAL SMALL ...ectijjournal
The study made an evaluation on the financial challenges in relation to manufacturing informal enterprises
(SMEs) in Harare. The research adopted the mixed research methodology. Primary data collection tools
used were: interviews and surveys. The study’s major finding was that informal small and medium
enterprises were virtually excluded from accessing working capital formal credit from established financial
institutions due to a myriad of challenges, the key challenge being none or inadequate bookkeeping
practices. Furthermore, the study revealed that The informal SMEs contribute significantly over 60% to the
Zimbabwe’s formal economy through various taxes and informal employment. The study recommended
that Ministry of Small and Medium enterprises should provide assistance in form of formal credit basing
on according records kept by informal sector.
Challenges of Small Scale Entrepreneurs in Dodoma Tanzaniainventionjournals
Small businesses irrefutably remain critical to the development of any nation’s economy as they are an excellent, source of employment creation, help in improvement of local skill, and extend aboriginal entrepreneurs. The small scale entrepreneurs who (either registered, unregistered, service or manufacturing or any other type) and have more than three years experience of entrepreneurship comprised the populace of the study. The method of convenience sampling was employed in arriving at the 100 Small firms. The major challenge could be lack of financial (Capital) resources. In the event funding institutions become flexible in their requirements for loan applications, respondents registered their willing to increase the number of their employees; the number of branches and willingness to accept specialized recommendation. In other ways, the only best way to help Small firm’s right of entry economic resources lies in the hands of funding institutions as acceptable and suggested by the best part of undersized entrepreneurs who submitted that the key determinants for seed resources attainment are: fair and low interest rates.
Etude PwC "Crime Survey 2014" sur la fraude dans le secteur pharmaceutique (o...PwC France
http://bit.ly/FraudePharmaCP
La 7ème édition de l’étude mondiale de PwC sur la fraude en entreprise, la “Global Economic Crime Survey 2014 », a été réalisée auprès de 5,128 dirigeants d’entreprises issus de 99 pays. 259 de ces répondants sont des dirigeants du secteur pharmaceutique et des sciences de la vie.
Applying the UN Guiding Principles on business and human rights in the fight ...Ardea International
Summary slideshare of detailed paper available at www.financingagainsttrafficking.org.
The UN Guiding Principles on business and human rights are seen as a game changer. How do they apply to human trafficking? What should business be doing to reduce the risks of human trafficking in their supply chain?
Всемирный обзор экономических преступлений за 2016 годPwC Russia
В рамках подготовки Всемирного обзора экономических преступлений PwC за 2016 год было опрошено более 6 000 участников из 115 стран. Несмотря на незначительное общее снижение количества зарегистрированных экономических преступлений, финансовая стоимость каждого отдельного мошеннического действия увеличивается. Четырнадцать процентов респондентов столкнулись с убытками на сумму более 1 млн долл. США за последние два года.
An Investigation of the Effect of Challenges Encounters Female Entrepreneuria...AkashSharma618775
The participation of females in entrepreneurial activities is such a satisfying ideal that has proven to
convey positive contribution towards economic process. To ascertain this; the subject matter has presented herein.
Such presentation has been done by giving detailed analysis of the effects of challenges encounters female
entrepreneurial taking Malaysia, which is one of the transformed economies as the country of context. There is a
promising growth in entrepreneurial activities in the recent years in Malaysia; yet, this growth has seen to have
many male entrepreneurs leaving females with minimal rate of participation. There are challenges identified,
evaluated and analyzed to be the very reasons that leads to this scenario. The study employed three challenges
called economic, resource and cultural extracted from Isa et al., (2018); the challenges which are henceforth
implemented as independent variables (IVs) of the study. The study has found the significant correlation between
each of these IVs (EoC) and its subject matter; that’s female entrepreneurial (FE) in Malaysia the DV with the
significant levels of 0.026 and 0.012 respectively. The extent of effects was regretted to be 62% within the inverse
correlation of 0.89 to mean that the increase of EoC results to the decrease of FE and the decrease of EoC leads to
the increase of FE. The statistical analytics were measured using SPSS and data were secondarily reviewed from
the study of Hossain et al., (2018). For further researches; an expansion to reach other stakeholders like police
makers and officers of financial institutions has been recommended because, this study has been established on the
mere perspectives and opinions of entrepreneurs and not other stakeholders of entreprenerial activities.
Effect of market penetration management strategies on performance of Small En...AkashSharma618775
Small businesses in Kenya face a myriad of challenges. Most of the establishments have gone under the
waters due to various reasons including market turbulences. The businesses leave the market as soon as they make
entry. If they stay, they stagnate at the same level they started. The objective of the study was to find out the effect
of market penetration strategies on the performance of small enterprises in Kenya. The study used descriptive
survey design. The study was conducted in Migori County, Kenya. The target population was 4997 which were
businesses registered by the department of Trade of Migori County in 2019. A sample of 481 individuals were
interviewed. This number was derived using Yamane sampling model. Data was collected from business owners
with the help of a structured questionnaire. The researcher used Cronbach’s alpha coeffect to test the reliability of
the study instrument. Data was sorted, sorted and entered using a statistical software program for social sciences
(SPSS). A simple linear regression was used to test the relationship between market penetration management
strategies and performance of small enterprises in Kenya. Pearson Product Moment correlation was employed in
testing the strength of the relationship between market penetration management strategies and growth of small
enterprises in Kenya.
Corruption is an issue that is affecting many countries in the world, and there are several approaches that have been found to effective depending on the other external factors. The Unites States has several anti-corruption approaches that were invested in countries of interest such as Afghanistan; however, these have failed dismally. The US government has spent over $70 million in different sectors that was intended to support anti-corruption initiative through the government, law enforcement, and journalists. However, there were several reports that were released indicated the lack of preparation and the strategic flaws in the approach taken by the United States. Afghanistan still poses a security risk to the United States, and public funding towards reconstruction of the country should take an evidence based approach that considers effective mechanisms applies in similar regimes. This paper evaluate the current framework of the procurement to preventing corruption by the United States and evidence based mechanisms by organizations that havebeen resistant to corruption.
The fight against corruption has become increasingly sophisticated and such demands a well-integrated, multidisciplinary strategy. This has necessitated the establishment of anti-corruption institutions, agencies or commissions which invariably have one or more of three functions: investigation and enforcement; corruption prevention; and awareness and education. However in Ghana, despite the existence of anti-corruption institutions, the perception of corruption has steadily increased to overwhelming levels. Why the increase in corruption in the face of these anti-corruption institutions is the subject matter of this study. This study brings to fore the systemic barriers, their frequency of occurrence and magnitude. This study aimed at identifying the challenges that affect the effectiveness of these anti-corruption institutions in Ghana. The study was purposely
carried out within anti-corruption institutions in Ghana. A simple random probability sampling was employed in sampling nine (9) anti-corruption institutions in the Ashanti Region of Ghana and questionnaires administered to their administrative heads. Relative importance, frequency and severity equations were used to analyze and rank the challenges affecting the work of these institutions. Lack of political will and inadequate leadership and management with Relative importance Index RII of 0.9778 respectively were the two (2) most critical challenges affecting the effectiveness of anti-corruption institutions in Ghana. Lack of donor initiatives with RII of 0.6667 was considered as the least challenge. The most frequent challenge identified by the anti-corruption agencies was the lack of budget and fiscal autonomy, with an index of 0.8148. In the face of these challenges, the government of Ghana should improve upon its efforts at fighting corruption as it strengthens the various anti-corruption institutions financially and logistically.
Fraud and corporate governance changing paradigm in India 2012EY
This report offers a perspective on the bribery landscape across Europe, the Middle East, India and Africa (EMEIA), including enforcement trends, risks for businesses to be aware of and mitigating steps companies may want to consider.
For further information on EY's fraud investigation and dispute services, please visit: http://www.ey.com/IN/en/Services/Assurance/Fraud-Investigation---Dispute-Services
Etude PwC "Crime Survey 2014" sur la fraude dans le secteur pharmaceutique (o...PwC France
http://bit.ly/FraudePharmaCP
La 7ème édition de l’étude mondiale de PwC sur la fraude en entreprise, la “Global Economic Crime Survey 2014 », a été réalisée auprès de 5,128 dirigeants d’entreprises issus de 99 pays. 259 de ces répondants sont des dirigeants du secteur pharmaceutique et des sciences de la vie.
Applying the UN Guiding Principles on business and human rights in the fight ...Ardea International
Summary slideshare of detailed paper available at www.financingagainsttrafficking.org.
The UN Guiding Principles on business and human rights are seen as a game changer. How do they apply to human trafficking? What should business be doing to reduce the risks of human trafficking in their supply chain?
Всемирный обзор экономических преступлений за 2016 годPwC Russia
В рамках подготовки Всемирного обзора экономических преступлений PwC за 2016 год было опрошено более 6 000 участников из 115 стран. Несмотря на незначительное общее снижение количества зарегистрированных экономических преступлений, финансовая стоимость каждого отдельного мошеннического действия увеличивается. Четырнадцать процентов респондентов столкнулись с убытками на сумму более 1 млн долл. США за последние два года.
An Investigation of the Effect of Challenges Encounters Female Entrepreneuria...AkashSharma618775
The participation of females in entrepreneurial activities is such a satisfying ideal that has proven to
convey positive contribution towards economic process. To ascertain this; the subject matter has presented herein.
Such presentation has been done by giving detailed analysis of the effects of challenges encounters female
entrepreneurial taking Malaysia, which is one of the transformed economies as the country of context. There is a
promising growth in entrepreneurial activities in the recent years in Malaysia; yet, this growth has seen to have
many male entrepreneurs leaving females with minimal rate of participation. There are challenges identified,
evaluated and analyzed to be the very reasons that leads to this scenario. The study employed three challenges
called economic, resource and cultural extracted from Isa et al., (2018); the challenges which are henceforth
implemented as independent variables (IVs) of the study. The study has found the significant correlation between
each of these IVs (EoC) and its subject matter; that’s female entrepreneurial (FE) in Malaysia the DV with the
significant levels of 0.026 and 0.012 respectively. The extent of effects was regretted to be 62% within the inverse
correlation of 0.89 to mean that the increase of EoC results to the decrease of FE and the decrease of EoC leads to
the increase of FE. The statistical analytics were measured using SPSS and data were secondarily reviewed from
the study of Hossain et al., (2018). For further researches; an expansion to reach other stakeholders like police
makers and officers of financial institutions has been recommended because, this study has been established on the
mere perspectives and opinions of entrepreneurs and not other stakeholders of entreprenerial activities.
Effect of market penetration management strategies on performance of Small En...AkashSharma618775
Small businesses in Kenya face a myriad of challenges. Most of the establishments have gone under the
waters due to various reasons including market turbulences. The businesses leave the market as soon as they make
entry. If they stay, they stagnate at the same level they started. The objective of the study was to find out the effect
of market penetration strategies on the performance of small enterprises in Kenya. The study used descriptive
survey design. The study was conducted in Migori County, Kenya. The target population was 4997 which were
businesses registered by the department of Trade of Migori County in 2019. A sample of 481 individuals were
interviewed. This number was derived using Yamane sampling model. Data was collected from business owners
with the help of a structured questionnaire. The researcher used Cronbach’s alpha coeffect to test the reliability of
the study instrument. Data was sorted, sorted and entered using a statistical software program for social sciences
(SPSS). A simple linear regression was used to test the relationship between market penetration management
strategies and performance of small enterprises in Kenya. Pearson Product Moment correlation was employed in
testing the strength of the relationship between market penetration management strategies and growth of small
enterprises in Kenya.
Corruption is an issue that is affecting many countries in the world, and there are several approaches that have been found to effective depending on the other external factors. The Unites States has several anti-corruption approaches that were invested in countries of interest such as Afghanistan; however, these have failed dismally. The US government has spent over $70 million in different sectors that was intended to support anti-corruption initiative through the government, law enforcement, and journalists. However, there were several reports that were released indicated the lack of preparation and the strategic flaws in the approach taken by the United States. Afghanistan still poses a security risk to the United States, and public funding towards reconstruction of the country should take an evidence based approach that considers effective mechanisms applies in similar regimes. This paper evaluate the current framework of the procurement to preventing corruption by the United States and evidence based mechanisms by organizations that havebeen resistant to corruption.
The fight against corruption has become increasingly sophisticated and such demands a well-integrated, multidisciplinary strategy. This has necessitated the establishment of anti-corruption institutions, agencies or commissions which invariably have one or more of three functions: investigation and enforcement; corruption prevention; and awareness and education. However in Ghana, despite the existence of anti-corruption institutions, the perception of corruption has steadily increased to overwhelming levels. Why the increase in corruption in the face of these anti-corruption institutions is the subject matter of this study. This study brings to fore the systemic barriers, their frequency of occurrence and magnitude. This study aimed at identifying the challenges that affect the effectiveness of these anti-corruption institutions in Ghana. The study was purposely
carried out within anti-corruption institutions in Ghana. A simple random probability sampling was employed in sampling nine (9) anti-corruption institutions in the Ashanti Region of Ghana and questionnaires administered to their administrative heads. Relative importance, frequency and severity equations were used to analyze and rank the challenges affecting the work of these institutions. Lack of political will and inadequate leadership and management with Relative importance Index RII of 0.9778 respectively were the two (2) most critical challenges affecting the effectiveness of anti-corruption institutions in Ghana. Lack of donor initiatives with RII of 0.6667 was considered as the least challenge. The most frequent challenge identified by the anti-corruption agencies was the lack of budget and fiscal autonomy, with an index of 0.8148. In the face of these challenges, the government of Ghana should improve upon its efforts at fighting corruption as it strengthens the various anti-corruption institutions financially and logistically.
Fraud and corporate governance changing paradigm in India 2012EY
This report offers a perspective on the bribery landscape across Europe, the Middle East, India and Africa (EMEIA), including enforcement trends, risks for businesses to be aware of and mitigating steps companies may want to consider.
For further information on EY's fraud investigation and dispute services, please visit: http://www.ey.com/IN/en/Services/Assurance/Fraud-Investigation---Dispute-Services
Systemic barriers to the fight against corruption newSYCHRISTO
The fight against corruption has become increasingly sophisticated and such demands a well-integrated, multidisciplinary
strategy. This has necessitated the establishment of anti-corruption institutions, agencies or
commissions which invariably have one or more of three functions: investigation and enforcement; corruption
prevention; and awareness and education. However in Ghana, despite the existence of anti-corruption
institutions, the perception of corruption has steadily increased to overwhelming levels. Why the increase in
corruption in the face of these anti-corruption institutions is the subject matter of this study. This study brings to
fore the systemic barriers, their frequency of occurrence and magnitude. This study aimed at identifying the
challenges that affect the effectiveness of these anti-corruption institutions in Ghana. The study was purposely
carried out within anti-corruption institutions in Ghana. A simple random probability sampling was employed in
sampling nine (9) anti-corruption institutions in the Ashanti Region of Ghana and questionnaires administered to
their administrative heads. Relative importance, frequency and severity equations were used to analyze and rank
the challenges affecting the work of these institutions. Lack of political will and inadequate leadership and
management with Relative importance Index RII of 0.9778 respectively were the two (2) most critical
challenges affecting the effectiveness of anti-corruption institutions in Ghana. Lack of donor initiatives with RII
of 0.6667 was considered as the least challenge. The most frequent challenge identified by the anti-corruption
agencies was the lack of budget and fiscal autonomy, with an index of 0.8148. In the face of these challenges,
the government of Ghana should improve upon its efforts at fighting corruption as it strengthens the various
anti-corruption institutions financially and logistically.
Running head CORRUPTION 5CorruptionAuthor’s Na.docxtodd271
Running head: CORRUPTION 5
Corruption
Author’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Corruption
Introduction
Corruption is a significant crisis that kills the power of the constitution. Corruption diminishes the power of the society, economy, and social welfare of the nation. There are minimal chances of growth when corruption prevails. Thus, corruption is one of the biggest challenges facing the USA and is clearly shown by the form of administration. Factors that influence corruption is more, and the effect varies depending on the affected individuals. Typical corruption forms have taken way to inform of mishandling of policies, public funds misuse, and failure to submit to public growth projects. Current reports show that corruption is prevalent in many public sectors including but not limited to bribing of civil servants, misuse of political power, and bureaucrats using public power in the United States for a personal end.
Solution
s
Fighting corruption is a challenging task because individuals involved have either political or economic power this providing ways to manipulate the will of the weak. Regardless the report highlights possible ways to solve the issue of corruption while giving recommendations for implementation. First, it is possible to address corruption by engaging the public. Teaching the public about the effect of corruption would help combat the problem. That is, each person should be encouraged to follow the norms of the society and laws of the land (Olaguer, 2006). Following stands of morality would ensure that each person is watchful of individuals’ behaviors. Also, the public should learn how to spot instances of corruption and take necessary action when necessary. When the public is knowledgeable about the consequences of corruption, it is easier to engage in public participation in fighting the epidemic.
Next, corruption can be eradicated by employing a legal strategy. The process involves engaging the law, the judiciary, press, the police, and the media. By creating certainty and involving the bodies mention, it would be easier to discriminate corruption through justice. The legislature should be encouraged to review the laws and make clear the aspect of corrupt and corruption. Although the process might require more time, it would help understand when an individual is convicted of corruption (Heimann et al., 2008). Furthermore, the public should have the power to report against corrupt individuals in society without fear. While the legislature revises the laws, judicial civil servants would have the ability to sentence people from various social classes irrespective of their impact on society.
Third, decentralization of power is an essential step towards fighting corruption in the USA. This would give way for more transparency in the public sectors, procurement process, and budget process should be passed through mass media.
Best solution
Based on the time required to implement solutions, public participat.
INFORMAL SECTOR FINANCIAL CHALLENGES: A CASE OF MANUFACTURING INFORMAL SMALL ...ECTIJ
The study made an evaluation on the financial challenges in relation to manufacturing informal enterprises (SMEs) in Harare. The research adopted the mixed research methodology. Primary data collection tools used were: interviews and surveys. The study’s major finding was that informal small and medium enterprises were virtually excluded from accessing working capital formal credit from established financial institutions due to a myriad of challenges, the key challenge being none or inadequate bookkeeping practices. Furthermore, the study revealed that The informal SMEs contribute significantly over 60% to the Zimbabwe’s formal economy through various taxes and informal employment. The study recommended that Ministry of Small and Medium enterprises should provide assistance in form of formal credit basing on according records kept by informal sector.
Effective sources and uses of finance is one of the primary activities for the success of a
business, where imprudent financing practices have been identified as a key constraint for the development
of the SME sector. For instance, the empirical evidence suggests that uncertainties of the SMEs due tolack
of skills and knowledgeable workers, economic fluctuations and financingcosts at firm level constitutes to het
ride from proper access to formal financing
FIGHTING CORRUPTION IN SOUTH ASIA: BUILDING ACCOUNTABILITY Dr Lendy Spires
Hardly a speech is delivered in South Asia without mention of the need to fight corruption in the region. Yet despite the lofty promises, corruption is on the rise. This report shows how a serious lack of political will on the part of governments to make laws work, means that government action to fight corruption is largely ineffective. The report draws on the findings of in-depth research on anti-corruption efforts in Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and SriLanka, which analysed almost 70 institutions across the six countries.
While none of the institutions assessed were found to be free from corruption risks, this report focuses in particular on the judiciary and anti-corruption agencies as critical actors in the fight against corruption. It highlights common challenges in the region and presents the governments of South Asia with a clear set of urgent priorities which need to be addressed in order to translate their anti-corruption rhetoric into concrete action.
The key findings of the report are:
1. Citizens find themselves unable to access key information on how their governments are performing in order to hold them to account.
2. The lack of meaningful protection for whistleblowers means that the chances of detecting wrongdoing by those in positions of power are slim.
3. Widespread political interference in the critical work of anti-corruption agencies and the judiciary makes them ineffective in keeping a check on government.
This situation presents serious challenges for the rule of law in the region. Some laws are inconsistent with international standards, while others are not equally enforced and independently adjudicated. As a result, corruption and other crimes are not effectively and impartially investigated or punished. This creates an atmosphere where the corrupt continue to get away with abusing their positions for their own personal gain at the public’s expense. Nevertheless, there have been some positive developments in the fight against corruption over the last 10 years. Most significantly, all six countries in this study have ratified the UN Convention against Corruption. However, there is still a long way to go to turn these commitments into meaningful action. The analysis presented here suggests a worrying reluctance on the part of the governments concerned to enable citizens to help shape the decisions that affect their daily lives.
The right to information:
A long way to go Citizens continue to face challenges in realising their right to information. When citizens’ right to know is denied, they are less able to hold decision makers to account for their actions. Comprehensive Right to Information (RTI) legislation is in place in Bangladesh, India and Nepal and has recently been passed in Maldives.
The national anti corruption conference 2014Lwazi L.
The purpose of the National Anti-Corruption Conference 2014 is to lobby for multi-sectoral collaboration and standardisation in the fight against corruption in South Africa. The Conference provides an opportunity for high-level
government and business representatives, as well as civil society, to examine best practices for combating corruption with a particular focus on; promoting transparency and integrity in organising sport and other major events and
establishing cutting-edge measures for governments and business to combat corruption.
This presentation is an overview of Fraud Risk Management in Indian companies and the role of the Board of Directors in the context of the newly enacted Companies Act, 2013.
Similar to Study of private perceptions of corruption (jan 2013) (20)
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
ZGB - The Role of Generative AI in Government transformation.pdfSaeed Al Dhaheri
This keynote was presented during the the 7th edition of the UAE Hackathon 2024. It highlights the role of AI and Generative AI in addressing government transformation to achieve zero government bureaucracy
A process server is a authorized person for delivering legal documents, such as summons, complaints, subpoenas, and other court papers, to peoples involved in legal proceedings.
Donate to charity during this holiday seasonSERUDS INDIA
For people who have money and are philanthropic, there are infinite opportunities to gift a needy person or child a Merry Christmas. Even if you are living on a shoestring budget, you will be surprised at how much you can do.
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-to-donate-to-charity-during-this-holiday-season/
#charityforchildren, #donateforchildren, #donateclothesforchildren, #donatebooksforchildren, #donatetoysforchildren, #sponsorforchildren, #sponsorclothesforchildren, #sponsorbooksforchildren, #sponsortoysforchildren, #seruds, #kurnool
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Understanding the Challenges of Street ChildrenSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Russian anarchist and anti-war movement in the third year of full-scale warAntti Rautiainen
Anarchist group ANA Regensburg hosted my online-presentation on 16th of May 2024, in which I discussed tactics of anti-war activism in Russia, and reasons why the anti-war movement has not been able to make an impact to change the course of events yet. Cases of anarchists repressed for anti-war activities are presented, as well as strategies of support for political prisoners, and modest successes in supporting their struggles.
Thumbnail picture is by MediaZona, you may read their report on anti-war arson attacks in Russia here: https://en.zona.media/article/2022/10/13/burn-map
Links:
Autonomous Action
http://Avtonom.org
Anarchist Black Cross Moscow
http://Avtonom.org/abc
Solidarity Zone
https://t.me/solidarity_zone
Memorial
https://memopzk.org/, https://t.me/pzk_memorial
OVD-Info
https://en.ovdinfo.org/antiwar-ovd-info-guide
RosUznik
https://rosuznik.org/
Uznik Online
http://uznikonline.tilda.ws/
Russian Reader
https://therussianreader.com/
ABC Irkutsk
https://abc38.noblogs.org/
Send mail to prisoners from abroad:
http://Prisonmail.online
YouTube: https://youtu.be/c5nSOdU48O8
Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/libertarianlifecoach/episodes/Russian-anarchist-and-anti-war-movement-in-the-third-year-of-full-scale-war-e2k8ai4
State crafting: Changes and challenges for managing the public finances
Study of private perceptions of corruption (jan 2013)
1. Sant Maral Foundation
Study of Private
Perceptions of Corruption
(STOPP)
Strengthening
Transparency and
Governance in
Mongolia Program
January 2013
2. Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) | 2
This survey is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States
Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of Sant Maral
Foundation and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID, the United Sates Government, or The Asia
Foundation.
Sant Maral Foundation
3. Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) | 3
Table of Contents
I. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................4
II. STOPP Objectives..................................................................................................................................4
III. Methodology.....................................................................................................................................5
1. Qualitative Analysis...........................................................................................................................5
2. Quantitative Analysis ........................................................................................................................6
IV. Key Findings ......................................................................................................................................7
V. STOPP Survey Results............................................................................................................................8
1. Business Structure Description.....................................................................................................8
2. Impact on Productivity..................................................................................................................9
3. Business Environment and Business Operations........................................................................11
4. Corruption in the Public Sector...................................................................................................14
5. Knowledge of Anti-Corruption Efforts ........................................................................................16
6. Corruption in the Private Sector.................................................................................................19
7. Business Attitudes toward Being Involved in Anti-Corruption Actions ......................................21
4. Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) | 4
I. Introduction
The Mongolian economy is growing at an unprecedented rate. Sustained economic growth is boosting
gross domestic product (GDP), supporting job creation, reducing poverty levels, and allowing the
economy to expand into new fields.
Despite these impressive successes, there have been persistent reports in the media about the existence
of corrupt practices. These reports often relate to government employees asking businessmen for non-
stipulated fees in return for services, for example, to process or expedite obtaining permits and
documents, such as licenses, needed by business to operate.
These practices, paying extra to ensure government officials carry out routine tasks and functions in-line
with their duty, can become the norm. More detrimentally, “incentives” can be offered by business to
encourage officials to make decisions that favor particular outcomes. Such a supply-side practice by
business can contribute to further demand-side expectations. In the long-run, this distorts the whole
market economy. Without a level playing field, entry and exit from the market becomes stymied, and
competition is driven out of the market. Left unchecked, the prospects for long-term economic growth
are seriously affected.
II. STOPP Objectives
Until now, there has been no data about the pervasiveness of corrupt practices affecting business-
government relations in Mongolia. The Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) was designed
to obtain a picture of the extent of corruption, based on the experience of members of the business
community.
Interviewing representatives of small, medium, and large sized business enterprises, this study captures
the similarities and differences companies face in relation to corrupt practices, breaking down the
findings by sector. It does not try to quantify the cost of such practices for business, except as a
percentage of management time and financial resources.
The objectives of this study are two-fold. Firstly, it can be an important way to draw attention to the
problem of corruption in Mongolia. The data illustrates this well, and should spur the government and
law enforcement agencies to take this issue seriously. Secondly, with such data in the public domain,
targets can be set as part of the effort to address the issue.
This STOPP survey is the first in a series of four surveys to be carried out over a two-year period. This will
allow changes in the level of corruption, as perceived by business, to be tracked over time.
Corruption is not an issue that can be resolved by any one stakeholder. It requires a concerted effort by
all sectors of society. STOPP has been designed to give information about corruption to the business
5. Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) | 5
community, and to encourage it to be pro-active in taking initiatives to root out corrupt practices. The
business community must take the lead by developing its own agenda for tackling corruption, in parallel
to and to complement government corruption eradication initiatives.
III. Methodology
The survey was conducted by the Sant Maral Foundation on behalf of The Asia Foundation’s
Strengthening Transparency and Governance (STAGE) in Mongolia Project, funded by the United States
Agency for International Development (USAID). Data collection was carried out over three weeks in
November 2012, with data analysis taking place in December 2012. Results are based on both
qualitative and quantitative analysis.
The STOPP survey design is unique, and responds to local conditions within the Mongolian context. For
example, definitions of small, medium, and large sized businesses are based on a mix of company
turnover and the number of employees rather than company turnover alone, to take into account
difficulties to establish company turnover.
Companies were selected by random sample, based on the Sant Maral Foundation’s own database of
businesses. All companies that participated in the survey are based in Ulaanbaatar city.
1. Qualitative Analysis
Within the STOPP survey framework, 21 companies were interviewed about obstacles they encounter
during their business operations. Interviews were non-structured, face-to-face, and lasted from 30-120
minutes.
The participating companies were predominantly Mongolian, but included a few joint venture
companies (JVCs). Most of the companies were defined as medium size, with an annual turnover in
Mongolian Tugruk (MNT) ranging from MNT 25 million (approximately USD 18,115) to MNT 5 billion
(approximately USD 3.62 million). The number of employees varied from 3 to 60.
Companies interviewed operate in the following fields:
Trade
Service
Mining
Agriculture
Construction
Media
6. Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) | 6
2. Quantitative Analysis
Altogether 330 companies were interviewed. A self-administered questionnaire was used, with each
questionnaire taking from 10 to 20 minutes to complete.
The majority of companies, 86 percent, were small or medium size businesses; large businesses
accounted for 14 percent of the sample. All companies participating were registered from 1921 to 2011.
The number of employees varied from 1 to 750, and annual (reported) turnover varied from MNT 10
million (approximately USD 7,250) – MNT 20 billion (approximately USD 14.49 million).
Companies approached were active in the following fields:
Trade
Service
Manufacturing
Mining
Agriculture
Construction
Other: including Tourism, Training, and Media
7. Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) | 7
IV. Key Findings
The following are the key findings of the STOPP survey:
The three most popular ways to combat corruption were to “use honest business practices at all
time,” followed by “knowing rules and laws of government transactions” and “campaign against
corrupt political candidates” respectively.
Small and medium businesses suffer more than large businesses from corruption as an obstacle to
their business development.
The greatest impediments to company development were reported to be: taxes; obtaining,
renewing licenses and permissions; and low level of professionalism of public officials.
The Tax Office, Specialized Inspection Agency, and Customs are the three agencies that create the
most obstacles for businesses.
In recent years, public sector corruption has spread to private business. Embezzlement is frequent
through auxiliary business entities acquired or created by corrupt public officials.
Large businesses report a larger percentage of their resources being spent on non-productive
activities related to red-tape than small and medium businesses. Seventeen percent of the
management of large businesses admitted spending over 50 percent of their time on overcoming
non-productive obstacles, compared to a 12 percent average. Also, 15 percent of large businesses
use more than 25 percent of other resources to overcome non-productive obstacles, compared to
8 percent of small businesses.
The construction sector attracted the most criticism about its business environment. Although
construction companies do not have a good reputation, a significant part of the problem appears
to originate from the government agencies overseeing the sector. This has been revealed in
respondent’s reports about various obstacles in this sector as part of both the qualitative and
quantitative surveys. According to a preliminary study of the mining sector1
, there are similar
problems in this sector.
Despite government efforts to address corruption, there was “little knowledge” (44 percent) or
“almost no knowledge” (29 percent) of government efforts to combat corruption within the
business community.
As the business community has rather low expectations about fighting corruption, its involvement
in anti-corruption practices is extremely low. Only 12 percent of respondents admitted that they
had taken some measures to combat corruption.
1
Due to the sampling and methodological constraints of the survey mining sector was not included in the data
analysis.
8. Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) | 8
V. STOPP Survey Results
1. Business Structure Description
The largest proportion of companies in the sample came from the trade, services, manufacturing, and
construction sectors. Due to the relatively small sample (though sufficiently large for Mongolia), cross-
tabulations could only be made for these sectors. The small, medium, and large business categorizations
used were for devised specifically for this study, and were determined by a combination of annual
turnover, number of employees, profile, and assets.
Figure 1: Profile of companies by sector
Figure 2: Business size by annual turnover
28.5%
35.5%
20.6%
13.9%
5.8%
2.7%
8.8%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Services Trade Manufacturing Construction Mining Agriculture Other
46%
40%
14%
Small (<150 mln)
Medium (150-2000 mln)
Large (>2'000 mln)
9. Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) | 9
2. Impact on Productivity
Twelve percent of company management spend more than 50 percent of their time on overcoming non-
productive obstacles; 9 percent said that they do not. Large companies spend significantly more time
than small and medium businesses.
A similar pattern was observed concerning company resources. When cross-tabulated by company
profile, the construction sector leads in non-productive resource spending. This figure does not correlate
with management time. Rather, this can be connected to construction’s ranking as one of those sectors
most vulnerable to corrupt practices.
Figure 3: In your opinion, how much time does company management spend on dealing with non-
productive obstacles, for example, renewing or obtaining permits, and waiting for officials to respond for
licenses?
Figure 4: In your opinion, how much time does company management spend on dealing with
non-productive obstacles, for example, renewing or obtaining permits, and waiting for an official
response for licenses? (By company size)
9.0%
35.0%
27.0%
12.0%
17.0%
None
Up to 25%
25-50%
More than 50%
Don't know
None Up to 25% 25-50%
More than
50%
Don't know
Small 11.3% 34.7% 25.3% 13.3% 15.3%
Medium 8.3% 36.8% 25.6% 9.0% 20.3%
Large 4.3% 29.8% 36.2% 17.0% 12.8%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
10. Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) | 10
Figure 5: What percentage of company resources are wasted overcoming non-productive obstacles?
Figure 6: What percentage of company resources are wasted overcoming non-productive obstacles? (By
company size)
Figure 7: In your opinion, how much time does company management spend on dealing with non-
productive obstacles? (By company profile)
10%
36%
22%
11%
21% None
Up to 10%
10-25%
More than 25%
Don't know
None Up to 10% 10-25% More than 25% Don't know
Small 9.3% 35.3% 26.0% 8.0% 21.3%
Medium 11.3% 37.6% 17.3% 12.8% 21.1%
Large 6.4% 36.2% 23.4% 14.9% 19.1%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
None Up to 25% 25-50% More than 50% Don't know
Services 6.4% 42.6% 30.9% 11.7% 8.5%
Trade 11.8% 28.4% 16.7% 13.7% 29.4%
Manufacturing 8.3% 43.8% 27.1% 8.3% 12.5%
Construction 5.00% 37.50% 30.00% 10.00% 17.50%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
11. Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) | 11
Figure 8: What percentage of company resources are wasted overcoming
non-productive obstacles? (By company profile)
3. Business Environment and Business Operations
In an assessment of the general business environment, a negative perception prevails. On average, 27.2
percent of respondents evaluated the environment positively, against 66.3 percent who evaluated it
negatively. Small business is more pessimistic than medium and large businesses.
Similarly, the size of the company correlates directly with a positive assessment of the general business
environment and investments into company operations. The survey found 63.8 percent of large
companies reporting improvements in the business environment, compared to 26 percent of small
businesses. Moreover, 68.1 percent of large companies are expecting an improvement in investment
conditions in the next six months compared to 49.3 percent of small businesses and 61.7 percent of
medium businesses.
The main obstacles hindering company development are, in rank:
1. High taxes
2. Obtaining, renewing licenses and permissions
3. Low level of professionalism of government officials
Some obstacles show that the government should differentiate support for small /medium business and
large business. For example, standards, low level of professionalism, and labor market conditions are
more disruptive for large businesses, while small and medium businesses have more challenges with
access to credit and unofficial charges.
None Up to 10% 10-25% More than 25% Don't know
Services 11.7% 35.1% 27.7% 9.6% 16.0%
Trade 10.8% 42.2% 9.8% 8.8% 28.4%
Manufacturing 6.3% 35.4% 22.9% 12.5% 22.9%
Construction 2.5% 42.5% 27.5% 15.0% 12.5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
12. Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) | 12
Agencies and offices reported to be the main obstacles for business are:
1. Tax Office
2. Specialized Inspection Agency (SIA)
3. Customs
The Tax Office is reported evenly by all three company profiles. The SIA is dominant in construction. On
average, SIA is mentioned as an obstacle by 27 percent of respondents, but in the construction sector by
63 percent of companies. The Land Utilization Agency is also a major hindrance for construction
companies.
Table1: How satisfied or dissatisfied are you with the general business environment in Mongolia?
Small Medium Large Total
Very satisfied 2.7% 1.5% 4.3% 2.4%
Somewhat satisfied 18.0% 31.6% 27.7% 24.8%
Somewhat dissatisfied 55.3% 47.4% 38.3% 49.7%
Very dissatisfied 19.3% 12.8% 25.5% 17.6%
Don’t Know/Can’t Say 4.7% 6.8% 4.3% 5.5%
Table 2: During the last 6 months, have investment conditions for company operations improved,
worsened, or stayed the same?
Small Medium Large Total
Improved 26.0% 53.4% 63.8% 42.4%
Stayed the same 52.0% 33.8% 17.0% 39.7%
Worsened 15.3% 8.3% 10.6% 11.8%
Don’t Know/Can’t Say 6.7% 4.5% 8.5% 6.1%
Table 3: In the next 6 months, do you expect investment conditions will improve, stay the same, or
worsen?
Small Medium Large Total
Improve 49.3% 61.7% 68.1% 57.0%
Stay the same 26.0% 12.0% 10.6% 18.2%
Worsen 2.7% 3.8% 0 2.7%
Don’t Know/Can’t Say 22.0% 22.6% 21.3% 22.1%
13. Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) | 13
Figure 9: Obstacles companies face in their operations (multiple responses)
Table 4: Obstacles companies face in their operations (by business size; multiple responses)
Small Medium Large
High taxes 61.3% 54.1% 59.6%
Duties, official charges 16.7% 16.5% 12.8%
Unofficial charges 21.3% 14.3% 10.6%
Temporary prohibitions, restrictions 12.7% 17.3% 19.1%
Permanent prohibitions, restrictions 9.3% 13.5% 8.5%
Availability and accuracy of information 10.0% 9.8% 10.6%
Obtaining, renewing licenses and
permissions
34.7% 30.8% 38.3%
Low level of professionalism 17.3% 25.6% 36.2%
Availability and cost of transport 10.0% 21.1% 2.1%
Strong competition from other companies 8.0% 14.3% 12.8%
Standards 5.3% 5.3% 10.6%
Conditions of the labor market 9.3% 9.0% 12.8%
Access to credit 29.3% 15.8% 12.8%
Lack of management training 6.0% 2.3% 4.3%
Lack of market research 3.3% 5.3% 4.3%
Other 1.3% 1.5% 0
No obstacles 0 1.5% 0
Don’t Know/Can’t Say 2.7% 3.8% 0
0.6%
1.2%
2.7%
4.2%
4.2%
6.1%
9.7%
10.1%
10.9%
11.2%
13.3%
15.5%
16.1%
17.0%
21.5%
23.3%
33.6%
58.2%
No obstacles
Other
Don't know/Can't say
Lack of market research
Lack of management training
Standards
Conditions of the labor market
Availability and accuracy of the information
Permanent prohibitions, restrictions
Strong competition from other companies
Availability and cost of transport
Temporary prohibitions, restrictions
Duties, official charges
Unofficial charges
Access to credit
Low level of professionalism
Obtaining, renewing licenses and permissions
High taxes
14. Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) | 14
Figure 10: Agencies reported to create the maximum obstacles for business
Table 5: Agencies reported to create the most obstacles, by company profile
Total Services Trade Manufacturing Construction
Specialized Inspection Agency 27.3% 18.7% 18.0% 35.4% 62.5%
Land Utilization Agency 6.1% 4.4% 2.0% 6.3% 17.5%
Police 7.9% 13.2% 6.0% 6.3% 0
Tax Office 34.5% 29.7% 44.0% 35.4% 25.0%
Customs 14.8% 14.3% 29.0% 6.3% 7.5%
City regulatory agency 1.2% 1.1% 1.0% 4.2% 0
Hygienic agency 2.4% 1.1% 2.0% 6.3% 0
Local authority 9.7% 11.0% 10.0% 8.3% 7.5%
Other 3.6% 8.8% 1.0% 4.2% 0
Don’t Know/Can’t Say 13.3% 22.0% 10.0% 10.4% 7.5%
4. Corruption in the Public Sector
Forty two percent of respondents stated that there is a lot of corruption in the public sector, with 16
percent indicating that they had observed instances of corruption within the last month. Overall, 37
percent of respondents report having personal knowledge of corrupt transactions within their sector
during the last six months. The highest level of knowledge about corruption was observed in the
construction sector.
Overall, 75 percent of respondents said that they “always” or “often” encounter corruption in public
tenders and contracting. A total of 43 percent of companies interviewed reported that corruption in the
public sector affects them directly. Among them, 80 percent stated that it is affecting their business “a
lot” or “to some level.”
34.5%
27.3%
14.8%
9.7%
7.9%
6.1%
2.4%
1.2%
Tax office
Specialized Inspection agency
Customs
Local authority
Police
Land utilization agency
Hygienic agency
City regulatory agency
15. Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) | 15
Figure 11: How much corruption is there in the public sector?
Figure 12: When was the last instance you had personal knowledge about a corrupt transaction with
government by a company in your sector of business?
Table 6: When was the last instance you had personal knowledge about a corrupt transaction with
government by a company in your sector of business?
Services Trade Manufacturing Construction
In the last month 14.9% 16.7% 6.3% 27.5%
In the last 2-3 months 13.8% 7.8% 10.4% 20.0%
In the last 4-6 months 12.8% 5.9% 8.3% 5.0%
In the last 7 months to a year 8.5% 12.7% 10.4% 7.5%
More than a year ago 12.8% 15.7% 16.7% 15.0%
Never 17.0% 5.9% 8.3% 7.5%
Don’t Know/Can’t Say 20.2% 35.3% 39.6% 17.5%
42%
41%
9%
1%
7%
A lot
Some
A little
None
Don't know/Can't say
28.5%
10.0%
13.0%
11.2%
8.8%
12.1%
16.4%
Don't know/Can't say
Never
More than a year ago
In the last 7 months to a year
In the last 4-6 months
In the last 2-3 months
In the last month
16. Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) | 16
Figure 13: In your opinion, how often do companies encounter corruption in public sector tenders and
contracting?
Figure 14a: Is public sector corruption affecting
your business directly?
Figure 14b: If yes, how much?
5. Knowledge of Anti-Corruption Efforts
Despite government efforts to address corruption, there was “little knowledge” (44 percent) or “almost
no knowledge”(29 percent) reported by respondents of government efforts to combat corruption within
the business community. The attitude toward the anti-corruption legal environment is rather
pessimistic, with 60 percent citing that it is “hardly effective” or “not at all effective.”
More people (9 percent) say they believe that there is less corruption than those who say there is more
corruption (6 percent) compared to six months ago. Nevertheless, the majority of people, 56 percent,
47%
28%
12%
1% 12%
Always
Often
Rarely
Never
Don't know/Can't say
Yes
43%
No
39%
Don't know/
Can't say
18%
A lot
35%
Some level
45%
A little
18%
Don't know/
Can't say
2%
17. Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) | 17
say the level of corruption has remained the same. The construction sector leads in reporting that there
is more corruption now.
From the respondents interviewed, 78 percent say that corrupt government officials are “rarely” or
“never” punished.
Figure 15: How much do you know about the current efforts of the government to fight corruption?
Figure 16: In your opinion, how effective are the existing laws to make the business environment
transparent and non-corrupt?
9%
44%29%
18%
Extensive knowledge
Little knowledge
Almost no knowledge
No knowledge at all
2%
15%
41%
19%
23%
Very effective
Somewhat eefective
Hardly effective
Not at all effective
Don't know/Can't say
18. Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) | 18
Figure 17: In your opinion, what effect has the government’s anti-corruption measures had, specifically in
your sector of business, compared to the situation 6 months ago?
Table 7: In your opinion, what effect has the government’s anti-corruption measures had specifically in
your sector of business, compared to the situation 6 months ago? (By company profile)
Services Trade Manufacturing Construction
There is less corruption 14.9% 9.8% 6.3% 2.5%
Corruption has remained the same 55.3% 57.8% 45.8% 45.0%
There is more corruption 7.4% 4.9% 2.1% 12.5%
Don’t Know/Can’t Say 22.3% 27.5% 45.8% 40.0%
Figure 18: In your opinion, how effective are the steps being taken by the government to eradicate
overall corruption in Mongolia?
9%
56%
6%
29% There is less corruption
Corruption has remained the same
There is more corruption
Don't know/Can't say
2%
18%
39%
19%
22%
Very effective
Somewhat eefective
Hardly effective
Not at all effective
Don't know/Can't say
19. Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) | 19
Figure 19: In your opinion, how often does the government punish corrupt government officials?
6. Corruption in the Private Sector
Only 16.1 percent of respondents stated that there is no corruption in the private sector, with 48.1
percent indicating that corruption is “always” or “often” present in private sector tenders and
contracting.
Thirty-three percent of respondents report “always” or “often” encountering corruption in the course of
their work. The average number who indicated “always” is 11.5 percent, but in the construction sector
the number rises to 27.5 percent.
In a ranking by respondents of sectors most vulnerable to corruption, construction came second after
mining and public services. Although the reputation of construction companies in general is not very
high, a significant part of the problem appears to originate from government agencies overseeing
construction companies.
Figure 20: How much corruption do you think there is in the public/private sector?
2%
6%
35%
43%
14%
Always
Often
Rarely
Never
Don't know/Can't say
42.1% 40.9%
8.8%
0.9%
7.3%
9.7%
22.7%
39.4%
16.1%
12.1%
A lot Some A little None Don't know/Can't
say
Public Private
20. Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) | 20
Table 8: In your opinion, how often do companies encounter corruption in private sector tenders and
contracting?
Services Trade Manufacturing Construction All companies
Always 24.5% 23.5% 18.8% 32.5% 24.8%
Often 21.3% 25.5% 25.0% 22.5% 23.6%
Rarely 22.3% 24.5% 29.2% 40.0% 26.7%
Never 10.6% 1.0% 0 0 3.3%
Don’t
Know/Can’t Say
21.3% 25.5% 27.0% 5.0% 21.5%
Table 9: In your sector of business, how often do companies encounter corruption in the course of work?
Services Trade Manufacturing Construction All companies
Always 9.6% 9.8% 6.3% 27.5% 11.5%
Often 28.7% 17.6% 25.0% 20.0% 21.5%
Rarely 33.0% 42.2% 43.8% 40.0% 38.8%
Never 14.9% 11.8% 6.3% 0 12.1%
Don’t
Know/Can’t
Say
13.8% 18.6% 18.8% 12.5% 16.1%
Table 10: In your sector of business, how many companies do you think pay the right amount of tax to
the government?
Services Trade Manufacturing Construction All companies
Almost all companies 17.4% 12.1% 18.8% 5.0% 15.1%
Most companies 50.0% 37.4% 27.1% 12.5% 34.6%
Few companies 18.5% 28.3% 35.4% 45.0% 27.2%
Hardly any companies 6.5% 12.1% 12.5% 15.0% 11.1%
None of the companies 7.6% 10.1% 6.3% 22.5% 12.0%
21. Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) | 21
Figure 21: Sectors most vulnerable to corruption (multiple responses)
7. Business Attitudes toward Being Involved in Anti-Corruption Actions
The business community attitude toward participating in the STOPP survey can be described as very
cautious. Although the majority of respondents say they are aware of corrupt practices in both the
public and private sectors, they acknowledged the possibility of retaliation from corrupt officials.
Of note, 26 percent of respondents say they believe that their net income will decrease if corruption in
the government decreases, compared to 50 percent who expect it to increase. Some respondents
reported they fear that they will lose limited, and frequently the only, access they have to resources
channeled through the government.
If corruption decreases, respondents have the highest expectations for revenue growth in the
construction sector. If looking at business size, this is also true of large businesses.
There is no unanimous view as to the approach to improve anti-corruption legislation. Respondents
from the business community are almost evenly split between those who consider that only recipients
of bribes (public officials) should be prosecuted, and those who think that both recipients and givers
should be prosecuted. Levels of support for the latter are slightly higher, which could be explained by
several factors including widespread corruption within the private sector itself. For some companies,
corruption has become the only way to gain (an unfair) advantage over competitors.
The business community has rather low expectations about fighting corruption, while on the other
hand, involvement in anti-corruption practices is extremely low. Only 12 percent of respondents
admitted that they had taken some measures to combat corruption.
Internal codes, guidelines, or policy papers on how to deal with corruption have been developed by 9
percent of respondents, evenly distributed amongst the small, medium, and large business groups.
However, large businesses have not taken any greater steps on this issue than smaller businesses.
The three most popular ways cited by survey respondents to combat corruption are to “use honest
business practices at all times” (nearly 63 percent), to “know rules and laws of government
transactions,” and to “campaign against corrupt political candidates” (both at 40 percent). However,
57.0%
50.6%
49.1%
15.5%
11.5%
10.9%
10.3%
5.5%
Mining
Government services
Construction
Finance
Manufacturing
Electricity, Heating and Water
Trade
Other private services
22. Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) | 22
campaigning against corrupt political candidates could easily turn into a political struggle, a situation
which most business people try to avoid.
Figure 22: Some people argue that if the Mongolian corruption law is changed to prosecute only those
who receive bribes it will improve the governance situation. Others think that both givers and receivers
should be punished. What is your opinion?
Figure 23: If the extent of corruption in government were reduced, do you think that it would result in an
increase or decrease in your company’s net income, or it would not affect your company income at all?
Table 11: If the extent of corruption in government were to be reduced, do you think that it would result
in an increase or decrease in your company’s net income, or would it not affect your company income at
all? (By company profile)
Services Trade Manufacturing Construction
Net income would increase 43.6% 49.0% 50.0% 65.0%
Net income would decrease 33.0% 25.5% 16.7% 22.5%
It would have no affect 2.1% 1.0% 0 2.5%
Don’t Know/Can’t Say 21.3% 24.5% 33.3% 10.0%
41%
47%
12%
Only people who accept bribes should be punished
Persons who give and accept should be punished
Don't know/Can't say
50%
26.0%
1.0%
23.0%
Net income would increase
Net income would decrease
It would have no effect
Don't know/Can't say
23. Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) | 23
Table 12: If the extent of corruption in government were to be reduced, do you think that it would result
in an increase or decrease in your company’s net income, or would it not affect your company income at
all? (By company size)
Small Medium Large
Net income would increase 48.0% 46.6% 66.0%
Net income would decrease 25.3% 30.1% 19.1%
It would have no affect 1.3% 1.5% 0
Don’t Know/Can’t Say 25.3% 21.8% 14.9%
Figure 24: Has your company taken any steps to combat fraud or corruption?
Table 13: Has your company taken any steps to combat fraud or corruption? (By company size)
Small Medium Large
Yes 10.7% 11.3% 17.0%
No 74.7% 72.9% 57.4%
Don’t Know/Can’t Say 14.7% 15.8% 25.5%
Figure 25: Have you ever reported a case of corruption?
12%
71%
17%
Yes
No
Don't know/Can't say
9%
82%
9%
Yes
No
Don't know/Can't say
24. Study of Private Perceptions of Corruption (STOPP) | 24
Figure 26: Does your company have any written policy or rule about dealing with corruption within your
organization?
Table 14: Does your company have any written policy or rule about dealing with corruption within your
organization? (By business size)
Small Medium Large
Yes 10.0% 9.0% 10.6%
No 72.0% 78.9% 72.3%
Don’t Know/Can’t Say 18.0% 12.0% 17.0%
Figure 27: Ways to reduce corruption (multiple responses)
10%
75%
15%
Yes
No
Don't know/Can't say
5.2%
15.8%
23.3%
24.5%
32.4%
40.3%
40.3%
62.7%
Other
Join a civil society organization whose mission is to fight corruption
Report government corruption to the office of the ombudsman
Report corruption to mass media
Never pay bribes
Campaign against corrupt political candidates
Know the laws and rules of Government transactions
Use honest business practices at all times