Small businesses in Kenya face a myriad of challenges. Most of the establishments have gone under the
waters due to various reasons including market turbulences. The businesses leave the market as soon as they make
entry. If they stay, they stagnate at the same level they started. The objective of the study was to find out the effect
of market penetration strategies on the performance of small enterprises in Kenya. The study used descriptive
survey design. The study was conducted in Migori County, Kenya. The target population was 4997 which were
businesses registered by the department of Trade of Migori County in 2019. A sample of 481 individuals were
interviewed. This number was derived using Yamane sampling model. Data was collected from business owners
with the help of a structured questionnaire. The researcher used Cronbach’s alpha coeffect to test the reliability of
the study instrument. Data was sorted, sorted and entered using a statistical software program for social sciences
(SPSS). A simple linear regression was used to test the relationship between market penetration management
strategies and performance of small enterprises in Kenya. Pearson Product Moment correlation was employed in
testing the strength of the relationship between market penetration management strategies and growth of small
enterprises in Kenya.
This paper examines whether the long-run relationship between budget and external deficits follows the
tenets of the twin-deficit hypothesis, the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis, the current account targeting
hypothesis, or the feedback linkages. It also evaluates the effects of budget and trade deficits on economic growth.
On a global perspective, these have been in the recent period debated in developed and developing nations. In
contributing to this ongoing debate, the study applied unit root tests, cointegration analysis, a dynamic vector
error correction model and a multivariate Toda-Yamamoto long -run Granger-causality representation using
annual time series data for Kenya from 1980 to 2016. There is evidence of unidirectional causality running from
budget deficit to external deficit in support of the twin-deficit hypothesis. In the long run, budget deficit had
significant positive effects while trade deficit had significant negative effects, on real GDP growth. Overall, the
findings suggest that the authorities should promote policies that upscale fiscal discipline, curb budget deficits for
external stability and long-term economic growth, in Kenya. The evidence underscores the need for more country
specific studies in sub-Saharan Africa.
External Business Environment and Performance of Microfinance Institutions: E...AkashSharma618775
This study examined the intensity of competition in the microfinance industry and its relationship
performance of MFIs in Nigeria. From a sample of 121 MFIs in Nigeria, data was collected via a structured
questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed via Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM
3.0) using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS v22) and, findings suggest that MFIs were faced with
intense competition in the form of high cost and difficulty of entry, high operational cost and too many players in
the industry regardless of the type of product and services they offer or lending policies they embrace. The result
further reveal that the intensity of competition has significant negative influence on the amount of loans disbursed
and the amount disbursed to women. The study therefore recommends MFI managers to develop operational
mechanisms for cost and risk reduction to survive and excel.
Exploring the Marketing Competencies of Women Entrepreneurs in Micro-Small En...AkashSharma618775
This study deals with the marketing competencies and capabilities of women entrepreneurs who own and
manage micro-small- and medium (MSMEs)ventures in traditional and non-traditional lines of activities within
the urban settings in Khartoum State, Sudan. Entrepreneurial and marketing competencies are part of the
dynamic components that contribute to venture survival and success especially for women-owned/ managed MSEs.
This study addresses the perceived knowledge gap in the literature regarding the marketing competencies of
women entrepreneurs, using the marketing mix approach and the resource-based theory. It is a qualitative study
which follows an interpretive approach and applies grounded theory techniques. The study is framed within the
Marketing Mix approach and the resource-based theory highlighted within a gendered perspective. It examines
how women entrepreneurs perceive and apply the marketing function within their MSEs to maintain success
within highly competitive, turbulent and unpredictable markets. In such conditions it is essential to understand
what marketing competencies do these women entrepreneurs are endowed with and utilize while practicing the
marketing function in their entrepreneurial ventures and thrive for high performance and success.
Small–medium enterprise formation and nigerian economic growthYing wei (Joe) Chou
This document discusses small-medium enterprises (SMEs) and their relationship to economic growth in Nigeria. It provides background on SMEs in Nigeria, noting they account for a large share of employment and output but the country still faces high unemployment, poverty, and low human development. The paper reviews literature on the importance of SMEs in creating jobs, innovation, and knowledge transfer. It also discusses theories of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial development. The purpose is to empirically examine the link between SME formation, employment, and economic growth in Nigeria using statistical techniques like error correction modeling and cointegration testing.
This document discusses a study that investigates how absorptive capacity and marketing capabilities influence innovation commercialization in manufacturing and service firms in Nigeria.
The study uses data from the 2012 Nigeria Innovation Survey to test the hypotheses that absorptive capacity measures like openness and formal training, as well as marketing capabilities like new product marketing and marketing innovation, are positively associated with innovation performance.
The findings show that absorptive capacity measures comprising openness and formal training are positively associated with innovation performance. Marketing capabilities indicated by new product marketing and marketing innovation are also positively associated with innovation performance.
Investment is one of the most essential activities to be developed in young generations, especially
among Generation Z. One of the most popular investment instruments in Indonesia is stock investment.
Technology advancements in the current digital era have made it easier for Generation Z to actively participate
in the stock market.
This study examines knowledge transfer across boundaries within business incubation centers in China. Through interviews with employees at several incubation centers, the study identifies key boundary conditions and factors impacting knowledge transfer in the Chinese context. The results show that shared values and trust help knowledge transfer by reducing pragmatic boundaries between organizations. Additionally, entrepreneurial orientation and use of information-rich media within small-to-medium enterprises positively influence knowledge transfer across boundaries. The findings provide insights into knowledge management practices in emerging markets like China.
Effective sources and uses of finance is one of the primary activities for the success of a
business, where imprudent financing practices have been identified as a key constraint for the development
of the SME sector. For instance, the empirical evidence suggests that uncertainties of the SMEs due tolack
of skills and knowledgeable workers, economic fluctuations and financingcosts at firm level constitutes to het
ride from proper access to formal financing
This paper examines whether the long-run relationship between budget and external deficits follows the
tenets of the twin-deficit hypothesis, the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis, the current account targeting
hypothesis, or the feedback linkages. It also evaluates the effects of budget and trade deficits on economic growth.
On a global perspective, these have been in the recent period debated in developed and developing nations. In
contributing to this ongoing debate, the study applied unit root tests, cointegration analysis, a dynamic vector
error correction model and a multivariate Toda-Yamamoto long -run Granger-causality representation using
annual time series data for Kenya from 1980 to 2016. There is evidence of unidirectional causality running from
budget deficit to external deficit in support of the twin-deficit hypothesis. In the long run, budget deficit had
significant positive effects while trade deficit had significant negative effects, on real GDP growth. Overall, the
findings suggest that the authorities should promote policies that upscale fiscal discipline, curb budget deficits for
external stability and long-term economic growth, in Kenya. The evidence underscores the need for more country
specific studies in sub-Saharan Africa.
External Business Environment and Performance of Microfinance Institutions: E...AkashSharma618775
This study examined the intensity of competition in the microfinance industry and its relationship
performance of MFIs in Nigeria. From a sample of 121 MFIs in Nigeria, data was collected via a structured
questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed via Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM
3.0) using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS v22) and, findings suggest that MFIs were faced with
intense competition in the form of high cost and difficulty of entry, high operational cost and too many players in
the industry regardless of the type of product and services they offer or lending policies they embrace. The result
further reveal that the intensity of competition has significant negative influence on the amount of loans disbursed
and the amount disbursed to women. The study therefore recommends MFI managers to develop operational
mechanisms for cost and risk reduction to survive and excel.
Exploring the Marketing Competencies of Women Entrepreneurs in Micro-Small En...AkashSharma618775
This study deals with the marketing competencies and capabilities of women entrepreneurs who own and
manage micro-small- and medium (MSMEs)ventures in traditional and non-traditional lines of activities within
the urban settings in Khartoum State, Sudan. Entrepreneurial and marketing competencies are part of the
dynamic components that contribute to venture survival and success especially for women-owned/ managed MSEs.
This study addresses the perceived knowledge gap in the literature regarding the marketing competencies of
women entrepreneurs, using the marketing mix approach and the resource-based theory. It is a qualitative study
which follows an interpretive approach and applies grounded theory techniques. The study is framed within the
Marketing Mix approach and the resource-based theory highlighted within a gendered perspective. It examines
how women entrepreneurs perceive and apply the marketing function within their MSEs to maintain success
within highly competitive, turbulent and unpredictable markets. In such conditions it is essential to understand
what marketing competencies do these women entrepreneurs are endowed with and utilize while practicing the
marketing function in their entrepreneurial ventures and thrive for high performance and success.
Small–medium enterprise formation and nigerian economic growthYing wei (Joe) Chou
This document discusses small-medium enterprises (SMEs) and their relationship to economic growth in Nigeria. It provides background on SMEs in Nigeria, noting they account for a large share of employment and output but the country still faces high unemployment, poverty, and low human development. The paper reviews literature on the importance of SMEs in creating jobs, innovation, and knowledge transfer. It also discusses theories of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial development. The purpose is to empirically examine the link between SME formation, employment, and economic growth in Nigeria using statistical techniques like error correction modeling and cointegration testing.
This document discusses a study that investigates how absorptive capacity and marketing capabilities influence innovation commercialization in manufacturing and service firms in Nigeria.
The study uses data from the 2012 Nigeria Innovation Survey to test the hypotheses that absorptive capacity measures like openness and formal training, as well as marketing capabilities like new product marketing and marketing innovation, are positively associated with innovation performance.
The findings show that absorptive capacity measures comprising openness and formal training are positively associated with innovation performance. Marketing capabilities indicated by new product marketing and marketing innovation are also positively associated with innovation performance.
Investment is one of the most essential activities to be developed in young generations, especially
among Generation Z. One of the most popular investment instruments in Indonesia is stock investment.
Technology advancements in the current digital era have made it easier for Generation Z to actively participate
in the stock market.
This study examines knowledge transfer across boundaries within business incubation centers in China. Through interviews with employees at several incubation centers, the study identifies key boundary conditions and factors impacting knowledge transfer in the Chinese context. The results show that shared values and trust help knowledge transfer by reducing pragmatic boundaries between organizations. Additionally, entrepreneurial orientation and use of information-rich media within small-to-medium enterprises positively influence knowledge transfer across boundaries. The findings provide insights into knowledge management practices in emerging markets like China.
Effective sources and uses of finance is one of the primary activities for the success of a
business, where imprudent financing practices have been identified as a key constraint for the development
of the SME sector. For instance, the empirical evidence suggests that uncertainties of the SMEs due tolack
of skills and knowledgeable workers, economic fluctuations and financingcosts at firm level constitutes to het
ride from proper access to formal financing
CAPACITY BUILDING IN PROCUREMENT AND REGULATORY COMPLIANCE AT RWANDA ENERGY G...AkashSharma618775
The study examined the effect of capacity building in procurement on regulatory compliance at Rwanda
Energy Group. The objective of the study was to assess the effects of training, coaching and leadership
development in public procurement to regulatory compliance at Rwanda Energy Group. A descriptive survey
research design was adopted using quantitative methods and used a closed-ended questionnaire as a data collection
instrument. The study targeted 86 respondents from Rwanda Energy Group. Owing to the small size of the
targeted study population of REG staff based in Kigali, the whole population was taken for respondents to ensure
enough data is collected to inform the study. Collected data were analyzed on quantitative basis using Pearson’s
correlation, multiple regression analysis and descriptive statistics. For the analysis of training in public
procurement, the results have shown that all respondents in REG strongly agree with its effects in enhancing,
enforcing and streamlining regulatory compliance in public procurement. In the study, coaching in public
procurement, the results found that all responses provided, highlighted a positive trend to the first statistical range
(strong agree) of 1.27 as a mean with a minimum standard deviation estimated at 0.789 in general. The research
study analyzed leadership development, the results found that leadership development in public procurement is
strongly correlated with regulatory compliance of Rwanda Energy Group at significance level of 1.53 as the mean
with the minimum standard deviation estimated at 1.070 in general. The researcher recommended that Rwanda
Energy Group should consider, facilitating and involving all procurement staff in capacity building and
development through short courses and trainings organized by Rwanda Public Procurement Authority to improve
compliance with laws and regulations of public procurement in Rwanda.
Society has saluted corporate social responsibility of firms blindly without paying keen interest to the
long-term survival of humanity. This has made firms pay insufficient consideration to the need to produce
ecologically friendly products
Needless to say, social media represents one of the most important platforms for marketing
communications in today’s world. In line with other opportunities, it is an important resource for business -
information. Therefore, it should be considered as a valuable asset by companies.
Thinking about developing business leadership for the post covid worldYing wei (Joe) Chou
The document discusses the need to develop business leadership skills for the post-COVID world. It describes a model developed at Sacred Heart University's Center for Nonprofits that may provide students with the skills, attitudes and values required for successful social entrepreneurship. Over 15 years, 925 MBA students have completed 260 consulting projects for 125 nonprofit clients, totaling 65,000 volunteer hours and $60,000 in consulting services to help nonprofits. The model emphasizes developing students' "knowing," "doing," and "being" to prepare them for leadership in a world that demands both business acumen and social purpose.
Diffusion of innovation through individual and collective entrepreneurship an...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This document discusses a study that explores the relationship between individual entrepreneurship, collective (team-based) entrepreneurship, and innovation in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The study develops a theoretical framework and tests relationships using structural equation modeling on survey data from 700 entrepreneurs in SMEs in Pakistan. The results confirm that both individual entrepreneur traits and collective team efforts contribute to innovation in SMEs. Specifically, entrepreneur personality traits directly impact innovation while centralized decision-making does not, and factors like communication and collaboration among team members contribute to collective entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial orientation, which both directly impact innovation. The study aims to provide a more holistic view of entrepreneurship and innovation by considering both individual and collective dimensions.
This document summarizes a literature review on business process reengineering (BPR). It analyzes 27 peer-reviewed articles on BPR published between 2012 and 2021 in the Scopus database. Key findings include:
1) The most publications were in 2015 and 2016, with journals like the Journal of Business Process Management publishing multiple articles.
2) Research covered issues like loss of employee autonomy and challenges implementing BPR in sectors like healthcare and aviation. Advantages included improved efficiency and competitiveness.
3) Future research prospects include further examining BPR implementation barriers in different contexts and sectors.
An Investigation of the Effect of Challenges Encounters Female Entrepreneuria...AkashSharma618775
The participation of females in entrepreneurial activities is such a satisfying ideal that has proven to
convey positive contribution towards economic process. To ascertain this; the subject matter has presented herein.
Such presentation has been done by giving detailed analysis of the effects of challenges encounters female
entrepreneurial taking Malaysia, which is one of the transformed economies as the country of context. There is a
promising growth in entrepreneurial activities in the recent years in Malaysia; yet, this growth has seen to have
many male entrepreneurs leaving females with minimal rate of participation. There are challenges identified,
evaluated and analyzed to be the very reasons that leads to this scenario. The study employed three challenges
called economic, resource and cultural extracted from Isa et al., (2018); the challenges which are henceforth
implemented as independent variables (IVs) of the study. The study has found the significant correlation between
each of these IVs (EoC) and its subject matter; that’s female entrepreneurial (FE) in Malaysia the DV with the
significant levels of 0.026 and 0.012 respectively. The extent of effects was regretted to be 62% within the inverse
correlation of 0.89 to mean that the increase of EoC results to the decrease of FE and the decrease of EoC leads to
the increase of FE. The statistical analytics were measured using SPSS and data were secondarily reviewed from
the study of Hossain et al., (2018). For further researches; an expansion to reach other stakeholders like police
makers and officers of financial institutions has been recommended because, this study has been established on the
mere perspectives and opinions of entrepreneurs and not other stakeholders of entreprenerial activities.
This study examines how corporate entrepreneurship, national policies, and supply chain collaboration impact innovativeness among LED manufacturers in Malaysia. It analyzes survey data from manufacturers using partial least squares. The study finds that corporate entrepreneurship plays a moderating role in the relationships between national policies, supply chain collaboration, and innovativeness. The study expands literature by providing empirical evidence on these relationships from the perspective of an emerging country and examining the moderating role of corporate entrepreneurship. It has implications for helping local companies understand how to enhance innovativeness and expand their role in global supply chains.
Corporate entrepreneurship and business performance the moderating role of o...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This document summarizes a research paper that investigated the relationships between corporate entrepreneurship, organizational culture, and business performance in selected banks in Pakistan. The study found that corporate entrepreneurship was positively related to business performance, and that organizational culture was positively related to business performance. Additionally, the study found support for the hypothesis that organizational culture moderates the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and business performance, such that the relationship is stronger when organizational culture is considered. The study used a survey to collect data from managers in major Pakistani banks and analyzed the results using structural equation modeling.
An Exploratory Study of Factors Influencing Corporate Sustainability on busin...AkashSharma618775
This study evaluates the effect of corporate sustainability on business performance of manufacturing
industries in USA, from 2012 to 2015. These Manufacturing industries are listed in Corporate Social
Responsibility Hub (CSRHub), Morning Star and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). All data used in this report
were extracted from 37 manufacturing companies’ Sustainability, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and
annual reports. These companies are of diverse sectors such as Automobile, Health care, consumer goods, food,
beverages and technology. Quantitative method of research is used in this study; this also includes the use of
explanatory and descriptive research design. The main issues to be discussed in this study are Donation, Incident
rate reduction and Water Recycled as the independent variables, while Revenue is the dependent variable. Data
analysis was carried out using the regression analysis, descriptive statistics and correlation. E-views software
generated the data for further analysis. The findings imply that donation has a positive insignificance effect on
revenue, reduced incident rate reduction had positive significance effect on revenue and water recycling has
negative insignificant effect on revenue. In the future researches, larger samples of companies form diverse sectors
and subsectors should be studied to broaden the research on company performance especially the non-financial
aspect.
This document analyzes the relationship between trade openness and income inequality in Africa using data from 38 African countries from 1980 to 2018. It reviews previous literature that has found mixed results on the impact of trade openness on inequality. The literature identifies factors like economic conditions, social factors, and institutions that influence inequality. The document aims to examine the effects of five dimensions of trade openness on income inequality in Africa, using multiple indices of trade openness. Preliminary results from the analysis show that measures of domestic and international trade are associated with higher income inequality. The study contributes new evidence on this topic in Africa.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of networking between small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and officers at SME Corp. Malaysia on the SMEs' ability to access financial government support programs. The study also examined how financial government support influences SMEs' access to other financial resources. The results showed that networking with SME Corp. officers has a significant positive effect on SMEs' ability to gain financial government support. Additionally, receiving financial government support significantly and positively influences SMEs' capability to access financing from other financial institutions in Malaysia.
Exposure to financial distress in businesses adversely affects the groups related to the business and
the general economic structure. Financial distress, which is one of the most important research topics in the
recent finance literature, has always been important in economies with high cyclical fluctuations such as Turkey
and has turned into an area where intensive studies are carried out
This document summarizes the current state of research on corporate entrepreneurship (CE) among emerging market firms. It reviews literature from 2000-2019 that examines CE related to innovation, strategic renewal, and new venturing in emerging economies. The review finds that while research exists on these topics separately, there is a lack of holistic examination of CE incorporating all three aspects. It concludes that more research is needed to understand how country-level differences in emerging markets impact firms' CE activities and competitive strategies. The document provides directions for future research to address these gaps.
Think with me, or think for me on the future role of artificial intelligenc...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This document discusses the potential role of artificial intelligence in marketing strategy formulation. It finds that:
1) AI is increasingly being used to process large amounts of data and translate it into usable information that can inform marketing strategies.
2) While AI is commonly used for tactical marketing tasks, it also shows promise for aiding strategic decision making by systematically processing data and identifying strategic options.
3) A key consideration is moving beyond using AI just for rational decision making and exploring its potential for more creative strategic thinking through a "creative-possibility perspective."
Entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial education and performanceYing wei (Joe) Chou
1. The study examines the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (including proactiveness, innovativeness, and risk-taking) and business performance, as well as the role of entrepreneurship education.
2. The findings show that innovative proactiveness positively influences non-financial business performance, while risk-taking propensity does not influence financial or non-financial performance.
3. Entrepreneurship education was also found to have no connection with entrepreneurial orientation or business performance.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the importance of capacity building and infrastructure development for the entrepreneurial practices of university graduates in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The study found that 60% of male and 70% of female respondents agreed that capacity building and infrastructure development are important. There was no significant difference between male and female respondents in their views. The study concluded that capacity building and infrastructure development are both important to enhance entrepreneurial practices among university graduates in Bayelsa State.
This document examines the effect of digital marketing on the performance of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Kenya. It discusses how MSMEs play an important role in economies by creating jobs and contributing to GDP. However, many MSMEs in Kenya struggle with poor performance and high failure rates. The study aims to determine if digital marketing tools like the internet, social media, and mobile phones can help improve MSME performance. A literature review presents past studies that found positive relationships between digital marketing and business performance. The conceptual framework proposes that digital marketing tools will increase customer base, sales, and profitability of Kenyan MSMEs. The dynamic capabilities theory guides the study by suggesting firms must adapt to changing environments
This document examines the effect of digital marketing on the performance of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Kenya. It discusses how MSMEs significantly contribute to employment, GDP and economic development in Kenya. However, many MSMEs struggle with low performance and high failure rates. The study aims to determine if digital marketing techniques like mobile phone marketing, social media marketing and internet marketing can improve MSME performance. A conceptual framework is presented showing how these digital marketing tools may positively impact customer base, sales and profits. The dynamic capabilities theory provides the theoretical background for expecting digital marketing to enhance MSME competitiveness and performance in dynamic business environments.
This document examines the effect of digital marketing on the performance of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Kenya. It discusses how MSMEs significantly contribute to employment, GDP and economic development in Kenya. However, many MSMEs struggle with low performance and high failure rates. The study aims to determine if digital marketing techniques like mobile phone marketing, social media marketing and internet marketing can improve MSME performance. A conceptual framework is presented showing how these digital marketing tools may positively impact customer base, sales and profits. The dynamic capabilities theory provides the theoretical background for expecting digital marketing to enhance MSME competitiveness and performance in dynamic business environments.
This document examines the effect of digital marketing on the performance of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Kenya. It discusses how MSMEs significantly contribute to employment, GDP and economic development in Kenya. However, many MSMEs struggle with low performance and high failure rates. The study aims to determine if digital marketing techniques like mobile phone marketing, social media marketing and internet marketing can improve MSME performance. A conceptual framework is presented showing how these digital marketing tools may positively impact customer base, sales and profits. The dynamic capabilities theory provides the theoretical background for expecting digital marketing to enhance MSME competitiveness and performance over time.
This document examines the effect of digital marketing on the performance of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Kenya. It discusses how MSMEs significantly contribute to employment, GDP and economic development in Kenya. However, many MSMEs struggle with low performance and high failure rates. The study aims to determine if digital marketing techniques like mobile phone marketing, social media marketing and internet marketing can improve MSME performance. A conceptual framework is presented showing how these digital marketing tools may positively impact customer base, sales and profits. The dynamic capabilities theory provides the theoretical background for how firms can adapt to changing environments to maintain competitive advantage.
CAPACITY BUILDING IN PROCUREMENT AND REGULATORY COMPLIANCE AT RWANDA ENERGY G...AkashSharma618775
The study examined the effect of capacity building in procurement on regulatory compliance at Rwanda
Energy Group. The objective of the study was to assess the effects of training, coaching and leadership
development in public procurement to regulatory compliance at Rwanda Energy Group. A descriptive survey
research design was adopted using quantitative methods and used a closed-ended questionnaire as a data collection
instrument. The study targeted 86 respondents from Rwanda Energy Group. Owing to the small size of the
targeted study population of REG staff based in Kigali, the whole population was taken for respondents to ensure
enough data is collected to inform the study. Collected data were analyzed on quantitative basis using Pearson’s
correlation, multiple regression analysis and descriptive statistics. For the analysis of training in public
procurement, the results have shown that all respondents in REG strongly agree with its effects in enhancing,
enforcing and streamlining regulatory compliance in public procurement. In the study, coaching in public
procurement, the results found that all responses provided, highlighted a positive trend to the first statistical range
(strong agree) of 1.27 as a mean with a minimum standard deviation estimated at 0.789 in general. The research
study analyzed leadership development, the results found that leadership development in public procurement is
strongly correlated with regulatory compliance of Rwanda Energy Group at significance level of 1.53 as the mean
with the minimum standard deviation estimated at 1.070 in general. The researcher recommended that Rwanda
Energy Group should consider, facilitating and involving all procurement staff in capacity building and
development through short courses and trainings organized by Rwanda Public Procurement Authority to improve
compliance with laws and regulations of public procurement in Rwanda.
Society has saluted corporate social responsibility of firms blindly without paying keen interest to the
long-term survival of humanity. This has made firms pay insufficient consideration to the need to produce
ecologically friendly products
Needless to say, social media represents one of the most important platforms for marketing
communications in today’s world. In line with other opportunities, it is an important resource for business -
information. Therefore, it should be considered as a valuable asset by companies.
Thinking about developing business leadership for the post covid worldYing wei (Joe) Chou
The document discusses the need to develop business leadership skills for the post-COVID world. It describes a model developed at Sacred Heart University's Center for Nonprofits that may provide students with the skills, attitudes and values required for successful social entrepreneurship. Over 15 years, 925 MBA students have completed 260 consulting projects for 125 nonprofit clients, totaling 65,000 volunteer hours and $60,000 in consulting services to help nonprofits. The model emphasizes developing students' "knowing," "doing," and "being" to prepare them for leadership in a world that demands both business acumen and social purpose.
Diffusion of innovation through individual and collective entrepreneurship an...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This document discusses a study that explores the relationship between individual entrepreneurship, collective (team-based) entrepreneurship, and innovation in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The study develops a theoretical framework and tests relationships using structural equation modeling on survey data from 700 entrepreneurs in SMEs in Pakistan. The results confirm that both individual entrepreneur traits and collective team efforts contribute to innovation in SMEs. Specifically, entrepreneur personality traits directly impact innovation while centralized decision-making does not, and factors like communication and collaboration among team members contribute to collective entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial orientation, which both directly impact innovation. The study aims to provide a more holistic view of entrepreneurship and innovation by considering both individual and collective dimensions.
This document summarizes a literature review on business process reengineering (BPR). It analyzes 27 peer-reviewed articles on BPR published between 2012 and 2021 in the Scopus database. Key findings include:
1) The most publications were in 2015 and 2016, with journals like the Journal of Business Process Management publishing multiple articles.
2) Research covered issues like loss of employee autonomy and challenges implementing BPR in sectors like healthcare and aviation. Advantages included improved efficiency and competitiveness.
3) Future research prospects include further examining BPR implementation barriers in different contexts and sectors.
An Investigation of the Effect of Challenges Encounters Female Entrepreneuria...AkashSharma618775
The participation of females in entrepreneurial activities is such a satisfying ideal that has proven to
convey positive contribution towards economic process. To ascertain this; the subject matter has presented herein.
Such presentation has been done by giving detailed analysis of the effects of challenges encounters female
entrepreneurial taking Malaysia, which is one of the transformed economies as the country of context. There is a
promising growth in entrepreneurial activities in the recent years in Malaysia; yet, this growth has seen to have
many male entrepreneurs leaving females with minimal rate of participation. There are challenges identified,
evaluated and analyzed to be the very reasons that leads to this scenario. The study employed three challenges
called economic, resource and cultural extracted from Isa et al., (2018); the challenges which are henceforth
implemented as independent variables (IVs) of the study. The study has found the significant correlation between
each of these IVs (EoC) and its subject matter; that’s female entrepreneurial (FE) in Malaysia the DV with the
significant levels of 0.026 and 0.012 respectively. The extent of effects was regretted to be 62% within the inverse
correlation of 0.89 to mean that the increase of EoC results to the decrease of FE and the decrease of EoC leads to
the increase of FE. The statistical analytics were measured using SPSS and data were secondarily reviewed from
the study of Hossain et al., (2018). For further researches; an expansion to reach other stakeholders like police
makers and officers of financial institutions has been recommended because, this study has been established on the
mere perspectives and opinions of entrepreneurs and not other stakeholders of entreprenerial activities.
This study examines how corporate entrepreneurship, national policies, and supply chain collaboration impact innovativeness among LED manufacturers in Malaysia. It analyzes survey data from manufacturers using partial least squares. The study finds that corporate entrepreneurship plays a moderating role in the relationships between national policies, supply chain collaboration, and innovativeness. The study expands literature by providing empirical evidence on these relationships from the perspective of an emerging country and examining the moderating role of corporate entrepreneurship. It has implications for helping local companies understand how to enhance innovativeness and expand their role in global supply chains.
Corporate entrepreneurship and business performance the moderating role of o...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This document summarizes a research paper that investigated the relationships between corporate entrepreneurship, organizational culture, and business performance in selected banks in Pakistan. The study found that corporate entrepreneurship was positively related to business performance, and that organizational culture was positively related to business performance. Additionally, the study found support for the hypothesis that organizational culture moderates the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and business performance, such that the relationship is stronger when organizational culture is considered. The study used a survey to collect data from managers in major Pakistani banks and analyzed the results using structural equation modeling.
An Exploratory Study of Factors Influencing Corporate Sustainability on busin...AkashSharma618775
This study evaluates the effect of corporate sustainability on business performance of manufacturing
industries in USA, from 2012 to 2015. These Manufacturing industries are listed in Corporate Social
Responsibility Hub (CSRHub), Morning Star and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). All data used in this report
were extracted from 37 manufacturing companies’ Sustainability, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and
annual reports. These companies are of diverse sectors such as Automobile, Health care, consumer goods, food,
beverages and technology. Quantitative method of research is used in this study; this also includes the use of
explanatory and descriptive research design. The main issues to be discussed in this study are Donation, Incident
rate reduction and Water Recycled as the independent variables, while Revenue is the dependent variable. Data
analysis was carried out using the regression analysis, descriptive statistics and correlation. E-views software
generated the data for further analysis. The findings imply that donation has a positive insignificance effect on
revenue, reduced incident rate reduction had positive significance effect on revenue and water recycling has
negative insignificant effect on revenue. In the future researches, larger samples of companies form diverse sectors
and subsectors should be studied to broaden the research on company performance especially the non-financial
aspect.
This document analyzes the relationship between trade openness and income inequality in Africa using data from 38 African countries from 1980 to 2018. It reviews previous literature that has found mixed results on the impact of trade openness on inequality. The literature identifies factors like economic conditions, social factors, and institutions that influence inequality. The document aims to examine the effects of five dimensions of trade openness on income inequality in Africa, using multiple indices of trade openness. Preliminary results from the analysis show that measures of domestic and international trade are associated with higher income inequality. The study contributes new evidence on this topic in Africa.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of networking between small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and officers at SME Corp. Malaysia on the SMEs' ability to access financial government support programs. The study also examined how financial government support influences SMEs' access to other financial resources. The results showed that networking with SME Corp. officers has a significant positive effect on SMEs' ability to gain financial government support. Additionally, receiving financial government support significantly and positively influences SMEs' capability to access financing from other financial institutions in Malaysia.
Exposure to financial distress in businesses adversely affects the groups related to the business and
the general economic structure. Financial distress, which is one of the most important research topics in the
recent finance literature, has always been important in economies with high cyclical fluctuations such as Turkey
and has turned into an area where intensive studies are carried out
This document summarizes the current state of research on corporate entrepreneurship (CE) among emerging market firms. It reviews literature from 2000-2019 that examines CE related to innovation, strategic renewal, and new venturing in emerging economies. The review finds that while research exists on these topics separately, there is a lack of holistic examination of CE incorporating all three aspects. It concludes that more research is needed to understand how country-level differences in emerging markets impact firms' CE activities and competitive strategies. The document provides directions for future research to address these gaps.
Think with me, or think for me on the future role of artificial intelligenc...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This document discusses the potential role of artificial intelligence in marketing strategy formulation. It finds that:
1) AI is increasingly being used to process large amounts of data and translate it into usable information that can inform marketing strategies.
2) While AI is commonly used for tactical marketing tasks, it also shows promise for aiding strategic decision making by systematically processing data and identifying strategic options.
3) A key consideration is moving beyond using AI just for rational decision making and exploring its potential for more creative strategic thinking through a "creative-possibility perspective."
Entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial education and performanceYing wei (Joe) Chou
1. The study examines the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (including proactiveness, innovativeness, and risk-taking) and business performance, as well as the role of entrepreneurship education.
2. The findings show that innovative proactiveness positively influences non-financial business performance, while risk-taking propensity does not influence financial or non-financial performance.
3. Entrepreneurship education was also found to have no connection with entrepreneurial orientation or business performance.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the importance of capacity building and infrastructure development for the entrepreneurial practices of university graduates in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The study found that 60% of male and 70% of female respondents agreed that capacity building and infrastructure development are important. There was no significant difference between male and female respondents in their views. The study concluded that capacity building and infrastructure development are both important to enhance entrepreneurial practices among university graduates in Bayelsa State.
This document examines the effect of digital marketing on the performance of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Kenya. It discusses how MSMEs play an important role in economies by creating jobs and contributing to GDP. However, many MSMEs in Kenya struggle with poor performance and high failure rates. The study aims to determine if digital marketing tools like the internet, social media, and mobile phones can help improve MSME performance. A literature review presents past studies that found positive relationships between digital marketing and business performance. The conceptual framework proposes that digital marketing tools will increase customer base, sales, and profitability of Kenyan MSMEs. The dynamic capabilities theory guides the study by suggesting firms must adapt to changing environments
This document examines the effect of digital marketing on the performance of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Kenya. It discusses how MSMEs significantly contribute to employment, GDP and economic development in Kenya. However, many MSMEs struggle with low performance and high failure rates. The study aims to determine if digital marketing techniques like mobile phone marketing, social media marketing and internet marketing can improve MSME performance. A conceptual framework is presented showing how these digital marketing tools may positively impact customer base, sales and profits. The dynamic capabilities theory provides the theoretical background for expecting digital marketing to enhance MSME competitiveness and performance in dynamic business environments.
This document examines the effect of digital marketing on the performance of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Kenya. It discusses how MSMEs significantly contribute to employment, GDP and economic development in Kenya. However, many MSMEs struggle with low performance and high failure rates. The study aims to determine if digital marketing techniques like mobile phone marketing, social media marketing and internet marketing can improve MSME performance. A conceptual framework is presented showing how these digital marketing tools may positively impact customer base, sales and profits. The dynamic capabilities theory provides the theoretical background for expecting digital marketing to enhance MSME competitiveness and performance in dynamic business environments.
This document examines the effect of digital marketing on the performance of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Kenya. It discusses how MSMEs significantly contribute to employment, GDP and economic development in Kenya. However, many MSMEs struggle with low performance and high failure rates. The study aims to determine if digital marketing techniques like mobile phone marketing, social media marketing and internet marketing can improve MSME performance. A conceptual framework is presented showing how these digital marketing tools may positively impact customer base, sales and profits. The dynamic capabilities theory provides the theoretical background for expecting digital marketing to enhance MSME competitiveness and performance over time.
This document examines the effect of digital marketing on the performance of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Kenya. It discusses how MSMEs significantly contribute to employment, GDP and economic development in Kenya. However, many MSMEs struggle with low performance and high failure rates. The study aims to determine if digital marketing techniques like mobile phone marketing, social media marketing and internet marketing can improve MSME performance. A conceptual framework is presented showing how these digital marketing tools may positively impact customer base, sales and profits. The dynamic capabilities theory provides the theoretical background for how firms can adapt to changing environments to maintain competitive advantage.
This study examined the effect of market segmentation on the performance of micro, small, and medium enterprises in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria. A survey was conducted of 246 owners and managers of these enterprises. Multiple regression analysis found that demographic segmentation had a positive and statistically significant effect on enterprise performance, while geographic and behavioral segmentation had negative effects that were not statistically significant. The study concludes that market segmentation can improve enterprise performance by helping to identify the best customer groups to target. It recommends that enterprises in the area focus their segmentation on demographic characteristics.
Strategic Options for Creating Competitive Advantage for Youth Enterprises in...paperpublications3
Abstract: The Youth Enterprises have to survive in the global economic environment through defining the areas in which they can achieve the superior results and on them base their complete business. This article discusses the back ground information regarding youth enterprises in relation to vision 2030 and the global trends on SMES competitiveness as well as regional trends on SMES competitiveness. The research objectives are the effects of collaborative networks, innovation, product diversification and entrepreneurial skills on competitive advantage of youth enterprises. Conceptual framework focuses on both independent and dependent variables, independent variables namely; collaborative networks, innovation, product diversification and entrepreneurial skills; dependent variable namely competitive advantage. The purpose of this article is: to unite and to expand the existing cognitions about the concept of collaborative networks, innovativeness, product diversification, and entrepreneurial skills; propose the universal model for the process of transformation of implementing these concept and to point on the guidelines which should follow these concepts.
The document discusses a study on analyzing the competitiveness of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia. It finds that SMEs' ability to build effective and efficient networks is a key determinant of their flexibility and productivity. Effective networks are characterized by operational efficiency through lower transaction costs, improved access to working capital, and a more innovative business climate. The study suggests network expansion is critical for SME policy development.
365 CONTEMPORARY MARKETING PRACTICES THE CASE OF SMALL CLOTHING MANUFACTURIN...Todd Turner
This document analyzes contemporary marketing practices used by small clothing manufacturing companies in Brazil, specifically looking at interactive marketing, digital marketing, and network marketing. It provides context on small businesses and discusses each of the three marketing dimensions. The study is a qualitative analysis of multiple small clothing companies through interviews and observations to understand how they plan, implement, and evaluate different contemporary marketing practices based on their entrepreneurial orientation and market orientation.
An evaluation of legal, legislative and financial factors affecting performan...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes legal, legislative, and financial factors affecting the performance of women micro-entrepreneurs in Kenya. It finds that:
1) Legal and legislative factors, such as high licensing fees and a lack of property rights for women, have a strongly negative impact on business performance.
2) Access to financial services from microfinance institutions has a strongly positive impact by providing opportunities for women to start and grow businesses.
3) Women entrepreneurs lack education on their legal rights and face difficulties conforming to complex regulations, adopting new technologies, and perceive taxes and fees as constraints.
This document summarizes a journal article that examines the relationship between digital marketing, e-commerce, and the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Baghdad, Iraq. The study involved surveying 228 respondents from SMEs in services and industries in Baghdad. The results found that there is a positive relationship between digital marketing/e-commerce and SME performance. Specifically, increasing investment in digital marketing and e-commerce was found to improve SME competitiveness and financial performance indicators like profitability. Prior literature also suggests digital marketing and e-commerce can help SMEs reach new customers, increase sales and market share when adopted strategically along with organizational changes.
Entrepreneurial Marketing Practice The Effect on Growth of Small and Medium S...ijtsrd
Entrepreneurial marketing EM practices have been identified as one of the important key ingredients for growth in small and medium enterprises. SMEs . The success or failure of SMEs is said to rest in part on the nature and types of marketing practices they employ. The objective of the study is to determine the effect of product development strategy and pricing strategies on growth of small and medium enterprises SMEs in Ekiti State. Survey design was employed in which questionnaires were used to collect primary data from the respondents. The population made up of owners managers of small and medium enterprises in Ekiti State while simple random techniques was used to select 150 samples size who participated in the study and inferential statistics including chi square was adopt to test the hypothesis. The findings revealed that there is relationship between product development strategy, pricing strategy and the growth of small and medium enterprises. It was recommended that comprehensive training on product innovation for the SMEs owners manager on entrepreneurship and always adopts pricing strategies. Ogundele, Taiwo | Medayese Olanike Olayinka "Entrepreneurial Marketing Practice: The Effect on Growth of Small and Medium Scale Business in Ekiti State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49475.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/49475/entrepreneurial-marketing-practice-the-effect-on-growth-of-small-and-medium-scale-business-in-ekiti-state/ogundele-taiwo
The purpose of this research is for the growth and development of Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises to be able to help and improve the economy and absorb as much workforce as possible as well as
the introduction of regional superior products, especially Micro and Medium Enterprises. The analytical method
is carried out through explanatory research, with the PLS/SEM application. The concepts and problems studied
look at the causal relationship, then explain the variables that cause the problems studied. The research sample
was 178 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in the South Tangerang area. The findings from this study are
that there is a positive influence of strategic orientation, organizational culture, corporate entrepreneurship on
firm performance. There is a positive influence of strategic orientation, organizational culture, corporate
entrepreneurship on business model innovation. There is a positive influence of business model innovation on
firm performance. There is a positive influence of strategic orientation, organizational culture, corporate
entrepreneurship on firm performance mediated by business model innovation. Theoretical implications of the
existence of a business model innovation through increasing its dimensions can increase the firm performance of
Micro and Medium Enterprises actors and can increase the trust and loyalty of related parties. Improving and
developing production quality first, paying attention to development and innovation. Strategic orientation will
provide a good indication of the firm performance of Micro and Medium Enterprises. Managerial implications
state that product quality, in the process of involving strategic orientation, organizational culture, corporate
entrepreneurship, all entrepreneurs with third parties is very close, so that cooperation and conformity of
technical specifications to the wishes of the community must be a top priority. The quality of Micro and Medium
Enterprises actors in terms of cooperation, production quality, performance of divisions such as decision
makers, is a picture that can be felt by the community or parties who work together, so that these various
qualities must be a priority for the improvement of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.
This document provides a literature review on the topic of whether Nigerian small and medium enterprises (SMEs) can use social media to enhance their marketing strategies. It begins with an introduction to the topic and definitions of key terms. It then discusses the importance of social media and SMEs to economies. Specifically, it notes that social media has become influential in decision making and relationship building. It also outlines that SMEs are important drivers of job creation and economic growth. The document then reviews social media marketing and how platforms like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and YouTube can be leveraged by SMEs facing constraints like limited budgets and marketing knowledge. In closing, it examines the link between social media and marketing theory.
This document summarizes a research paper that examined the relationship between digital marketing, e-commerce, and the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Baghdad, Iraq. The study involved surveying 228 respondents from SMEs in services and industries in Baghdad. The results found that digital marketing and e-commerce had a positive effect on SME performance indicators like financial performance, growth, market share, and profitability. Specifically, it was found that increased investment in digital marketing and e-commerce can improve SME marketing success and lead to higher profits.
The Impact of E-Business Adoption on a Global Marketing: A Case Study of SMEs...inventionjournals
In the era of globalization pursuing a sophisticated and develop, people are more inclined to the use of media electronic as a complement to a daily life. Almost a large amount and a half of the cycle of human life in this era tended to and controlled by the media electronic as an auxiliary handling in daily life. It is also beneficial to the Small Medium Enterprise (SME) to broaden their sources of income into globalize and it is certainly helpful to boost their goods and services in the market. The purpose of this case is to identify the impact of E-Business adoption on a global marketing of SME in Malaysia as many SMEs has become globalize. Thus, several studies have been taken off as a reference to be studied further to the influence of e-business into a small medium enterprise in Malaysia. E-business (electronic business) is carrying out the process of business on the Internet. The processes of e-business are including buying and selling products, service and supply; service to customers; payment processing; recruiting; and much more. So, in this paper, we could see how this ebusiness process could be influenced in a global marketing of SME in Malaysia based on a promotion, distribution, product, price and the customer services.
Entrepreneurship Orientation, Market Orientation, Business Strategy, Managem...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Knowledge Management Strategies and Their Contribution to Small and Medium En...inventionjournals
Despite the many individual case studies on various knowledge management initiatives in large organisations, the perception of knowledge management practices and developments in Small and Medium enterprises suffers certain drawbacks. As such, there is paucity of information on the effects of different knowledge management strategies used by small firms in the hospitality industry in Kenya. The study sought to determine the contribution of knowledge management strategies on sales growth in the hospitality industry. Objective was to determine the contributions of knowledge management strategies on small and medium business sales growth. A cross-sectional survey research design was used for this study and a census was conducted on 39 businesses. A questionnaire with structured and unstructured questions was used to collect primary data from all the 39 top managers and supervisors of selected hospitality businesses since they are the key decision makers. Descriptive and regression analysis were used to analyze the data with the help of Statistical package for social sciences computer software. The findings from this study indicate that, though knowledge management strategies were used to a greater extent among the businesses, they did not significantly contribute to sales growth in the hospitality industry. This implies that the relationship was not significant because the use of the knowledge management strategies did not fully actualize the intended sales growth in the hospitality businesses. The results of this study have implications in enhancing the growth of Small and medium enterprises in Kenya.
This study aims to determine whether the simultaneous use of finance, business training, and e-commerce has a favorable
and significant impact on microbusiness revenue. Multiple linear regression is being used in this quantitative research
approach. The people who participate in microbusinesses and have received business training make up the population of
this study. Purposive sampling, a non-probability sample technique, and a total of 100 respondents make up the approach
employed in this study. The questions for this study were made available and directly completed by respondents using
Google Forms. The Likert scale was employed by the author as a measurement in this study. The usage of e-commerce has
a good and considerable impact on microbusiness income, according to the research findings. Microbusiness income is
significantly and favorably impacted by capital. Microbusiness income is significantly and favorably affected by enterprise
training. Microbusiness revenue benefits significantly and positively from the usage of e-commerce, financing, and business
training all at once. 52% of microbusiness income is impacted by the usage of e-commerce, financing, and enterprise
training. The other 48%, meanwhile, was affected by things unrelated to this study
Similar to Effect of market penetration management strategies on performance of Small Enterprises in Kenya: A case of Migori County (20)
An Exploratory Study of Factors Influencing Corporate Sustainability on busin...AkashSharma618775
This study evaluates the effect of corporate sustainability on business performance of manufacturing
industries in USA, from 2012 to 2015. These Manufacturing industries are listed in Corporate Social
Responsibility Hub (CSRHub), Morning Star and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). All data used in this report
were extracted from 37 manufacturing companies’ Sustainability, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and
annual reports. These companies are of diverse sectors such as Automobile, Health care, consumer goods, food,
beverages and technology. Quantitative method of research is used in this study; this also includes the use of
explanatory and descriptive research design. The main issues to be discussed in this study are Donation, Incident
rate reduction and Water Recycled as the independent variables, while Revenue is the dependent variable. Data
analysis was carried out using the regression analysis, descriptive statistics and correlation. E-views software
generated the data for further analysis. The findings imply that donation has a positive insignificance effect on
revenue, reduced incident rate reduction had positive significance effect on revenue and water recycling has
negative insignificant effect on revenue. In the future researches, larger samples of companies form diverse sectors
and subsectors should be studied to broaden the research on company performance especially the non-financial
aspect.
Impact of ISO9001 Certification on the Beverage Company's Performance: A case...AkashSharma618775
This study tries to shade light on the effect of ISO9001 on Performance of Brewery companies in
Ethiopia. It empirically analyzes the impact of ISO9001 on the performance of brewery company's proxied by
profit of companies during the sample period of 2002-2015.The sample consists three brewery companies namely:
BGI-Ethiopia, Metha-Abo and Dashen brewery companies. The methodology is based on the Fixed effect model
estimator proposed for dynamic panel data, which is strong in the presence of endogenous covariates, allowing for
individual companies fixed effects, heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation. Based on findings, out of the four
independent variables average revenue and dummy of ISO9001 are positive and significant effect on companies
profit i.e an increase (decrease) in average revenue of companies results in a 5.517 percent increase (decrease) in
the company's profit. The result indicates that ISO9001 certification does have a strong significant positive impact
on brewery companies performance. As the result revealed a company's profit increases by 1.052% due to
ISO9001 certification. The other two explanatory variables average cost and natural logarithm of total sale become
statistically insignificant. In sum, the result of the study indicates that Having ISO9001 certification improves the
profitability of the brewery companies. This finding seems to agree with the study done by T. Dejene (2011) on five
brewery companies in Ethiopia and other scholars like D.S. Sharma(2005),M. Pinar(2001) and J. Singles et
al.(2000).
Administrative Behavior and Personal Traits of the School Heads of Bulan Dist...AkashSharma618775
This study determined the administrative behavior and personal traits of the School Heads of Bulan
Districts. The respondents in this study were the forty (40) elementary school heads. A simple random sampling
was used in this study. The survey questionnaire and documentary analysis were the main instrument in gathering
the necessary data supplemented with an observation and an unstructured interview. To determine the
relationship between the administrative behaviors of the school heads to their personal traits, chi-square test of
homogeneity was applied in this study. Appropriate statistical tools such as frequency count, percentage, weighted
mean and ranking were employed for the analysis and interpretation of the gathered data. The study established
that; there is no significant relationship between the administrative behavior of the school heads and their personal
traits. The study recommends that; school heads should be given ample opportunities to assess their personal traits
and administrative behavior so that they may align the said aspects to effective leadership.
This paper is a conversation on the administration challenges that directors are face so as to accomplish
hierarchical objectives. The forward piece of this paper is a conversation about the more extensive Environmental
Factors that influence the advancement of an Organization today. Factors, for example, economy, political and
sociological are been examined assessing an organization's methodology. At the last section there is a conversation
about the HRM division and how significant it is for an organization, considered as a chain between the association
and its representatives. Leadership is an essential idea in present day control. The supervisor has the responsibility
to revise, at times, the standards and regulations that practice to the management protecting for the steering of
folks of the organization, while he sees that positive ideas and rules is basically out of date. Therefore, the
supervisor should break up the responsibilities efficaciously many of the group of workers. The right department
of labour is the maximum essential piece accomplishing strategic dreams. However, a business enterprise’s
method ought to analyse a few external surroundings conditions which can be very critical. Notwithstanding the
CEOs the maximum critical component in a agency is the HRM. For any goal or challenge HRM is responsibly to
discover the ideal human resource offering also the employees with protection making the great for them that
allows you to do their high-quality at the same time as operating. The current, highly competitive and globalised
surroundings requires a great deal extra activation of enterprise than in the beyond for his or her survival and,
predominant, for their development. This activation calls for a thoughts-set exchange, extroversion, management,
modern forms of management, flexibility, velocity of choice-making and harnessing the creativity and dynamism
of the human element. Business growth calls for firstly the existence or locating a leading personality. The
inspirational leader he will form with the senior a vision for the enterprise. Based on the agreed imaginative and
prescient of the leadership group will proceed in shaping the company's medium-time period goal and to broaden
the precise strategy for achieving this aim.
Enhancement on Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) operations of th...AkashSharma618775
This document summarizes a study that examined the enhancement of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) operations in schools in the 2nd Congressional District of Sorsogon, Philippines from 2016-2019. The study found that common DRRM activities conducted before, during, and after disasters included conducting drills, providing advisories, and assessing damages. Key lessons learned were the need for capacity building and preparedness. The top enhancements identified were conducting more trainings, building DRRM capacity, and designating schools as evacuation centers. The study concluded with recommendations to improve DRRM plan preparation, capacity building, and incorporating lessons learned into operations.
Japonica rice in the domestic market is mainly produced through the contract farming system in
northern Thailand. Thai consumers have misunderstood that Thailand cannot cultivate Japonica rice with good
quality. This study aimed to analyze the acceptability of Thailand’s Japonica rice from the perspectives of Thai
consumers. Its specific objectives were to investigate the consumers’ consumption behaviors for Japanese cuisine
and to evaluate consumer preferences of different Japonica rice choices and attitudes towards Japonica rice
consumption. Data were collected from 385 respondents in Bangkok using the purposive sampling method. The
results indicated that respondents’ consumption behavior of Japanese cuisine in Bangkok was increasing.
Analyzing the preference of different Japonica rice choices found that the respondents preferred JR1 (from
Japan), JR3 (Thailand) and JR2 (from Vietnam), in descending order. JR2 attributes especially smell and soft
sticky texture were like JR3. However, JR3 shared similar qualities to JR1 in terms of smell, flavor and soft sticky
texture. JR3 can be a good alternative choice for Japanese restaurant owners and consumers. In addition, the
higher market price of JR1 creates a competitive opportunity for JR3 in the domestic market. Moreover, their
attitudes towards domestically grown Japonica rice consumption was also positive.
Corporate Governance and Earning Management in Saudi ArabiaAkashSharma618775
The research paper examines the corporate governance and earning management in Saudi Arabia. It
explores certain studies that worked in different areas and discusses their findings. The essential goal of this paper
is to exactly research the impact of the late corporate administration controls presented by Capital Market
Authority (CMA) on compelling income administration hone in Saudi Arabia. Corporate governance theory is
discussed here that elaborates the procedures of organization and different strategies. At that point speculations
are tried utilizing multivariate procedure to figure out whether corporate administration qualities essentially
oblige optional accumulations. The paper also discusses literature of previous studies and some methodologies are
discussed that are important. Three different types of methodologies are described here that are related to
organization. At the end, conclusion is presented.
Effect of market penetration management strategies on performance of Small En...AkashSharma618775
Small businesses in Kenya face a myriad of challenges. Most of the establishments have gone under the
waters due to various reasons including market turbulences. The businesses leave the market as soon as they make
entry. If they stay, they stagnate at the same level they started. The objective of the study was to find out the effect
of market penetration strategies on the performance of small enterprises in Kenya. The study used descriptive
survey design. The study was conducted in Migori County, Kenya. The target population was 4997 which were
businesses registered by the department of Trade of Migori County in 2019. A sample of 481 individuals were
interviewed. This number was derived using Yamane sampling model. Data was collected from business owners
with the help of a structured questionnaire. The researcher used Cronbach’s alpha coeffect to test the reliability of
the study instrument. Data was sorted, sorted and entered using a statistical software program for social sciences
(SPSS). A simple linear regression was used to test the relationship between market penetration management
strategies and performance of small enterprises in Kenya. Pearson Product Moment correlation was employed in
testing the strength of the relationship between market penetration management strategies and growth of small
enterprises in Kenya.
The Impact of Adopting International Auditing Standards on audit quality in S...AkashSharma618775
This study will investigate the Impact of Adopting International Auditing Standards on audit quality in
Saudi Arabia. The current research focuses on Saudi Arabia. This relatively large country in the Middle East is
known for two main things, its oil and Islam. The research objectives can be identified as: To evaluate the current
state of auditing practise in Saudi Arabia, to identify the need for the adoption of international auditing standards
in Saudi Arabia, to identify the challenges in the adoption of international auditing standards in Saudi Arabia, and
to evaluate the impact of the adoption of international auditing standards in Saudi Arabia. The research is
adopting a mixed methods strategy that will combine both qualitative and quantitative research. This research is
making several contributions to the academic literature in adoption International Auditing Standards in devolving
countries in in general, and more specific in Saudi Arabia.
Effect of Knowledge Management on Employee Retention in IT industry: Regressi...AkashSharma618775
This document discusses a study examining the effect of knowledge management on employee retention in the IT industry. It identifies key variables of knowledge management like organizational culture, leadership, financial resources, technological infrastructure, employee empowerment, training, continuous learning, and motivation. The study uses a descriptive research methodology including a survey of 100 IT industry employees. Regression analysis found a positive correlation between knowledge management and employee retention. Most employees agreed that the identified knowledge management variables influence retention. The study suggests organizations focus on technology, research/development, empowerment, motivation, and adapting to industry changes to better manage knowledge and retain employees.
There are still many prevalent problems surrounding the high school curriculum. This can be seen with
many teachers still struggling with students’ retention on subjects being taught, as well as students having
difficulty with test taking. A focal point with the matter is the subjects themselves that are taught, as both teachers
and students complain about how many of the school subjects do not object towards practical skill sets needed
towards real life. In several countries, students are taught subjects related to vocation, career, finances, and even
investment. A main reason as to why these countries suffer less from economic distress, as well as having more
successful outputs for students, is because financial education is well implemented into the high school curriculum.
The purpose for this paper is to show case studies of various countries showing success due to financial education
taught in schools, and to therefore prove the point that financial education is needed all around for the youth.
Towards A Global Civil Society: A Review of Pertaining Issues, Successes and ...AkashSharma618775
This article reviews the notion of civil society by raising pertinent issues, successes and drawbacks. Often
referred to as the space where we act for common good, civil society aims to connect poor or marginalized people
with groups that can mobilize support to help. We know that civil society by itself cannot achieve poverty
eradication. It must act in partnership with governments and institutions but it must be one of the partners and
not just a servant to carry out the designs of governments or corporations. Therefore there is need to expand the
role of NGOs and civil society organizations in three main specific areas related to poverty eradication: technical,
financial and political and enhancing the participation of those whose lives are affected by decisions and this can
only happen when there is an enabling environment designed to promote popular participation. The contributions
of civil society in global environmental preservation cannot be ignored since it is a cross cutting issue and both
national and international governments need other actors to make it a reality. In short, there has been increasing
support for civil society as understanding has grown about the important role that CSOs can play in bringing
about development goals. The Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Summit Outcome Document
emphasize the relationship between sustainable human development and democratic governance and the need for
civil society engagement to foster both.
(Neo)-Colonialism, globalised modernisation and global energy and environment...AkashSharma618775
This review looks at three issues which are key to the process of globalisation, namely; colonialism,
modernization, energy and environment. The benefits of globalised colonialism, though very weak, may include a
few of the following, viz: Increasing knowledge sharing, research, and skills; providing platforms for mutual
support, and benefits to synergize at various levels; encouraging multi-cultural contributions at different levels;
fostering global citizenship for greater harmony; promoting multiculturalism and acceptance to cultural diversity;
facilitating multi ways communications and interactions; promoting self-employment, digital entrepreneurship,
and outreach; and giving voice to everyone by promoting common language. On the contrary, the notable negative
impacts of globalised colonialism include: increasing the technological gaps and digital divides; creating more
legitimate opportunities for electronic colonialism; exploiting local resources and destroying local/ indigenous
cultures; increasing inequalities, conflicts, and clashes; promoting cultural imperialism; strengthening a
symmetrical communication, facilitating haves; contributing to jobless growth and promoting outsourcing; and, it
is promoting voiceless growth and language imperialism. It important to note that energy is a driving factor in the
world economic development, World energy consumption contributes to pollution and environmental
deterioration and global house emissions which therefore calls upon world economist and politicians to set
environmental regulations. It’s also crucial to transform the current energy systems with a transition to renewable
source and their efficient use. For example, globalized modernization has today has become a major sort of debate
among academicians, policy makers and NGOs. Finally, our review notes the various merits of globalize
Deconstructing Global Movements of People: Implication for Collective Securit...AkashSharma618775
This document discusses global immigration, global security, and global borders. It begins by defining immigration and discussing its history and implications. Key challenges to immigration include language barriers, difficulties being absorbed into job markets, adapting to new weather/cultures, and security threats from terrorists. Immigration economically benefits both receiving and sending countries but can also mean loss of skilled workers for poor countries. The document then examines global emigration factors like motives, impacts, and challenges before concluding by linking immigration, security, and borders and arguing they must be analyzed together for global peace and security.
Effectiveness of drip irrigation in enhancing smart farming: a micro-study in...AkashSharma618775
This study aims to examine the effectiveness of drip irrigation in enhancing smart farming in the midnorth of Uganda. A descriptive review was adopted targeting one smart farm in the district. Data was gathered by
means of an interview guide and a farmers’ observation guide, and it was analysed using content analysis
correspondingly. The outcomes suggest that drip irrigation does not represent a large fraction of irrigation systems
in mid-north Uganda and the world in general; however, a number of new drip irrigation systems are being set-up
notwithstanding the very slow pace. Further revelation suggests that farmers can benefit from drip irrigation
through gaining knowledge and skills from visits and advises from the frequent visits; being a source of income
when the produce are sold; as well as providing food security for families, the adjacent community and the district
as a whole. Nonetheless, drip irrigation faces challenges of dearth of commitment by some members of the family,
untimely delivery of agro inputs, over cultivation of the land and very expensive inputs. It is obvious that drip
irrigation technologies are essential in enhancing smart farming in Oyam district, mid-north Uganda and the
country as a whole. The outcomes of the study can be useful as a source for scaling out drip irrigation in the region
and beyond especially when mounting a parameter on integration of drip irrigation on community development
agendas for small-holder farmers as targeted by the government’s agricultural cluster development programme.
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APPRAISING FEMALE LABOUR IN THE INDIGENOUS ECONOMY OF MAMFE - SOUTHWEST CAMER...AkashSharma618775
African indigenous women have been instrumental in the growth and survival of local economies but
underrated in scholarly discourses. In this regard this paper reviews the role of female labour in Artistry,
agriculture, associations, investments, trade, education and skill jobs in the years 1922-1961, amidst patriarchal
background status and colonial incursion. The paper argues that female labour was the most contributing factor
to food production, household upkeep and the growth of the local economy of Mamfe during the period of British
rule in the Southern Cameroons. It debunks the untested opinions of many Cameroonians that attributed the
survival means of Mamfe women to solely prostitution- a perception that ignored the potentials of the women and
the vital role of female labour. The data needed to sustain this argument was collected from primary sources- oral
interviews with targeted eye witnesses, archival materials and theses and, secondary sources such as published
books, journals and the internet. The historical mode has been used, largely qualitative analysis presented in a
thematic and chronological manner. Findings reveal that during the years reviewed, Mamfe women were
suppressed and engulfed in a patriarchy cultural background. Yet, they were the backbones of households;
ensured food security and stirred the growth of the Mamfe economy. This, paper therefore draws the attention of
Governments, Non-Governmental and International Organizations on the need for gender-based policies that
could further enhance women’s participation in the development of rural economies in Africa including
Cameroon- a prerequisite to food security and poverty alleviation.
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liberalization and profitability of businesses in the uncertain business environment are critically encourage
businessmen to engage in ethical conducts. To investigate this subject matter, the study employed Malay
businessmen at small and medium scale and analyse their participation in implementing ethical business conduct.
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responsibility, ways of conducting business and interaction with others in business setting. Moreover the study
categorized the target respondents on race basis thus the Bumiputera (Malaysians indegenious) composed of 50%
and non-Bumiputera thus Chinese and Indians at the rates in the distribution of 32% and 18% respectively.
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estimate regression equations. Many developing countries have substantially liberalized their trade regime over the
past three decades, either unilaterally or as part of multilateral initiatives. Nevertheless, trade barriers remain
high in many developing countries. One of the concerns that attributes to the reluctance of many of these countries
to liberalize their trade regime is the possible worsening of the trade balance.
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countries should pay particular attention to, implementing the necessary policies to ensure its effectiveness thereby
ensuring a step-up in those aspects of the economy in order to promote development. It considers 46 different
countries with different economic policies in sub-Saharan Africa for a 14-year period. Most papers considering
sub-Saharan African region consider a selected few countries based on certain economic reasons of their choice,
and those who consider most countries in the region have different macroeconomic indicators they employ for their
modeling. This paper considers if not all, almost all sub-Saharan African countries regardless of their economic
status.
SELECTION OF DRY PORT LOCATION FOR COSCO SHIPPING LINE GHANA COMPANY LIMITED ...AkashSharma618775
The aim of this research was to select an optimal location for a Dry Port to increase responsiveness and
efficiency to meet customer demand. The method used to acquire information was qualitative where reference was
made from publications and websites. This research revealed that transport cost to landlocked countries (Burkina
Faso, Mali and Niger) from Tema port is high. With this and other related circumstances urged the search for an
optimal location of Dry Port for COSCO shipping line to satisfy their customers.
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series regression analysis. This gave a thorough guide in the selection of the optimal location.
Impact of ISO9001 Certification on the Beverage Company's Performance: A case...AkashSharma618775
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Ethiopia. It empirically analyzes the impact of ISO9001 on the performance of brewery company's proxied by
profit of companies during the sample period of 2002-2015.The sample consists three brewery companies namely:
BGI-Ethiopia, Metha-Abo and Dashen brewery companies. The methodology is based on the Fixed effect model
estimator proposed for dynamic panel data, which is strong in the presence of endogenous covariates, allowing for
individual companies fixed effects, heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation. Based on findings, out of the four
independent variables average revenue and dummy of ISO9001 are positive and significant effect on companies
profit i.e an increase (decrease) in average revenue of companies results in a 5.517 percent increase (decrease) in
the company's profit. The result indicates that ISO9001 certification does have a strong significant positive impact
on brewery companies performance. As the result revealed a company's profit increases by 1.052% due to
ISO9001 certification. The other two explanatory variables average cost and natural logarithm of total sale become
statistically insignificant. In sum, the result of the study indicates that Having ISO9001 certification improves the
profitability of the brewery companies. This finding seems to agree with the study done by T. Dejene (2011) on five
brewery companies in Ethiopia and other scholars like D.S. Sharma(2005),M. Pinar(2001) and J. Singles et
al.(2000)
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From Hope to Despair The Top 10 Reasons Businesses Ditch SEO Tactics.pptxBoston SEO Services
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#SEO #DigitalMarketing #BusinessGrowth #OnlineVisibility #SEOChallenges #BostonSEO
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Conferences like DigiMarCon provide ample opportunities to improve our own marketing programs by learning from others. But just because everyone is jumping on board with the latest idea/tool/metric doesn’t mean it works – or does it? This session will examine the value of today’s hottest digital marketing topics – including AI, paid ads, and social metrics – and the truth about what these shiny objects might be distracting you from.
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Effect of market penetration management strategies on performance of Small Enterprises in Kenya: A case of Migori County
1. ISSN 2394-7322
International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics
Vol. 7, Issue 3, pp: (18-26), Month: September - December 2020, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
Page | 18
Novelty Journals
Effect of market penetration management
strategies on performance of Small Enterprises
in Kenya: A case of Migori County
1
Evans Otieno Otieno, 2
Dr. Charles Momanyi, 3
Dr. Stella Omari
1
School of Business and Economics, Kisii University, Kenya
2
School of Business and Economics, Kisii University, Kenya
3
School of Business and Economics, Kisii University, Kenya
Abstract: Small businesses in Kenya face a myriad of challenges. Most of the establishments have gone under the
waters due to various reasons including market turbulences. The businesses leave the market as soon as they make
entry. If they stay, they stagnate at the same level they started. The objective of the study was to find out the effect
of market penetration strategies on the performance of small enterprises in Kenya. The study used descriptive
survey design. The study was conducted in Migori County, Kenya. The target population was 4997 which were
businesses registered by the department of Trade of Migori County in 2019. A sample of 481 individuals were
interviewed. This number was derived using Yamane sampling model. Data was collected from business owners
with the help of a structured questionnaire. The researcher used Cronbach’s alpha coeffect to test the reliability of
the study instrument. Data was sorted, sorted and entered using a statistical software program for social sciences
(SPSS). A simple linear regression was used to test the relationship between market penetration management
strategies and performance of small enterprises in Kenya. Pearson Product Moment correlation was employed in
testing the strength of the relationship between market penetration management strategies and growth of small
enterprises in Kenya.
Keywords: Enterprise, Management, Market, Penetration, Performance, Small, Strategies.
I. INTRODUCTION
Small enterprises are greatly contributed to growth and development of several countries (ADBI 2016). Most off these
enterprises are owned by upcoming businessmen and women who are struggling to earn income. However, there are a
myriad of challenges that these businesses face including lack of access to finances as well as stiff competition from other
entrepreneurs. World over, businesses are struggling with such challenges hence governments are coming up with such
strategies that can help them survive and grow. The European Union in the spirit of trying to support the business made
legislations for rewarding small entrepreneurs that were to ensure businesses thrive even as they small and grow over time
(OECD, 2017). This motivation solves just one of the problems but does not address the gap on entrepreneurial education
that would facilitate growth in Europe. In Hungary, there are ongoing deliberations on standardization of taxes for small
enterprises (Jäger, Saša, and Sašić, 2016). Asia is struggling to put structures to ensure that business have access to
finances and free flow of information. China is in the right direction to bridging the knowledge gap and supporting growth
of such enterprises. In Africa poor infrastructure, inadequate knowledge on marketing ad stiff regulations remain
stumbling blocks for such enterprises (Akaba, Brown and Ocloo, 2014). These are challenging that Kenyan small
entrepreneurs face as well. These have encouraged the stagnated performance due to lack of innovation and management
strategies (Anyanga and Nyamita 2015).
2. ISSN 2394-7322
International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics
Vol. 7, Issue 3, pp: (18-26), Month: September - December 2020, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
Page | 19
Novelty Journals
II. BODY OF ARTICLE
Forming 34% of the Kenya’s Gross Domestic Product and taken 98% of the businesses in Kenya with 80% of
employment coming from small and medium enterprises, the sector cannot be wished a way. The businesses need proper
information surveillance to allow them make decisions based on data (International Trade Center, 2019). With stiff
competition businesses innovate through market penetration management strategy (Anyanga & Nyamita, 2016).
Problem statement
Small businesses in Kenya are mostly owned by individuals who are the managers. Their routine engagement with the
daily operations of businesses may not see them reach customers beyond their doors or market niches that were not tapped
before. This has seen poor performance of small business with the most recent data showing performance decline by 4%
in the year 2019 (Viffa Consult, 2019).
In trying to give life to the small enterprises sector the government of Kenya came up with a central hub for accessing
information and financial resources and support in marketing to see these businesses have life. Cooperates as well as non-
governmental organizations have come with affordable loans and grants and innovative marketing ideas to help support
the same.
Despite all these strategies in place most small enterprises focus on their immediate needs and therefore do not perform.
This has led to them exiting the market at a high rate. This could be due to poor marketing management strategies.
The study will therefore explore the effect of market management strategies on the performance of small enterprises in
Kenya.
Objective of the study
The study was to establish the effect of market management strategies on the performance of small enterprises in Kenya.
Theoretical review
Actor-Social Network Theory is built on the belief that all things in the world are in constant shifts due to network of
relationships. Strong communication plays a key role in such networks. This theory was developed by Callon and Latour
(1980) and reviewed by Borgatti and Halgin (2011). The theory. This theory is applicable to market penetration
management strategy since marketing is a socialization process that involve communicating to people so as convince
hence sell.
Empirical review
Ogega and Muturi (2017) while looking at the factors that influence growth of small and medium enterprises in Bosibori,
Kenya using a survey method of study established that among other factors, marketing played a key role in the growth of
small enterprises. Access to finance prowess of the individuals as well heading the business are key to performance of
small enterprise (Kamunga, Njeru & Tirimba, 2014). Onyonyi (2016) equally established that small businesses that gave
emphasis to marketing penetration equally had a significant improvement on performance. Capital is seen as a major
contributing factor to the wellbeing of businesses (Gakure, Karanja & Memba, 2018). Abayo and Oloko (2015) while
studying effect of micro-credit on growth of small business enterprises in Kisumu county, Kenya posited that the
regulatory frameworks put by government entities had seen small businesses meet serious difficulty on asset of
businesses. However, while studying the influence of entrepreneurial drive on growth of selected micro and small
enterprises using descriptive survey design, the study established that proactiveness and innovation remains the greatest
opportunities for small enterprises to perform (Mbugua & Moronge, 2017). Proper structures allow businesses to create
strategies and channels than eventually see them improve their performance (Mungai, Kibera & Kinoti, 2019). The
strategies include the use of social media to penetrate the market, enhance customer experience and retain them over a
long period of time (Kithae and Wanyoike, 2019). Brands that are introduced to market through awareness creation
ensures that business do well (Mulili, Ngui & Nthenya, 2019). However, such goods and services must have attributes
like quality that can ensure the customer prefer them over others (Odock and Omondi, 2019).
A differentiated product that is priced differently can also help improve the business market share (Karama & Linge,
2019).
3. ISSN 2394-7322
International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics
Vol. 7, Issue 3, pp: (18-26), Month: September - December 2020, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
Page | 20
Novelty Journals
Odhiambo and Kawira (2019) posited that electronic marketing is a strategy is an approach that can give a sure bet to
business performance when put into practice. These various market penetration strategies are put by small enterprises as
they strive to perform. However, most of the small enterprises still fail to perform and eventual exit the market.
Conceptual framework
Frameworks of concepts provide linkage between variables under a study (Adom, Hussein & Joe, 2019). The variables
should give a picture of a possible relationship between dependent and independent variables. This will give an empirical
perspective for either accepting or rejection of a hypothesis. Dependent variables are influenced by independent variables.
Therefore, conceptual framework gives a picture of the possibilities between these variables. In this study, the
independent variable was market penetration management strategies. The dependent variable was performance of small
enterprises.
Independent variable Dependent variable
Figure 1: Conceptual framework
Source: Researcher (2019)
Figure 1. Showing the effects of market penetration management strategies on the perfomance of small enterprises. The
sub-sets of market penetration management strategies include new branches, fast response to customers, distribution and
innovative customer service. If market penetration management strategies are implemented performance will improve. If
market penetration management strategies are not implemented, then performance will decline.
Research Design
The study employed a descriptive survey design. Survey is a way of gathering information with already formulated
questions in form of a structured questionnaire to a sample representative of the target population. In the need of forming
a pool of events by data collection, survey design is the best. Generalization is another reason for survey design. Jagongo
and Machoka, (2019) used the survey design to study competitive information sharing and credit scores on Banks
performed in Kenya. The researcher used this same design to study the effects of market penetration management
strategies on the performance of small enterprises in Kenya.
Target population
A population of 4997 was targeted (County Government of Migori, 2019). Proof of registration was a precondition for
inclusion or exclusion into the study. Migori happens to border two countries of Eastern Africa, Ugunda and Tanzania. It
is at the same time a cosmopolitan County.
Table 1. Shows the registered SMEs in Migori County
Table 1: Target Population
Small Enterprise Category Number`
Food items 738
Non-food items 1870
Service 2389
Total 4997
Source: Migori County, Department of Trade (2019)
o Performance
Business market share
Inventory turnover
Customer retention
Number of employees
Customers’ satisfaction
o Market penetration management
strategies
New branches
Fast response to customers’ needs
Distribution
Innovative customer service
New target market
4. ISSN 2394-7322
International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics
Vol. 7, Issue 3, pp: (18-26), Month: September - December 2020, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
Page | 21
Novelty Journals
Sampling and sample size
The researcher used stratified sampling. The researcher divided the small businesses into food related, non-food related
and services. This formed three strata. Simple random sampling was then used. To determine the sample size, Yamane
sampling model was put into use.
* ( )+
Where:
ns - Sample Size;
N - Population Size;
e - Precision level (at 0.95 confidence interval, e = 0.05).
Given N = 4997, then thus,
n=
* ( )+
= = 370.3539
An addition of 30% is allowed by Yamane to cater for those who may not respond.
= 370+ (0.3x370)
Thus: ns-481 Then 30%-111 =481
Data Analysis
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to do data analysis. SPPS has been over time used to analyze
both qualitive and quantitative data (Kothari, 2014). Data on demography was analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Inferential statistics was be used to test the effect of market penetration management strategy variables on the
performance of small enterprises. Pearson’s product moment correlation was be used to measure the strength of the
relationship between market penetration and performance of small enterprises in Kenya. The study used simple linear
regression to establish effects of the market penetration management strategies on performance.
The model:
What is the effect of market penetration management strategies on performance of small enterprises in Kenya?
Y= β0+β1X1+e
Y=small enterprise performance
β0 -Constant
β1-Regression coefficients
e- error term
X1-Market Penetration management strategies
Ethical considerations
Participants were requested to remain anonymous. They were also to willingly choose to participate in the study willingly
and were free to drop out at any point. The information was only going to be used for academic purposes.
Response Rate
Out of the targeted sample of 481 participants 454 participated in the study. This was 94% which is acceptable. Table 2.
Shows the rate of response in the study.
5. ISSN 2394-7322
International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics
Vol. 7, Issue 3, pp: (18-26), Month: September - December 2020, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
Page | 22
Novelty Journals
Table 2: Rate of response
Questionnaires issued Questionnaires duly filled & collected %
Respondents 481 454 94
Source: Researcher (2020)
From the table 2. The data collected show 94% of the response rate. This an acceptable threshold as per Mugenda and
Mugenda (2003), who stated that any response rate of 70% and above is perfect.
Market Penetration Management Strategies
The study was to determine the adoption of market penetration management strategies by small enterprises in Kenya.
Table 3 shows the strategies using Likert scale of 1-5. Where 1 is strongly agree, 2 is agree, 3 is not sure, 4 is disagree and
5 is strongly disagree.
Table 3: Market Penetration Management strategies
Mean Standard Deviation
Enterprise opened new branches 3.52 1.404
Enterprise response to customers’ needs 1.67 0.759
Distribution made closer to customer 1.84 1.036
Enterprise innovates continuously 1.59 0.712
Enterprise focusing on new target market 1.95 1.265
Source: Researcher (2020)
From table 3, enterprises had not engaged in opening new branches at 3.5. Small enterprises responded to customer needs
mean of 1.7. The distribution of products had been made closer to customers with a mean of 1.9. Businesses continuously
innovated with a mean of 1.6. The enterprises were focused on new target markets showing a mean of 1.9.
Small enterprise performance
To determine the performance of small enterprises, the study conducted an analysis. Using Likert scale of 1-5. Where 1 is
strongly agree, 2 is agree, 3 is not sure, 4 is disagree and 5 is strongly disagree. Table 4 shows the performance.
Table 4: Performance of small enterprises
Mean Standard Deviation
Enterprise grown in market share in the last one year 1.75 0.975
Enterprise inventory turnover is high in the last one year 1.87 0.774
Enterprise retained all its workers in the last one year 2.11 1.384
Enterprise increased number of employees in the last one year 2.27 1.463
Customers reported satisfaction with the product use 1.48 0.680
Source: Researcher (2020)
From Table 4. Enterprises had grown in market share in the last one year showing a mean of 1.8. Enterprises saw a high
inventory turnover in the last one year at 1.9 as the mean. Businesses had retained its employees at 2.1 as the mean.
Whether businesses had increased the number of employees in the last one year, the participants agreed showing a mean
was 1.3. When it comes satisfaction, enterprises agreed that they had customers reporting satisfaction with the product use
showing a mean of 1.5.
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Correlation analysis
To determine the correlation between market penetration management strategies and performance of small enterprises, a
Pearson product moment as shown in table 5.
Table 5: Correlation Analysis
Market penetration
management strategies
Small enterprise
performance
Market penetration management
strategies
Pearson Correlation 1 0.266
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000
N 454 454
Small enterprise
Performance
Pearson Correlation 0.266 1
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000
N 454 454
Source: Researcher (2020)
From table 5. Data reflects a weak correlation between market penetration management strategies and performance of
small enterprises in Kenya (r=0.266).
Regression analysis
The researcher conducted a regression analysis with the interest of knowing whether there was a relationship between
market penetration management strategies and performance of small enterprises in Kenya as shown in table 6.
Table 6: Model
Model R R2
Adjusted R2
Standard Error of Estimate
0.266 0.071 0.069 0.60953
Source: Researcher (2020)
From table 6. R is shows 0.266, R square has 0.071 while R adjusted has 0.069. An R square indicating 0.071 has an
implication of 7.1% change in performance due market penetration management strategies.
An Analysis of Variance on market management strategies and performance of small enterprises was also conducted as
shown in table 7.
Table 7: ANOVA
Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
Regression 12.768 1 12.768 34.367 0.000
Residual 167.929 452 0.372
Total 180.697 453
Source: Researcher (2020)
From Table 7. Data shows that F calculated is 34.367 with a P value of 0.000. This is less than 0.5 meaning there is a
significant correlation between market penetration strategy and performance of small enterprises in Kenya. There was a
degree of freedom of 1. This was measured with variables of 452. This was with an F critical of 3.86. With a lower F
crital than F calculated, is an indication that market penetration management strategies have a significant effect on the
performance of small enterprises. The finding is in consonance with Ardjouman and Asma (2015) who posited that
market penetration management strategies had a significant effect on performance of enterprises.
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For precision purposes, the researcher did a Coefficient variation as show in table 8.
Table 8: Coefficient Variation
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
T Significance
B Standard Error Beta
(Constant) 0.598 0.113 5.274 0.000
Market penetration management
strategies
0.126 0.046 0.118 2.776 0.006
Source: Researcher (2020)
The effect of market penetration management strategies on performance of enterprises in Kenya
The equation therefore is:
Y=0.598+0.126X1+e
Y is the small enterprise performance in Kenya. This has the implication that if all factors stay constant, performance of
small enterprises in Kenya will be at the intercept of 0.598. A unit improvement in the variable of market penetration
management strategy will lead to increase in small enterprise performance by 0.126.
III. CONCLUSION
Summary of the findings
Data showed 94% of the response rate. This an acceptable threshold as per Mugenda and Mugenda (2003), who stated
that any response rate of 70% and above is perfect. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient showed more 0.7 which is the minimum
threshold.
From the data analysis, enterprises had not engaged in opening new branches at 3.5. Small enterprises had responded to
customer needs with a mean of 1.7. The distribution of products had been made closer to customers with a mean of 1.9.
Businesses had continuously innovated with a mean of 1.6. The enterprises were focused on new target markets with a
mean of 1.9. This showed that most of the market management strategies had been embraced by small enterprises.
When it comes to performance, enterprises had grown in market share in the last one year that showed a mean of 1.8.
Enterprises saw a high inventory turnover in the last one year with 1.9 as the mean. Businesses had retained its employees
at 2.1 as the mean. Whether businesses had increased the number of employees in the last one year, the participants
agreed showing a mean of 1.3. When it comes to satisfaction, enterprises agreed that they had customers reporting
satisfaction with the product use that showed a mean of 1.5. This showed that businesses had generally performed due to
market penetration management strategies.
In regression analysis, data reflected a weak correlation between market penetration management strategies and
performance of small enterprises in Kenya (r=0.266). This means that market penetration management strategies only
affected performance by 26.6%.
In analysis of variance, F calculated was 34.367 with a P value of 0.000. This was less than 0.5 meaning there was a
significant correlation between market penetration management strategy and performance of small enterprises in Kenya.
There was a degree of freedom of 1. This was measured with variables of 452. The F critical was 3.86. With a lower F
crital than F calculated, was an indication that market penetration management strategies had significant effect on the
performance of small enterprises.
A unit improvement in the variable of market penetration management strategy will lead to increase in small enterprise
performance by 0.126.
Conclusion
The study concluded that most small enterprises had put into practice market penetration management strategies. This was
a conclusion made after a proper analysis of the data gathered by the researcher from the field. The study also established
a significant effect of market penetration management strategies on the performance of small enterprises Kenya.
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Additionally, the study concluded that there was a positive correlation between market penetration management strategies
ad performance of small enterprises in Kenya. This agreed with Onyonyi (2016) who posited that market penetration
management strategies if well implemented should see the businesses perform.
Recommendations
The study recommends that small enterprises need to adopt market penetration management strategies. This will help
them in the long-term survival and improved performance in the competitive world.
The study recommends other studies to be conducted on these strategies among small enterprises in the urban set-ups.
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