The document discusses various SQL concepts including aggregate functions like MIN(), MAX(), COUNT(), AVG(), and SUM(); the GROUP BY clause; the HAVING clause; different types of joins like inner joins, outer joins, full outer joins; and examples of queries using these concepts.

1. Structured Query
Language(SQL)
Assistant Lecturer Huda A. Alameen
hudaa.alameen@uokufa.edu.iq

2. The SQL Aggregate Functions:
MIN() and MAX() Functions
 The MIN() function returns the smallest value of the selected column.
 The MAX() function returns the largest value of the selected column.
 Min , MAX() Syntax
SELECT Aggregate function (MAX/ Min) (column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

3. Examples
SELECT MIN(Price) AS SmallestPrice
FROM Products;
SELECT MAX(Price) AS LargestPrice
FROM Products;

4. SQL Aggregate Functions :COUNT(), AVG()
and SUM() Functions
 The COUNT() function returns the number of rows that matches a specified criterion.
 The AVG() function returns the average value of a numeric column.
 The SUM() function returns the total sum of a numeric column.
 Syntax
SELECT Aggregate Function (column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

5. Examples
SELECT COUNT(ProductID)
FROM Products;
SELECT AVG(Price)
FROM Products;
SELECT SUM(Quantity)
FROM OrderDetails;

6. SQL GROUP BY Statement
 The GROUP BY statement groups rows that have the same values into
summary rows, like "find the number of customers in each country".
 The GROUP BY statement is often used with aggregate functions (COUNT,
MAX, MIN, SUM, AVG) to group the result-set by one or more columns.
 GROUP BY Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name(s)
ORDER BY column_name(s);

7. Examples
SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country
FROM Customers
GROUP BY Country;

8. Examples
SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country
FROM Customers
GROUP BY Country
ORDER BY COUNT(CustomerID) DESC;

9. SQL HAVING Clause
 The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE keyword could not
be used with aggregate functions.
 HAVING Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name(s)
HAVING condition
ORDER BY column_name(s);

10. Example
SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country
FROM Customers
GROUP BY Country
HAVING COUNT(CustomerID) > 5;

11. Examples
 For each department display a list of deptno that have more than 3 employees
SELECT deptno, COUNT(*)
FROM Emp
GROUP BY deptno
Having COUNT(*)>3;
 For each department display a list of deptno that have at lest 3 employees working as
SALESMAN
SELECT deptno, COUNT(*)
FROM Emp
WHERE Job=‘SALESMAN’
GROUP BY deptno
Having COUNT(*)>3;

12. SQL Joins
 A JOIN clause is used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a related
column between them.
 Different Types of SQL JOINs
 Here are the different types of the JOINs in SQL:
 (INNER) JOIN: Returns records that have matching values in both tables
 LEFT (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records from the left table, and the matched
records from the right table
 RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records from the right table, and the matched
records from the left table
 FULL (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records when there is a match in either left or
right table

14. SQL INNER JOIN Keyword
 The INNER JOIN keyword selects records that have matching values in both
tables.
 INNER JOIN Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

15. Example
SELECT Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName
FROM Orders
INNER JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID;

16. SQL FULL OUTER JOIN Keyword
 SQL FULL OUTER JOIN Keyword
 The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword returns all records when there is a match in
left (table1) or right (table2) table records.
 Note: FULL OUTER JOIN can potentially return very large result-sets!
 Tip: FULL OUTER JOIN and FULL JOIN are the same.
 FULL OUTER JOIN Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name
WHERE condition;

17. Example
SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID
FROM Customers
FULL OUTER JOIN Orders
ON Customers.CustomerID=Orders.CustomerID
ORDER BY Customers.CustomerName;

18. SQL JOIN
 Used to joining more than 2 tables
 JOIN Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1 , table2,table3
WHERE condition;

20. Examples
Display list of projects names and name of employees assigned to it
SELECT pname,fname
FROM Employee, project, works_on
WHERE ssn=Essn and pno=pnumber;
For each department display a list of department name and maximum salary of
this department.
SELECT dname,max(Salary)
FROM Department , Employee
WHERE Dno=Dnumber
Group By dname;

21. Examples
 Customer(Customer ID, Name, Address, Job)
 Transaction (Trans ID,Customer ID, Account#, Trans Type, Date, Amount )
 Get the total amount of each transaction type
SELECT Transaction_Type, SUM(Amount)
FROM Transaction
GROUP BY (Transaction_Type)
 Get the total amount of each transaction type for customer ID = 20
SELECT Transaction_Type, SUM(Amount)
FROM Transaction
GROUP BY (Transaction_Type)
HAVING Customer_ID=20

22. Examples
 Get the number of accounts for each Customer
SELECT Customer_Id, COUNT(Account#)
FROM Transaction
GROUP BY (Customer_Id)
 Get the number of accounts for each Customer Only include customers
with more than or equal 2 accounts
SELECT Customer_Id, COUNT(Account#)
FROM Transaction
GROUP BY (Customer_Id)
HAVING COUNT(Account#)>=2

23. Examples
 Get the Customer ID of all customers who performed transaction type
‘Deposit’ but never performed ‘withdraw’?
SELECR Customer_ID
FROM Transaction
WHERE transaction_Type = ‘Deposit'
EXCEPT
SELECT Customer_ID
FROM Transaction
WHERE Transcation_Type =‘Withdraw'