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Unit-11: Fundamental Rights and Directive Principle

Unit-11: Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles: Directive Principles-Reasons for incorporation. Directive Principles-Directions of Social Change - A new social order Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles - Interrelationship -Judicial balancing, Constitutional amendments - Arts, 31A, 31-B and 31-C to strengthen Directive Principles Judicial policy towards Directive Principles from Champakam to Minerva Mills. Relationship between fundamental rights, directive principles and fundamental duties.

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Unit 11 Directive Principles of State Policy & Fundamental Duties Constitutional Law
Article 36: Definition of State Same meaning as in Part III (Fundamental Rights) • Executive and Legislature of Union and State • Local or other authorities within the territory of India • Authorities under control of Government of India
Classification of DPSP Socialistic Principles Art 38, 39, 39A, 41-43, 43A, 47 Gandhian Principles Art 40, 43, 43B, 46, 47, 48 Liberal-Intellectual Art 44, 45, 48, 49, 50, 51
Article 37: Application of Principles • Nature: Not enforceable by any court • Importance: Fundamental in governance of the country • Duty: State must apply these in making laws • Judiciary's Role: Interpret laws in light of DPSP
Article 38: Social Order for Welfare State shall strive to promote welfare of people by securing: • Social order informed by justice (social, economic, political) • Art 38(2): Minimize inequalities in income • Eliminate inequalities in status, facilities, opportunities
Article 39: Principles of Policy (a-c) • (a) Adequate means of livelihood for all citizens • (b) Control of material resources for common good • (c) Economic system prevents wealth concentration
Article 39: Principles of Policy (d-f) • (d) Equal pay for equal work (Equal Remuneration Act 1976) • (e) Worker/child protection; no forced unsuitable avocations • (f) Child development opportunities; protection from exploitation (42nd Amd)
Article 39A: Equal Justice & Free Legal Aid • State shall secure justice on basis of equal opportunity • Provide free legal aid • Ensure justice not denied due to economic disabilities • Implementation: Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 (NALSA/DALSA)
Article 40: Panchayat System • State to organize village panchayats • Endow them with powers to function as self-government units • Implementation: 73rd Amendment Act 1992 (Added Part IX)
Article 41: Right to Work & Education Within economic capacity, secure: • Right to work and education • Public assistance in: unemployment, old age, sickness, disablement, undeserved want
Article 42 & 43: Work Conditions & Living Wage • Art 42: Just/humane conditions; maternity relief (Maternity Benefit Act 1961) • Art 43: Living wage, decent standard of life for workers • Promote cottage industries in rural areas • Implementation: Minimum Wages Act 1948, Khadi & Village Industries Commission Act 1956
Article 43A & 43B: Management & Co-ops Art 43A Worker participation in management (42nd Amd 1976) Art 43B Promote co-operative societies (97th Amd 2012)
Article 44: Uniform Civil Code State shall endeavor to secure for citizens a Uniform Civil Code throughout the territory of India
Article 45: Early Childhood Care & Education • Provide early childhood care and education for all children until age 6 • Amendment: 86th Amendment Act 2002 • Note: Education till 14 years became FR under Article 21A
Article 46: Protection of Weaker Sections • Promote educational/economic interests of SCs and STs • Protect from social injustice and exploitation • Implementation: NCSC & NCST (89th Amd 2003) • SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989
Article 47: Nutrition, Health, Prohibition • Raise level of nutrition and standard of living • Improve public health • Prohibit consumption of intoxicating drinks and injurious drugs (medicinal exception)
Article 48: Agriculture & Animal Husbandry • Organize agriculture and animal husbandry on modern, scientific lines • Preserve/improve breeds and prohibit slaughter of: • Cows and calves • Other milch and draught cattle
Article 48A: Environment & Wildlife • Protect and improve environment; safeguard forests and wildlife • Added by: 42nd Amendment Act 1976 • Implementation: Wildlife Act 1972, Water Act 1974, Forest Act 1980, Air Act 1981, Environment (Protection) Act 1986
Article 49: Protection of Monuments State shall protect monuments, places, or objects of artistic/historic interest declared by Parliament • Protect from spoliation, disfigurement, destruction, removal, export • Implementation: AMASR Act 1951
Article 50 & 51: Separation & International Relations • Art 50: Separate judiciary from executive • Art 51(a-d): Promote international peace/security • Maintain just relations between nations • Foster respect for international law; encourage dispute settlement by arbitration
FR vs DPSP Relationship (Part 1) 1. Champakam Dorairajan (1951): FR prevail; DPSP supplementary Result: 1st Amendment added Art 15(4) for reservations 2. Kerala Education Bill (1958): Doctrine of Harmonious Construction No inherent conflict; FR prevails if unavoidable
FR vs DPSP Relationship (Part 2) • 3. Golaknath (1967): Parliament cannot amend FR for DPSP • 24th Amd (1971): Parliament can amend any part • 25th Amd (1972): Art 31-C - Laws for DPSP 39(b/c) not invalid if violating FR • No judicial review for such laws
FR vs DPSP Relationship (Part 3) • 4. Keshavnanda Bharti (1973): Art 31-C Prov 1 valid; Prov 2 invalid • 42nd Amendment (1976): DPSP precedence; kept beyond judicial review • 5. Minerva Mills (1980): DPSP subordinate to FR • Exception: FR under Art 14 & 19 subordinate to DPSP under Art 39(b) & (c)
Fundamental Duties (Part IV A - Article 51A) • Added by 42nd Amendment Act 1976 • Swaran Singh Committee recommendation • Borrowed from USSR Constitution • Non-enforceable but important moral obligations • Originally 10 duties; 11th added by 86th Amendment 2002
Fundamental Duties (a-e) • (a) Abide by Constitution; respect ideals, National Flag & Anthem • (b) Cherish noble ideals of freedom struggle • (c) Uphold sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India • (d) Defend country and render national service • (e) Promote harmony/brotherhood; renounce practices derogatory to dignity of women
Fundamental Duties (f-k) • (f) Preserve rich heritage of composite culture • (g) Protect environment, forests, wildlife, and have compassion for creatures • (h) Develop scientific temper, humanism, and spirit of inquiry • (i) Safeguard public property and abjure violence • (j) Strive for excellence in all spheres of activity • (k) Parent/guardian to provide education for child (6-14 years)
Fundamental Duties Case Laws (Part 1) Bijoe Emmanuel v. State of Kerala (1987) Jehovah's Witnesses not singing Anthem: Expulsion reversed. Silence is not insult if standing respectfully. M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (1998) Compulsory environment lessons (1 hr/week) in institutes
Fundamental Duties Case Laws (Part 2) Rural Litigation & Entitlement Kendra v. State of UP Mining ban upheld: Environment protection is duty of all citizens (Art 51A(g)) Aruna Roy v. Union of India (2002) Value education valid; not religious instruction (Art 28 violation)
Fundamental Duties Case Laws (Part 3) AIIMS Students Union v. AIIMS (2002) Fundamental duties equally important as Fundamental Rights Rangnath Mishra v. Union of India (2003) Government directed to create awareness about fundamental duties
Fundamental Duties Case Laws (Part 4) Govt of India v. George Philip (2006) Excellence (51A(j)) requires discipline; service termination upheld Parmanand Katara v. Union of India (1989) Doctors obliged to extend immediate medical assistance without formalities