Stress is the way you react either physically or emotionally to change. This effects on us that can be positive (good) or negative (bad). It may be the feeling you get when faced with a new and challenging situation or it may be the faint sense of anxiety you feel after “one of those days!”. Stress can be difficult to define as people experience stress differently. Negative events do not always lead to stress, and positive events are not necessarily stress-free. Simply, stress is the disruption of the body’s homeostasis (i.e. ideal bodily function). Stress is the human response to change that is perceived as a challenge or a threat; it is a natural occurrence in life. However, too much stress can be harmful to the body, especially over a long period. Stressors are those events or circumstances that cause people to become stressed. Stressors can be physical (e.g. pain, illness, or injury) or psychological (e.g. financial worry, time pressures, or family matters). Stressors and their severity vary among people. The weather and financial stresses were the most significant as compared to other components of stress for farmers. Weather fluctuations and unpredictability leads to significant effects on the production of crop and which is directly related to the annual income of the farmers. Hence policy makers, agricultural scientists, marketing and financial experts create a suitable environment for farmers to overcome these stressors.

2. Presented by:
P.Vaishnavi,
I Ph.D. (Agril. Extension)
PGS20AGR8285
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,
DHARWAD
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION
Doctoral Seminar – I
on

3. Flow of Seminar
1
2
4
5
6
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF STRESS
WHAT ARE STRESSORS?
METHODS OF STRESS MANAGEMENT
CONCLUSION
SYMPTOMS OF STRESS
3

4. WHAT’S ALL THE STRESS
ABOUT?
 Winning the lottery
 Getting fired
 Getting married
 Getting divorced
 Going on vacation
 Getting ready for seminar

5. • Stress is the way you react either physically or
emotionally to change.
• This effects on us that can be positive (good) or
negative (bad).
• It may be the feeling you get when faced with a
new and challenging situation or it may be the
faint sense of anxiety you feel after “one of those
days!”
Contd.,

6. • Stress can come from big events or from the
small problems of everyday life. When you think
about it, in some ways, stress is like falling in
love:
 It’s different for everyone.
 It often shows itself in strange ways.
 It’s a powerful force that can do a lot of good or a
lot of harm.
Contd.,

7. Stress affects you physically, mentally and
emotionally.
 Physically, stress can be damaging to your
overall health.
 Mentally, it can interfere with concentration and
decision-making.
 Emotionally, stress can affect the way you
interact with co-workers, loved ones and others
around you.
Contd.,

8. • People feel little stress when they have the time
experience and resources to manage a situation.
• They feel greater stress when they think that they
can not handle the demands put upon them.
Little stress
Greater stress
Contd.,

9. STRESS
LEVELS
LOW STRESS
OPTIMUM
STRESS
HIGH
STRESS
Reactions Boredom High energy Exhaustion
Behaviors
Low motivation
Careless
Psychological
withdrawal
Inactivity
High motivation
Heightened
perception
High involvement
Anxiety
Nervousness
Indecisiveness
Bad judgement
Performance Low performance High performance Poor performance
Health effects Dull health Good health
Insomnia
Psychosomatic
illnesses
LEVELS OF STRESS

10. PROBABLE SYMPTOMS
 Insomnia
 Loss of mental concentration
 Absenteeism
 Depression
 Extreme anger and frustration
 Family conflict
 Anxiety
 Migraine, Headaches and back problems

11. SIGNS / SYMPTOMS OF STRESS
 Insomnia
 Lack of mental concentrate
 Anxiety
 Absenteeism
 Depression
 Extreme anger and Frustration
 Family conflict
 Feeling anxious, irritable
 Apathy, loss of interest in work
 Sleeplessness
 Fatigue

12.  Tension
 Feeling excessively tired
 Physical illness such as heart disease, migraine,
headaches, and stomach problem
 Increased blood pressure
 Difficulty breathing
 Stomach upset
 Sweating palms
 Under eating or overeating
 Losing sense of humour
 Reacting nervously or irritably to everyday sounds
Contd.,

13. EUSTRESS
(+VE) DISTRESS
(-VE)
TYPE OF STRESS

14. EUSTRESS
Eustress, or positive stress,
has the following
characteristics:
 Motivates, focuses energy
 Is short-term
 Is perceived as within our
coping abilities
 Feels exciting
 Improves performance
DISTRESS
Distress, or negative stress, has
the following characteristics:
 Causes anxiety or concern
 Can be short- or long-term
 Is perceived as outside of our
coping abilities
 Feels unpleasant
 Decreases performance
 Can lead to mental and
physical problems
Difference b/w Eustress & Distress

15. POSITIVE STRESS RESULTS
Enables
Concentration
Increases
Performance
Energizes
you into
motion

16. NEGATIVE STRESS RESULTS
Loss of
motivation
Reduces
effectiveness
Physical,
mental and
behavioural
problems

17. WHAT ARE STRESSORS?
Stressors are those events or circumstances
that cause people to become stressed.
Stressors can be physical (e.g. pain,
illness, or injury) or psychological (e.g.
financial worry, time pressures, or family
matters).
Stressors and their severity vary among
people.

18. COMMON STRESSORS ON THE FARM
• Workload - too much to do in too little time
• Weather - not doing what is needed
• Financial pressures and uncertain incomes
• Large debt loads
• Livestock well-being
• Erratic markets-unfair and unequal returns on
the market
• Increased government regulation and
complicated paper work
Source: National Ag Safety Database

19. • Long walking hours
• Disagreements with other family members in
the farm operation
• Uncertain crop yield and forage production
• Machinery breakdown
• Handling dangerous goods
• Lack of rest
• Technology- frustrating when not working
properly
• Unreasonable personal pressure and or goals
Contd.,

20. PROCEDURE FOR MEASUREMENT
OF FARM STRESSORS
• Farming involves many situations that cause
stress. Common farm stressors are finances,
weather, heavy work overloads, and conflict in
relationships.
• Complete the following inventory to identify
stressors for farmers.
• Rate your stressors on a scale of 1 to 5.
(1 = low stress 5 = high stress).
Source: NASD

21. 1. Sudden and significant increase in debt load 1 2 3 4 5
2. Significant production loss due to disease or pests 1 2 3 4 5
3. Insufficient regular cash flow to meet financial obligations or for daily
necessities
1 2 3 4 5
4. Delay in planting or harvesting due to weather 1 2 3 4 5
5. Media distortions of farm situation 1 2 3 4 5
6. Low commodity prices 1 2 3 4 5
7. Significant changes in type or size of farming operation 1 2 3 4 5
8. Meeting with loan officer for additional loan 1 2 3 4 5
9. Purchase of major machinery, facility or livestock 1 2 3 4 5
10. Not being considered part of the farm business by others 1 2 3 4 5
11. Taking an off-the-farm job to meet expenses 1 2 3 4 5
12. Prolonged bad weather 1 2 3 4 5
13. Problems with weeds or insects 1 2 3 4 5
14. Machinery breakdown at a critical time 1 2 3 4 5
15. Not enough time to spend with spouse 1 2 3 4 5

22. 16. Crop loss due to weather 1 2 3 4 5
17. Illness during planting/harvesting 1 2 3 4 5
18. Deciding when to sell 1 2 3 4 5
19. Rising expenses 1 2 3 4 5
20. Government policies and regulations 1 2 3 4 5
21. concerns about the continued financial viability of the farm 1 2 3 4 5
22. Having a loan request turned down 1 2 3 4 5
23. Farming-related accident 1 2 3 4 5
24. Government free-trade policies 1 2 3 4 5
25. Government "cheap food" policies 1 2 3 4 5
26. Metric conversion 1 2 3 4 5
27. Breeding or reproductive difficulties with livestock 1 2 3 4 5
28. No farm help or loss of help when needed 1 2 3 4 5
29. Need to learn/adjust to new government regulations and policies 1 2 3 4 5
30. Spouse doesn't have enough time for child-rearing 1 2 3 4 5

23. PUTTING SCORE IN PERSPECTIVE
If the majority of scores are 4 or 5
 It is important for you to devote immediate attention to
stress management. Give yourself credit for the tough
times you have survived. It is important to remember
that when you are under stress for a long time, it
depletes your internal resources.
 It is common to identify with these farm stresses in
your operation. Remember there are people to talk, to
listen and help brainstorm ways to cope. There is no
shame in talking to someone about your concerns.

24. If the majority of scores are 3
 Focus on your stress management strengths and
continue to expand your coping skills that will help to
deal with farm stress. Set goals that allow you to take
control of what is controllable on your farm. The skills
you are using, and those you will develop can help you
to deal with uncontrollable situations that arise.
If the majority of scores are 1 and 2
 You have farm stress coping skills. Share your skills
with others. Farming will continue to challenge you, so
continue to communicate, prioritize daily tasks and
support your family, friends, workers and community in
difficult times.
Contd.,

25. 1. Adjusting to new government policies
2. Meeting requirements buyer etc…
3. Complying with environmental regs
4. Complying with health and safety legislation
5. Dealing with the workers’ compensation
Policy and
Procedure
Finance
Time
pressures
1. Not having enough ready cash
2. Concerns about farm viability
3. Worrying about owing money
4. Worrying about commodity prices
1. Increased work load at peak times
2. Long hours of work
3. Few holidays away from the farm
4. Too much work to do and too little time
5. Continuing to have to work to a timetable
Source: H.M. Firth et al, 2007
WHAT ARE THE STRESS FACED BY THE FARMERS?

26. Farm hazards
1. Having a farm related accident
2. No farm help or lack of help when needed
3. Presence of hazardous materials
4. Risk of injury
Geographical
isolation
1. Feeling isolated
2. Having to travel long distances for services
3. Not seeing enough people
4. Lack of close neighbours
5. Having no-one to talk to all day
Unpredictable
factors
1. Machinery breakdown
2. Unplanned interruptions
3. Unpredictability of weather
4. Personal illness during busy times
5. Health and well-being of stock
Contd.,

27. Contd.,
Community
issues
1. Land use changes
2. Neighbours’ attitudes
3. Finding skilled staff
4. Handing on farm fairly
5. Lots of community work
6. Activities of lobby groups
7. Pressure of tourism
8. Media articles
9. Bad things happening to neighbours
10.Having to organize everything
11.New technology
12.Understanding new information

28. STRESS LEADS TO FARMER’S SUICIDE
• Stress is the major reason that makes farmers vulnerable,
leading to suicide.
• Various predisposing factors affect farmers in the long-term
and create stress in them. Prolonged stress makes them
vulnerable to physical and psychological hazards like
depression.
• The vulnerable group of farmers are affected by unexpected
precipitating factors, which influence their decision to
commit suicide; it also depends upon the absence of
protective factors.

29. 1) PREDISPOSITION TO RISK FACTORS
Predisposing factors are those conditions or
situations that increase the livelihood of farmer
suicides. The predisposing factors associated with
farmers’ suicide include:
Socio-economic factors
Social and demographic factors
Psychological factors
Family characteristics and
Childhood experiences
FACTORS LEADS TO FARMERS STRESS
Source: Shaffer and Pfeffer, 2001

30. 2) PRECIPITATING FACTORS
Precipitating factors are stressful events that can
trigger a suicidal crisis in a vulnerable person. A few
precipitating factors which trigger farmers’ suicide are:
Sudden crop failure
Breakdown in family relationships
Current financial hardship
Prolonged illness and pain
Failure in business
Hopelessness
Fall in social reputation
Non-realization of expected market price and
Unexpected disaster or sudden climatic change
Contd.,

31. PROTECTIVE FACTORS
Protective factors are those that decrease the
probability of an outcome in the presence of elevated
risk. Some of the protective factors which prevent
farmers’ suicides include:
Family and social support
Social resources
 Religious beliefs
Peer support
Personality traits
Coping skills and
A sense of belonging
FACTOR PREVENT FARMERS STRESS

32. EXTENSION STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION
OF FARMERS’ SUICIDES
The extension services in USA, Australia and New
Zealand provide stress management services to farmers.
They provide the following services for reducing farm
stress:
• Information and campaigns on managing farm stress
• Suicide prevention hotline
• Agricultural mediation services
• Capacity building on crisis, risk and stress management
and suicide prevention
• Single window system for farmers’ health management
• Community-based suicide prevention programme
Source: Sivakumar, P.S. and Venkatesan, 2019

33. Scoring procedure to deal Farmer stress
Farmers vary in their ability to handle stress. Each person
reacts to stress in their own way. What may be tolerable to one
person may be a challenge to another.
Awareness
Yes No Can you name three recent situations that have
caused stress in your life?
Yes No Can you list three symptoms (physical, emotional
or behavioral) that you suffer from when you are
under stress?
Acceptance
Yes No Can you maintain a positive or neutral attitude
when dealing with “little things” in life?
Yes No Can you talk yourself out of feeling stressed?
Source: NASD

34. Coping
Yes No Do you know (and use) relaxation techniques like
deep breathing and meditation?
Yes No Do you ever use exercise to get rid of stressed
feelings?
Action
Yes No Do you make a list and prioritize tasks to keep
yourself from feeling overwhelmed by all there is
to do?
Yes No When conflict arises can you express your
feelings and communicate them to others
effectively?
______ Total
Contd.,
"REMEMBER THAT EVERYONE RESPONDS TO
STRESS DIFFERENTLY"

35. Less than 7 yes
• Any effort made to improve your ability to recognize
and deal with stress will help promote balance in your
life.
More than 7 yes
• You are on the right track! Share your ability to
balance farm stress through difficult times with
friends, family and colleagues. Be aware there can be
a big difference between knowing what to do and
doing it.
PUTTING SCORE IN PERSPECTIVE

36. Connect with
sources of support
Identify and
access resources
Assess needs and
impacts
Pursue good quality
decisions
Use effective
coping strategies
MANAGING FARMER STRESS MODEL
Connect with
sources of support
Identify and
access resources
Assess needs and
impacts
Use effective
coping strategies
Source: Brotherson S. and Berg L. 2017

37. Assessing the needs of farmers and impacts of
stressors that affect the individual, family, or farming
community.
Step 1
Assess Needs and Impacts
Step 2
Identify and Access Resources
Identification of resources needed to manage
the stressors. Resources may be tangible such as
knowledge, creativity, and optimism or material such
as money, land and equipment.

38. Decision making involves
assessment of available
options, determining and
strategizing response, and
discussing the goals with
family and friends of the
farmer undergoing stress,
and consulting professionals.
Step 3
Pursue Good-quality Decisions

39. Step 4
Connect With Sources of Support
 Connecting sources of support is an important aspect
of stress alleviation. It is necessary to identify the
type of support that is most helpful to pursue quality
decisions: whether there is a need to talk to bank
personnel in case of financial concern or meet a
counselor, priest, or pastor.
 Decision should be done whether the support should
be informal (close friends, neighbors, or fellow
farmers) or formal (faith, community leaders, medical
providers, or counselors).

40. Using effective coping
strategies to overcome harmful
addictions such as those of
alcohol, drug, and tobacco, or to
inculcate helpful habits such as
exercise, playing games,
watching movies, and engaging
in family conversations. The
coping strategy should match
the identified need.
Step 5
Use Effective Coping Strategies

41. Avoid, Alter, Adapt and Accept.
TECHNIQUES TO OVERCOME STRESS
Source: https://www.mbatuts.com

42. STRESS MANAGEMENT THROUGH CONTROL EVENTS
• Plan ahead. Don’t procrastinate. Replace worn
machinery parts during the off season.
• Before the harvest discuss who can be available to run
for parts, care for livestock, etc.
• Set priorities about what has to be done today and what
can wait until tomorrow. Plan your time.
• Say no to extra commitments that you do not have time
to do.
• Simplify your life. If possible, reduce your financial
dependence on others.
• Schedule stressful events within your control, such as
elective surgery. Source: Brotherson, S. (2017)

43. STRESS MANAGEMENT THROUGH CONTROL ATTITUDES
• How farm family members view situations is a key
factor in creating or eliminating unwanted stress.
• List all the stresses you now have. Identify those you
can change; accept the ones you cannot change.
• Shift your focus from worrying to problem solving.
• Think about how to turn your challenges into
opportunity.
• Notice what you have accomplished rather than what
you failed to do.
• Set realistic goals and expectations daily. Give up
trying to be perfect.
Source: Brotherson, S. (2017)

44. STRESS MANAGEMENT THROUGH CONTROL RESPONSES
• Focus on relaxing your body and mind. Whether you
are walking, driving or phoning, do it slowly and
relax. Keep only that muscle tension necessary to
accomplish the task.
• Tune in to your body. Notice any early signs of stress
and let them go.
• Take care of your body. Exercise regularly and eat
well-balanced meals. Limit your intake of stimulants
such as coffee, sodas and tea.
• Avoid smoking cigarettes, using alcohol or other
drugs, or using tranquilizers or sleeping pills.
Source: Brotherson, S. (2017)

45. • If your health allows, tense and then relax each part
of your body from toes to head, one part at a time.
• Shake away tension as you work by vigorously
shaking each of your limbs.
• Take a break. Climb down from your tractor and do a
favorite exercise.
• Take three deep breaths – slowly, easily. Let go of
unnecessary stress.
• Think positive thoughts: “I can and will succeed.”
• Look for the humor in things that you do.
• Balance your work and your play. Do both well.
Contd.,

46. • Stop to reflect or daydream for 10 minutes. Close
your eyes and take a short mental vacation to a place
you really enjoy.
• Find someone with whom you can talk about your
worries and frustrations.
• Seek help when you need it. There are times when all
of us can benefit from professional help or support.
• Unwind before bedtime. Do stretching exercises.
listen to smoothing music, practice relaxing deeply,
and be thankful for any blessings received today.
Then sleep well.
Contd.,

48. Assessment of Stress Management by Farmers in
Amravati district of Vidarbha region
• Study Area: Vidarbha region of Amravati district,
Maharashtra.
• Research design: Ex post facto research
• Sample Size : 150 farmers
• Data collection: Pre tested- Interview schedule.
- G.M. Madhukar

49. Table 1: Frequency of physical stress management
(n=150)
a) Relaxation Frequency Percentage
1. Take rest 136 90.66
2. Take out time for leisure 76 50.66
3. Deep breathing 111 74.00
4. Drinking water 116 77.33
b) Diet
1. Take balance diet 109 72.66
2. Consume more food many times in small quantities 72 48.00
3. Eat less 103 68.66
4. Eat high fiber diet 106 70.66

50. c) Physical experience Frequency Percentage
1. Going field by walking 122 81.33
2. Yoga 85 56.66
3. Farm operations in the field 104 69.33
4. Swimming 61 40.66
d) Medicinal therapy
1. Smoking (in limit) 61 40.66
2. Alcohol consumption (in limit) 30 20.00
3. Mood altering drugs 31 20.66
e) Natural care
1. Water therapy 29 1.93
2. Hot water therapy 68 45.33
3. Herbal therapy 19 12.66
4. Colour therapy 16 10.66
5. Aroma therapy 15 10.00

51. Table 2: Level of physical stress management
(n=150)
Sr. No. Physical Stress
Management
Frequency Percentage
1. Poor 43 28.67
2. Medium 90 60.00
3. Very good 17 11.33
Total 150 100.00

52. Table 3: Frequency of mental stress management (n=150)
a) Religious/ Meditation Frequency Percentage
1. Offer prayer 140 93.33
2. Meditation 53 35.33
3. Yoga 118 78.66
4. Religious activity 121 80.66
5. Chanting mantras 122 81.33
b) Psycho therapy
1. Positive thinking 132 88.00
2. Recreation with family 68 45.33
3. Change in the routine 101 67.33
4. Crying 21 14.00
5. Laughing / cutting jokes 144 96.00
c) Social support
1. Work in group 137 91.33
2. Talk to some other farmers 81 54.00
3. Attending social gathering 108 73.00
4. Attending functions 113 75.33

53. d) Altering situations Frequency Percentage
1. Avoiding painful reminders / Distress 114 76.00
2. Change of place 49 32.66
3. Maintaining good home 90 60.00
e) Reducing responsibilities
1. Postponing the certain task 113 75.33
2. Delaying the task 56 37.33
3. Avoid disliking task 88 58.66
4. Change in preferences 97 64.66
f) Most liked activities
1. Watching TV 136 90.66
2. Listening radio 108 72.00
3. Listening songs 118 78.66
4. Spending time in farm for watching good crop
condition
97 64.66
5. Going for shopping 70 46.33
6. Singings 97 64.66
7. Playing games (cards) 115 76.66

54. Table 4: Level of mental stress management
(n=150)
Sr. No. Mental Stress
Management
Frequency Percentage
1. Poor 15 10.00
2. Medium 112 74.67
3. Very good 23 15.33
Total 150 100.00
Table 5: Level of overall stress management (n=150)
Sr. No. Overall Stress
Management
Frequency Percentage
1. Poor 18 12.00
2. Medium 107 71.33
3. Very good 25 18.67
Total 150 100.00

55. A Cross-Sectional Study of Stressors Among
Farmers in Eastern North Carolina
• Study Area: The study was conducted in the
29-County region of Eastern North Carolina. .
• Research design: A Cross-sectional study
• Sample Size : 128 farmers
• Data collection: Interview schedule.
- Gregory D. Kearney

56. Table 1 : Percentage Distribution of Stress Inventory Responses Given by 128 Active
Farmers in a 29-County Region of Eastern North Carolina (n=128)
Stress factors Response (stress rating)
“No stress”
“A little stressful” or
“moderately stressful”
“Very
stressful”
Farm-related factors No. (%) No. (%) No. (%)
The weather 13 (10.1) 38 (29.7) 77 (60.2)
Concern over the future of the farm 31 (24.2) 59 (46.1) 38 (29.7)
Outsiders not understanding the nature of
farming
39 (30.7) 55 (43.3) 32 (25.2)
Problems with machinery 33 (25.8) 65 (50.8) 30 (23.4)
Problems with livestock or crops 35 (27.6) 62 (48.8) 29 (22.8)
Having too much work for 1 person 41 (32.3) 62 (48.8) 24 (18.9)
Seasonal variations in workload 45 (35.1) 60 (46.9) 23 (18.0)
Government export policy 45 (35.2) 57 (44.6) 20 (15.6)
Farm accidents and injuries 52 (40.6) 59 (46.1) 15 (11.7)
Balancing roles as a family member and
farmer
57 (44.5) 57 (44.5) 14 (11.0)
Working with extended family in farm
operation
69 (53.9) 45 (35.1) 14 (10.9)
Not having the manpower to operate the farm 46 (36.2) 67 (52.8) 12 (9.4)
Operating hazardous machinery 68 (53.1) 47 (36.7) 11 (8.6)
Dealing with non-relative help 56 (44.1) 61 (48.0) 8 (6.3)

57. Stress factors Response (stress rating)
“No stress”
“A little stressful” or
“moderately stressful”
“Very
stressful”
Financial factors
No. (%) No. (%) No. (%)
Market prices for your crops/livestock 15 (11.7) 55 (43.0) 58 (45.3)
Taxes 22 (17.2) 56 (43.8) 49 (38.3)
Health care costs 32 (25.4) 51 (40.4) 41 (32.5)
High debt load 48 (37.5) 46 (35.9) 31 (24.2)
Not enough money for day-to-day expenses 37 (28.9) 59 (46.1) 28 (21.9)
Not enough cash/capital for unexpected
problems
35 (27.8) 67 (53.2) 24 (19.0)
Financing for retirement 46 (37.1) 52 (41.9) 23 (18.5)
Working with bankers and loan officers 55 (43.3) 51 (40.2) 19 (15.0)
Government farm price supports 45 (35.7) 59 (46.8) 19 (15.1)

58. Stress factors Response (stress rating)
“No stress”
“A little stressful” or
“moderately stressful”
“Very
stressful”
Social factors No. (%) No. (%) No. (%)
Not enough time for family 58 (45.3) 52 (40.6) 17 (13.3)
Distance from doctors or hospitals 84 (65.6) 38 (29.7) 5 (3.9)
Distance from shops/schools, etc. 101 (78.9) 23 (18.0) 2 (1.6)
Limited social interaction opportunities 94 (73.4) 28 (21.9) 3 (2.3)
Lack of close neighbors 109 (85.2) 13 (10.2) 1 (0.8)

59. Assessment of occupational stress among farmers
in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra
• Study Area: Aurangabad district of Maharashtra
• Sample Size: A representative sample of 120 farmers
• Research design: A stratified random sample
• Data collection: Structured Questionnaire
- J.S. Kureshi

60. Table 1: Financial stress
Financial stress Frequency Percentage (%)
Low 61 50.8
Medium 34 28.3
High 25 20.8
Total 120 100.0
(n=120)
Table 2: Farming hassles as stress. (n=120)
Farming hassles Frequency Percentage (%)
Low 118 98.3
Medium 2 1.7
High 0 0
Total 120 100.0

61. Table 3: Weather as stress
Weather Frequency Percentage (%)
Low 40 33.3
Medium 49 40.8
High 31 25.8
Total 120 100.0
(n=120)
Table 4: Work overload as stress. (n=120)
Work overload Frequency Percentage (%)
Low 84 70.0
Medium 33 27.5
High 3 2.5
Total 120 100.0

62. CONSTRAINTS AND STRESS IN FARMERS-
A CRITICALANALYSIS
• Study Area: Akola District of Maharashtra.
• Research design: An Exploratory Research methods
and survey method was used.
• Sample size: A representative sample of 171 farmers
from 96 villages in Akola district were selected.
• Data collection: Structured Questionaries and
interview method.
- Jyoti P. Mankar and Deepali B. Ghatul

63. Table 1: Stress and Constraints (n=171)
Attributes
Stress
constraints
Low
(50-60)
Medium
(60-70)
High
(70-80)
Total
Low
20-40
50
(27.6315)
8
(25)
17
(22.3684)
75
Medium
40-60
5
(25.42)
40
(23)
24
(20.5789)
69
High
60-80
8
(9.9473)
9
(9)
10
(8.052)
27
Total 63 57 51 171
Chi square value=61.3467**

64. OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AMONG
FARMING PEOPLE
• Study Area: Villupuram district of Tamil Nadu
• Research design : Exploratory research.
• Sample size: A representative sample of 200 farmers
• Sampling technique: Simple random sampling
- A.S.Ramesh

65. Table 1: Financial stress perceived by the farming people based on gender
(n=200)
Gender Financial stressors Total
Low Medium High
Male 0 63 75 138
Female 0 18 43 62
Total 0 81 118 200
Table 2: Weather stressors perceived by the farming people based on gender
(n=200)
Gender Stress due to weather Total
Low Medium High
Male 1 67 70 138
Female 0 19 43 62
Total 1 86 113 200

66. Table 3: Work overload stressors perceived by the farming people based on gender
(n=200)
Gender Stress due to work overload Total
Low Medium High
Male 1 79 58 138
Female 0 24 38 62
Total 1 103 96 200
Table 4: Other people stressors perceived by the farming people based on gender
(n=200)
Gender Stress due to social interaction Total
Low Medium High
Male 1 80 57 138
Female 0 27 35 62
Total 1 107 92 200

67. Table 5: Stress due to farm hassles perceived by the farming people based on gender
(n=200)
Gender Stress due to social interaction Total
Low Medium High
Male 2 65 71 138
Female 0 21 41 62
Total 2 86 112 200