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Business Pressure
Stop Getting CRUSHED
by
Janelle Klein
openmastery.org @janellekz
, Developer, Consultant, CTO @
Specialized in Statistical Process Control (SPC)
and Supply Chain Optimization from Lean Manufacturing (data geek)
Continuous Delivery infrastructure, automation strategy & technical mentorship
Janelle Klein
Who Am I?
How to Measure the PAIN
in Software Development
Janelle Klein
Author of “Idea Flow”
leanpub.com/ideaflow
Founder of
newiron.com
This is a HARD Problem.
What is this talk about?
“Better”
“Better”
What if we could get managers and developers
all pulling the same direction?
Managers
Developers
Quick Recap
Great Team
Disciplined with Best Practices
Constantly Working on Improvements+
Project FAILURE
In the Last Talk…
The Retrospective
“What are we supposed to do?!”
Our biggest problem
“Well, if we don’t understand
a problem, we should
collect data.”
The Retrospective
Our biggest problem
“What data would help us
understand the problem?”
“What are we supposed to do?!”
Technical Debt Mistakes
I thought the main obstacle was
Technical Debt
?
Most of our mistakes were in the
most well-written parts of the code.
Mistakes
We made significantly more mistakes
in code that we didn’t write ourselves.
Lower
Familiarity
More
Mistakes=
There had to be more to the story...
Unexpected
Behavior
Problem
Resolved
Tracking Painful Interaction with the Code (Friction)
Troubleshooting
Progress
5 hours and 18 minutes of troubleshooting...
PAINFUL
What Causes Unexpected
Behavior (likeliness)?
What Makes Troubleshooting
Time-Consuming (impact)?
Semantic Mistakes
Stale Memory Mistakes
Association Mistakes
Bad Input Assumption
Tedious Change Mistakes
Copy-Edit Mistakes
Transposition Mistakes
Failed Refactor Mistakes
False Alarm
Non-Deterministic Behavior
Ambiguous Clues
Lots of Code Changes
Noisy Output
Cryptic Output
Long Execution Time
Environment Cleanup
Test Data Creation
Using Debugger
Most of the pain was caused by human factors.
What causes PAIN?
What Causes Unexpected
Behavior (likeliness)?
What Makes Troubleshooting
Time-Consuming (impact)?
Non-Deterministic Behavior
Ambiguous Clues
Lots of Code Changes
Noisy Output
Cryptic Output
Long Execution Time
Environment Cleanup
Test Data Creation
Using Debugger
What causes PAIN?
Most of the pain was caused by human factors.
Semantic Mistakes
Stale Memory Mistakes
Association Mistakes
Bad Input Assumption
Tedious Change Mistakes
Copy-Edit Mistakes
Transposition Mistakes
Failed Refactor Mistakes
False Alarm
What Causes Unexpected
Behavior (likeliness)?
What Makes Troubleshooting
Time-Consuming (impact)?
Non-Deterministic Behavior
Ambiguous Clues
Lots of Code Changes
Noisy Output
Cryptic Output
Long Execution Time
Environment Cleanup
Test Data Creation
Using Debugger
What causes PAIN?
Semantic Mistakes
Stale Memory Mistakes
Association Mistakes
Bad Input Assumption
Tedious Change Mistakes
Copy-Edit Mistakes
Transposition Mistakes
Failed Refactor Mistakes
False Alarm
Most of the pain was caused by human factors.
What Causes Unexpected
Behavior (likeliness)?
What Makes Troubleshooting
Time-Consuming (impact)?
Non-Deterministic Behavior
Ambiguous Clues
Lots of Code Changes
Noisy Output
Cryptic Output
Long Execution Time
Environment Cleanup
Test Data Creation
Using Debugger
What causes PAIN?
PAIN is a consequence of how we interact with the code.
Semantic Mistakes
Stale Memory Mistakes
Association Mistakes
Bad Input Assumption
Tedious Change Mistakes
Copy-Edit Mistakes
Transposition Mistakes
Failed Refactor Mistakes
False Alarm
PAIN occurs during the process of
understanding and extending the software
Complex(
So*ware(
PAIN
Not the Code.
Optimize “Idea Flow”
My team spent tons of time working on
improvements that didn’t make much difference.
We had tons of automation, but the
automation didn’t catch our bugs.
My team spent tons of time working on
improvements that didn’t make much difference.
We had well-modularized code,
but it was still extremely time-consuming to troubleshoot defects.
The hard part isn’t solving the problems
it’s identifying the right problems to solve.
“What are the specific problems
that are causing the team’s pain?”
Then I got into consulting…
The Software Rewrite Cycle
Start%
Over%
Unmaintainable%
So0ware%
We Start with the Best of Intentions
High Quality Code
Low Technical Debt
Easy to Maintain
Good Code Coverage
Then This Happens!
Stages of Escalating Project Risk
Product Owner: “We’ve got more important things to do.”
Deferring(
Problems(
Deferring(
Problems(
Painful(
Releases(
Manager: “Good job everyone! Keep up that great work ethic!”
Stages of Escalating Project Risk
Deferring(
Problems(
Painful(
Releases(
Thrashing)
Manager: “We need to go faster! Let’s hire more developers.”
Stages of Escalating Project Risk
Deferring(
Problems(
Painful(
Releases(
Thrashing)
Project(
Meltdown(
Developer: “I give up. I don’t care anymore if the project fails.”
Stages of Escalating Project Risk
Our “Solution”
“We should just
quit our jobs.” “Yeah, it’s hopeless.”
What are we supposed to do?
Emergent Practice
Everything I’m showing today:
My Goal: Give You Hope
RESET
“A description of the goal is not a strategy.”
-- Richard P. Rumelt
What’s wrong with our current strategy?
Our “Strategy” for Success
High Quality Code
Low Technical Debt
Easy to Maintain
Good Code Coverage
RESET
“A good strategy is a specific and coherent response to—
and approach for overcoming—the obstacles to progress.”
-- Richard P. Rumelt
The problem is we don’t have a strategy...
What are the obstacles?
Obstacle 1:
Management doesn’t care about interest payments.
Obstacle 2:
Management would rather you shut up and do your job.
Obstacle 3:
The Problem is outside anyone’s control.
What are the obstacles?
Obstacle 1:
Your manager doesn’t care about interest payments.
Obstacle 2:
Management would rather you shut up and do your job.
Obstacle 3:
The Problem is outside anyone’s control.
“Let’s rewrite the software!”
My new project:
“Awesome in Disguise”
I had full control.
Continuous Delivery from day 1.
Then they announced “the plan”
My project was moved under
different management…
Crazy Deadlines
Constant
Urgency
Compromise
Safety for Speed
Time%
Pressure%
Compromise%
Safety%
for%
Speed%
Increase%
Number%&%
Severity%of%
Hazards%
%
More%Pain%
and%Higher%
Task%Effort%
Constant'
Urgency'
Cycle of Chaos
High-Risk Decision Habits
Time%
Pressure%
Compromise%
Safety%
for%
Speed%
Increase%
Number%&%
Severity%of%
Hazards%
%
More%Pain%
and%Higher%
Task%Effort%
Constant'
Urgency'
Cycle of Chaos
High-Risk Decision Habits
Time%
Pressure%
Compromise%
Safety%
for%
Speed%
Increase%
Number%&%
Severity%of%
Hazards%
%
More%Pain%
and%Higher%
Task%Effort%
Constant'
Urgency'
Cycle of Chaos
High-Risk Decision Habits
Time%
Pressure%
Compromise%
Safety%
for%
Speed%
Increase%
Number%&%
Severity%of%
Hazards%
%
More%Pain%
and%Higher%
Task%Effort%
Constant'
Urgency'
Cycle of Chaos
High-Risk Decision Habits
Time%
Pressure%
Compromise%
Safety%
for%
Speed%
Increase%
Number%&%
Severity%of%
Hazards%
%
More%Pain%
and%Higher%
Task%Effort%
Constant'
Urgency'
Cycle of Chaos
High-Risk Decision Habits
I Tried to Explain “Technical Debt”
“The project is already behind schedule!!”
Manager said:
“How can you possibly justify working
on anything other than the deliverables?!”
So we did what we were told.
We drank a lot.
Until we couldn’t take it anymore.
Explained the problem of Technical Debt
Business Coaching
“That doesn’t sound so bad.”
The Response:
?
?
?
?
WHAT?!
Loans are a Predictable Financial Tool
Revenue
- Cost
Profit + 10%
Increase Price?
Increase Sales?
Reduce Cost?
What makes investment decisions harder isn’t higher costs,
it’s lower predictability.
Investment Strategy
Obstacle 1:
Your manager doesn’t care about interest payments.
But… Managers care A LOT about RISK.
The gradual loss of predictability
is much scarier than the gradual increase in cost.
What are the obstacles?
Obstacle 1:
Your manager doesn’t care about interest payments.
Obstacle 2:
Management would rather you shut up and do your job.
Obstacle 3:
The Problem is outside anyone’s control.
What are the obstacles?
Obstacle 1:
Your Manager doesn’t care about interest payments.
Obstacle 2:
Your manager would rather you shut up and do your job.
Obstacle 3:
The System is setup to fail.
Another new project…
“Don’t ask for permission, ask for forgiveness.”
“Don’t ask for permission, ask for forgiveness.”
Another new project…
Then We Got New Management!
I put together “a plan”…
“What is Janelle trying to pull?!
Who does she think she is?!”
Management said (behind my back):
Get Back Inside Your Box! (or else)
Severe Violation of
SOCIAL PROTOCOL
SOCIAL PROTOCOL
Never talk to your manager’s boss about a problem.
Never suggest or imply your manager
can’t do their job effectively by
trying to get others to override their decisions.
Decision-making responsibilities are
assigned by management and not to be questioned.
Engineers: “We’re going to CRASH!”
Manager: “What do I do? We can’t miss these deadlines.”
Then I got into Consulting…
Developers
Manager
Consultant
“We’re going to hit the wall!”
Keynote
“We better invest
money in this!”
The Consulting World
The Job of a Consultant
Why do they need my help?!
Keynote
RESET
Consultants Bridge the Divide
Message comes through a “certified authority.”
Message comes in management-speak.
Obstacle 2:
Your manager would rather you shut up and do your job.
Follow
SOCIAL PROTOCOL
Stay (Mostly) Inside
Developer Box
Communicate
in Manager-Speak +
What are the obstacles?
Obstacle 2:
Your manager would rather you follow social protocol.
Lesson 3:
The system is setup to fail.
Obstacle 1:
Your manager doesn’t care about interest payments.
What are the obstacles?
Obstacle 1:
Your manager doesn’t care about interest payments.
Obstacle 2:
Your manager would rather you follow social protocol.
Obstacle 3:
The system is setup to fail.
The Challenge: Decision-Making is Distributed
Another Problem:
The Inability to Change Direction
What if our organization was a robot?
Fire x1
Dev Team
Management
Nothing’s happening…
Pain Sensor
What if our organization was a robot?
Fire x1
Dev Team
Management
Fire x10
Pain Sensor
Management
Dev Team
Fire x10
What if our organization was a robot?
If the feedback loop is broken, we burn.
Pain Sensor
Learn & Adapt
Role
Decision(
Type(
Required(
Knowledge(
Visibility and Decisions
Coupled
Visibility and Decisions
De-coupled
Role A
Required(
Knowledge(
Role B
Decision(
Type(
The Broken Feedback Loop is Baked into the Design
Manager
Alloca&on(
Decisions(
Knowledge(of(Risks(
Risk(Mgmt(
Decisions(
Developer
Communication
Breakdown
Broken Feedback Loop
(Manager Role)
Developer Product Owner
Actual'Risks'
interacts''
with'
Actual'Customers'
interacts''
with'
Knowledge'of'
Customers'
Trade9off'
Decisions'
depend'on'depend'on'
Knowledge'of'
Risks'
Communication
Breakdown
Broken Feedback Loop
(Product Owner Role)
Now we can steer!!
So#ware(Task(
Mi.gate(the(Risks(
Product(
Development(
Product(
Work(Queue(
Risk(Mgmt(
Work(Queue(
Product(Owner(
Product(
Decisions(
Knowledge(of(
Customers(
Technical(Risk(Manager(
Risk(Mgmt(
Decisions(
Knowledge(of(
Risks(
Dev$Team$Capacity$
Manager
Alloca.on(
Decisions(
Refactor the Organizational Architecture
This is the design that typically emerges
when we have:
Trust.
Role
Decision(
Type(
Required(
Knowledge(
Visibility and Decisions
Coupled
Visibility and Decisions
De-coupled
Role A
Required(
Knowledge(
Role B
Decision(
Type(
Obstacle 3:
The system is set up to fail.
We’ve got to fix the machine
(even though it’s not our responsibility)
What are the obstacles?
Obstacle 1:
Management doesn’t care about interest payments.
Obstacle 2:
Management would rather you follow social protocol.
Obstacle 3:
The system is setup to fail.
RESET
“A good strategy is a specific and coherent response to—
and approach for overcoming—the obstacles to progress.”
-- Richard P. Rumelt
What’s the Strategy?
2. Measure the Pain
4. Become a Risk Translator
5. Refactor the Organization
3. Identify the Biggest Problems
1. Make the Decision to Lead
What’s the Strategy?
2. Measure the Pain
4. Become a Risk Translator
5. Refactor the Organization
3. Identify the Biggest Problems
1. Make the Decision to Lead
Leadership is not a title, it’s a choice.
What’s the Strategy?
2. Measure the Pain
4. Become a Risk Translator
5. Refactor the Organization
3. Identify the Biggest Problems
1. Make the Decision to Lead
Your manager doesn’t care that your job “feels difficult”
“In God we trust, all others bring data.”
—Edwards Deming
PAIN occurs during the process of
understanding and extending the software
Complex(
So*ware(
PAIN
Not the Code.
Optimize “Idea Flow”
Idea Flow Mapping Tools
(Open Source, Supported GA ~June 2016)
github.com/ideaflow/tools
“Idea Flow Map”
“Friction”
“What caused the pain
in this case?”
Categorize the Problems with #HashTags
#ReportingEngine
#Hibernate
#MergeHell
1. Problem A
2. Problem B
3. Problem C
Add up the Pain by Category
What’s the biggest problem to solve?
Tools Demo
Troubleshooting
Progress
Learning
7:070:00
0:00 19:52
12 year old project after all original developers left.
Case Study: Huge Mess with Great Team
70-90% of dev capacity on “friction”
The Team’s Improvement Focus:
Increasing unit test coverage by 5%
Case Study: Huge Mess with Great Team
1. Test Data Generation
2. Merging Problems
3. Repairing Tests
1000 hours/month
The Biggest Problem:
~700 hours/month generating test data
18 months after a Micro-Services/Continuous Delivery rewrite.
Troubleshooting
Progress
Learning
40-60% of dev capacity on “friction”
0:00 28:15
12:230:00
Case Study: From Monolith to Microservices
The Architecture Looked Good on Paper
Team A Team B Team C
Complexity Moved Here
WTF?! WTF?!
We Don’t Have TIME To Fix It!
The Cost of Escalating Risk
0%
100%
Release 1 Release 2 Release 3
Troubleshooting
Progress
Learning
Percentage Capacity spent on Troubleshooting (red) and Learning (blue)
(extrapolated from samples)
0%
100%
Release 1 Release 2 Release 3
Percentage Capacity spent on Troubleshooting (red) and Learning (blue)
Figure out what to do
Learning is front-loaded
Troubleshooting
Progress
Learning
The Cost of Escalating Risk
0%
100%
Release 1 Release 2 Release 3
Percentage Capacity spent on Troubleshooting (red) and Learning (blue)
Rush Before the Deadline
Validation is Deferred
Troubleshooting
Progress
Learning
The Cost of Escalating Risk
0%
100%
Release 1 Release 2 Release 3
Percentage Capacity spent on Troubleshooting (red) and Learning (blue)
Pain Builds
Baseline friction keeps rising
Troubleshooting
Progress
Learning
The Cost of Escalating Risk
0%
100%
Release 1 Release 2 Release 3
Percentage Capacity spent on Troubleshooting (red) and Learning (blue)
Chaos Reigns
Unpredictable work stops
fitting in the timebox
Troubleshooting
Progress
Learning
The Cost of Escalating Risk
The Challenge:
How do I get my team to collect data??
Would you be willing to collect data if
you knew your management would give you
dedicated time to work on the biggest problems?
1. Don’t ask for Permission
2. State your Goal
"I want to make the business case to management for fixing things around
here. No more chaos and working on weekends, this needs to stop. But I
need data to make the case so I need everyone's help."
3. State the Plan
"Here's what I'm thinking. I want to run an experiment to record data for one
month on all the time we spend troubleshooting. We can look at the data
together and identify our biggest problems, then I’ll write it up and present
the case to management to get things fixed.”
4. Enlist the Team
“Will you guys help me make this happen?”
Here’s What You Do:
1. Don’t ask for Permission
2. Make the Goal Clear to Your Team
"I want to make the business case to management for fixing things around
here. No more chaos and working on weekends, this needs to stop. But I
need data to make the case so I need everyone's help."
3. State the Plan
"Here's what I'm thinking. I want to run an experiment to record data for one
month on all the time we spend troubleshooting. We can look at the data
together and identify our biggest problems, then I’ll write it up and present
the case to management to get things fixed.”
4. Enlist the Team
“Will you guys help me make this happen?”
Here’s What You Do:
1. Don’t ask for Permission
2. Make the Goal Clear to Your Team
"I want to make the business case to management for fixing things around
here. No more chaos and working on weekends, this needs to stop. But I
need data to make the case so I need everyone's help."
3. State the Plan
"Here's what I'm thinking. I want to run an experiment to record data for one
month on all the time we spend troubleshooting. We can look at the data
together and identify our biggest problems, then I’ll write it up and present
the case to management to get things fixed.”
4. Enlist the Team
“Will you guys help me make this happen?”
Here’s What You Do:
1. Don’t ask for Permission
2. Make the Goal Clear to Your Team
"I want to make the business case to management for fixing things around
here. No more chaos and working on weekends, this needs to stop. But I
need data to make the case so I need everyone's help."
3. State the Plan
"Here's what I'm thinking. I want to run an experiment to record data for one
month on all the time we spend troubleshooting. We can look at the data
together and identify our biggest problems, then I’ll write it up and present
the case to management to get things fixed.”
4. Enlist the Team
“Will you guys help me make this happen?”
Here’s What You Do:
What’s the Strategy?
2. Measure the Pain
4. Become a Risk Translator
5. Refactor the Organization
3. Identify the Biggest Problems
1. Make the Decision to Lead
Add up the Pain by Category
1. Test Data Generation
2. Merging Problems
3. Repairing False Alarms
1000 hours/month
What’s the biggest problem to solve?
Friction as a % of total capacity
What’s the biggest problem to solve?
Friction % versus Upcoming Demand
What’s the biggest problem to solve?
Friction % Grouped by Familiar vs Unfamiliar
What’s the biggest problem to solve?
What’s the Strategy?
2. Measure the Pain
4. Become a Risk Translator
5. Refactor the Organization
3. Identify the Biggest Problems
1. Make the Decision to Lead
The Constraints
Stay (Mostly) Inside
Developer Box
Communicate
in Manager-Speak +
Your Job is to Repair the Broken Feedback Loop
Risk Translator
Engineering
(Execution)
Management
(Coordination)
Risk is the bridge language.
Manager
Alloca&on(
Decisions(
Knowledge(of(Risks(
Risk(Mgmt(
Decisions(
Developer
Risk
Translator
Risk(
Summary(
Risk Translator Role
Fits Within
Developer Box
measures the time spent on:
Idea Flow
x
Troubleshooting
x
Learning
x
Rework
Quality Risk Familiarity Risk Assumption Risk
Quality Risk (Troubleshooting)
Likelihood)of))
Unexpected)
Behavior)
Cost)to)Troubleshoot)and)Repair)
High)Frequency)
Low)Impact)
Low)Frequency)
Low)Impact)
Low)Frequency)
High)Impact)
PAIN)
Familiarity Risk (Learning)
Likelihood)of))
working)with)
Unfamiliar)
Code)
Cost)to)Learn)
High)Frequency)
Easy)to)Learn)
Low)Frequency)
Easy)to)Learn)
Low)Frequency)
Hard)to)Learn)
PAIN)
Assumption Risk (Rework)
Likelihood)of))
making)a))
Bad)Assump4on)
Cost)to)Correct)Decisions)
High)Uncertainty)
Low)Delay)
Low)Uncertainty)
Low)Delay)
Low)Uncertainty)
High)Delay)
PAIN)
Decisions that
save a few hours
Side-effects that cost
several hours
Save 40 hours in direct costs
(leave the toy on the stairs)
Increase chances of losing 1000 hours by 20%
(tripping and falling)
Explain Problems in Terms of Risk (Gambling)
Distribution of Development Capacity
Over the long-term, probability wins.
Send “Project Visibility Updates”
Hi Larry,
I know it’s really hard to stay in the loop on all the different
project risks, so I wanted to send you a summarized update of
some of our recent findings.
Subject: Project Visibility Update
We started collecting data during development to track where
all of our time was going, and made some pretty frightening
discoveries.
See attached. Let me know if you’d like to talk.
Risk Translators build
Trust
by making sense.
What’s the Strategy?
2. Measure the Pain
4. Become a Risk Translator
5. Refactor the Organization
3. Identify the Biggest Problems
1. Make the Decision to Lead
Manager
Alloca&on(
Decisions(
Knowledge(of(Risks(
Risk(Mgmt(
Decisions(
Developer
Risk
Translator
Risk(
Summary(
Refactor Step 1: Risk Translator
So#ware(Task(
Mi.gate(the(Risks(
Product(
Development(
Product(
Work(Queue(
Risk(Mgmt(
Work(Queue(
Product(Owner(
Product(
Decisions(
Knowledge(of(
Customers(
Dev$Team$Capacity$
Alloca.on(
Decisions(
Manager2Translator$Partnership$
Risk(Mgmt(
Decisions(
Knowledge(of(Risks(
Refactor Step 2: Partnership
Now we can steer!!
So#ware(Task(
Mi.gate(the(Risks(
Product(
Development(
Product(
Work(Queue(
Risk(Mgmt(
Work(Queue(
Product(Owner(
Product(
Decisions(
Knowledge(of(
Customers(
Technical(Risk(Manager(
Risk(Mgmt(
Decisions(
Knowledge(of(
Risks(
Dev$Team$Capacity$
Manager
Alloca.on(
Decisions(
Refactor Step 3: Owner
Option 1 Option 2
Stay
the Course
Change
This is Safer (less risky)
or
Make the Case for Partnership
Focus on the Risks
(don’t negotiate schedule)
Key to Success:
1. Explain Why You Decided to Collect Data
Saw this talk/read this book about…
How to Measure the PAIN
in Software Development
Janelle Klein
Consultant +1 Effect
(blame me)
Time%
Pressure%
Compromise%
Safety%
for%
Speed%
Increase%
Number%&%
Severity%of%
Hazards%
%
More%Pain%
and%Higher%
Task%Effort%
Constant'
Urgency'
“In the book, Janelle talks about this “Cycle of Chaos”…
“As the problems build, they introduce Quality Risk…
Likelihood)of))
Unexpected)
Behavior)
Cost)to)Troubleshoot)and)Repair)
High)Frequency)
Low)Impact)
Low)Frequency)
Low)Impact)
Low)Frequency)
High)Impact)
PAIN)
Likelihood	
  of	
  
Mistakes	
  
Cost	
  to	
  Recover	
  
Quality Risk
Our application is more likely to be in a BROKEN state.
“We’re measuring the problems while we work…
Problems Measured in HOURS.
2. Here’s What We Found…
Pick your WORST offending examples.
Use lots of RED.
Save time by
skipping diagnostic
tools
(~80 hours)
Side-effects of
Troubleshooting time
(~700 hours/month)
36h 25m0:00
Troubleshooting
Progress11 hours and 15 minutes of troubleshooting...
Creating a New Customer Report
“This is a timeline that shows all the time we spend troubleshooting…
Save time by
constantly rushing
(~20 hours/month)
Side-effects of
25 developers
down for 2 days
(~1000 hours/month)
“When the problems build up, they have a really big impact…
“When the application is broken,
these are the biggest problems in our way.
1000 hours/month
1. Test Data Generation
2. Merging Problems
3. Repairing False Alarms
Top Three Problems
“The deadline is coming either way…”
80% of features 100% done?100% of features 80% done?
“Here’s what we were thinking…”
3-Month Improvement Trial
Dedicated resources (1 or 2 developers)
Dev team identifies highest-leverage improvement
opportunities and prioritizes with management
Continue to share Project Visibility Updates each month
“Will you help us turn this project around?”
Summary
The Biggest Cause of FAILURE in our Industry:
“Better”
“Better”
We have an opportunity to do this across our industry:
Managers
Developers
Two Options:
Option 1
Stay
the Course
Option 2
Take
Responsibility
or
Let’s Do This
Here’s the Catch:
In order for us to change the status quo, we have to start
working together as a community.
Let’s
take responsibility,
learn how to get there,
then let’s help each other to succeed.
LEARN YOUR WAY TO AWESOME.
Free to Join Industry Peer Mentorship Network
openmastery.org
If you’d like to see our industry start
collaborating on solving these problems…
and you’re willing to Measure Your PAIN…
Let’s Make the PAIN Visible!
Next Talk:
#OpenDX
An Open Standard for Measuring PAIN
(Specification for Data Collection)
Developer
Experience
Community Analytics Platform
Idea Flow Mapping Tools
Team Mastery Tools
Team
Joe
Sally
Mark
Eric
Community Analytics
Anonymized
Data
(REST)
Shared Taxonomy
of Patterns & Principles
(with example data)
Project
Tiger
Project
Bear
This isn’t about me.
Janelle Klein
openmastery.org @janellekz
This is about ALL OF US.
This is about Ending this BULLSHIT:
Janelle Klein
openmastery.org @janellekz
If you BELIEVE…
Janelle Klein
openmastery.org @janellekz
Carry the Torch.
Courage.
Janelle Klein
openmastery.org @janellekz
Leadership.
Empathy.
Authenticity.
Respect.
Take
Responsibility
Janelle Klein
openmastery.org @janellekz
Two Options:
Option 1
Stay
the Course
Option 2
or
Let’s Make the PAIN Visible!
What do you see as the
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Stop Getting Crushed By Business Pressure

Editor's Notes

  1. Hi everyone, I’m janelle klein from New Iron. I’ve been a no fluff attendee for the last 7 years, this is my first time as a speaker. Despite our best efforts with CI, unit testing, automation galore, every few years we end up kicking off a rewrite… and there’s two major reasons for this. Invisibility - our problems are invisible, they’re hard to measure, hard to explain. We rely primary on gut feel to make decisions. Relentless business pressure that doesn’t let up. This talk is about a strategy to solve both those problems. I learned this strategy through failure. So rather than tell you about my greatest successes, I’m going to tell you about my greatest failures and the lessons that I learned along the way.
  2. My goal isn’t to convince you that solving this problem will be easy. My goal is to convince you that even though this is a hard problem, it’s a solvable problem. What I’m going to share with you today, isn’t an easy answer, but it’s the only answer I’ve found to actually work.
  3. First of all, What’s the problem we’re trying to solve? Why should you care about anything I have to say?
  4. Across the industry, you see this pattern. Every few years, we end up rewriting our software, after driving one project after another into the ground. So why is this happening?
  5. We always start off with the best of intentions…  We're going to write high quality code that’s low in technical debt, easy to maintain and of course, has good code coverage.
  6. Then this happens. We’ve got this business pressure and constant urgency to deliver features. and things just start to unravel.
  7. And we tell the product owner about our pain, but they don’t understand the benefits [] So what do you think they pick? The benefits that make sense. []
  8. If we don’t make time to deal with emerging risks and emerging risks, we will never get out of this cycle.
  9. I watched my project get crushed.
  10. So I was wondering, [what’s wrong with our current strategy?] I mean, we’re constantly talking about the importance of maintainable code. Then I was reading this book, Good Strategy/Bad Strategy and by the first chapter, I already had my answer.
  11. We don’t talk about why we keep failing, despite our best efforts. Now we talk a lot about what it means to have maintainable code and why it’s important. But what we don’t talk about is how the hell we’re supposed to pull it off in the context of a business system.
  12. The problem is we don’t *have* a strategy for solving this problem and we really need one. So Rumelt says, “”
  13. So I started thinking… why can’t we break the rewrite cycle? What are the biggest obstacles preventing us from breaking the cycle. And I thought about all the consulting projects I’d worked on… where companies were stuck in this pattern.
  14. From the outside it looks like we’re driving a car without a steering wheel. What’s fascinating though.
  15. But we were solving really cool problems.
  16. We setup a continuous delivery pipeline from day 1. I gotta hire the team myself. I worked directly with the customers on figuring out requirements. I designed the architecture. I designed the process. For a year, it was my dream customer.
  17. Later that night we were on this conference call with IT. And I hear this guy just screaming in the background. Apparently, we had shut down every tool in the factory. So we rolled back the release and tried to figure out what happened. There was a configuration change that didn’t quite make it to production. We all felt terrible, but there wasn’t much we could do at this point. So we fixed the problem, and shipped to production... again.
  18. I watched my project get crushed.
  19. Crazy deadlines, and I tried to explain to management that we needed to go slower, but they threatened to outsource the project if we didn’t get it done. This project was my baby.
  20. So I started working 60-70 hour weeks for about 6 months strait. And my team started working 60 hour weeks for 6 months strait. Then the releases started falling apart. Things were just constantly going wrong.
  21. When we fall into urgency mode, we start compromising safety for speed. We make decisions that don’t seem like a big deal at the time, but they create a hazardous work environment. Instead of taking a little more time to put our toys away, we end up falling down the stairs and in the hospital.
  22. First, we ignore the risks, basically ignoring tango -- a lot of times because the risk isn’t obvious.
  23. First, we ignore the risks, basically ignoring tango -- a lot of times because the risk isn’t obvious.
  24. First, we ignore the risks, basically ignoring tango -- a lot of times because the risk isn’t obvious.
  25. First, we ignore the risks, basically ignoring tango -- a lot of times because the risk isn’t obvious.
  26. First, we ignore the risks, basically ignoring tango -- a lot of times because the risk isn’t obvious.
  27. If we don’t make time to deal with emerging risks and emerging risks, we will never get out of this cycle.
  28. Has anyone ever tried to go to management and explain all the problems with technical debt, but their manager didn’t seem to care?
  29. When we fall into urgency mode, we start compromising safety for speed. We make decisions that don’t seem like a big deal at the time, but they create a hazardous work environment. Instead of taking a little more time to put our toys away, we end up falling down the stairs and in the hospital.
  30. Next thing you know we’re working late nights and weekends, choking down red bull to stay awake... hacking out last minute fixes and hoping that nothing else breaks. Who’s done this before? We make jokes about programmers running on caffeine and pizza... but this problem is really serious. When our project is on the line, we give up a lot -- we’re skipping our kids recitals, missing our annivery dinners, we get sick, we gain weight stress deteriorates our health and can tear apart our relationships. Just because we’re not bleeding doesn’t mean we don’t get hurt by all this. We can’t run a sustainable business by compromising the safety of the people doing the work.
  31. From an investment standpoint, loans are a predictable financial tool.
  32. Another new project.
  33. But we were solving really cool problems.
  34. But we were solving really cool problems.
  35. The engineers are like [read] and the managers ask me [read] It’s not like people are unaware of the problems. So what are the obstacles that keep us stuck?
  36. In the consulting box.
  37. [read] What do you guys think? What are the biggest obstacles?
  38. If you watch what happens right before a project crashes into the wall, everyone usually knows there’s a problem. [engineers are like], Even when the pain is really obvious, we still get stuck in this pattern of organizational deadlock, where nobody can change direction.
  39. And so we crash the car, and have to build a whole new car, just so we can continue driving. The challenge with trying to steer an organization, is that decision-making, in an organizational context, is a distributed responsibility.
  40. So when I think about distributed decision-making, I imagine [read] We’ve got the dev team controlling the hand component, and management controlling the arm component, and if we run a little experiment, and light a fire under the pain sensor. Nothing happens.
  41. And if we turn up the fire, so we’ve got 10x the pain… we burn.
  42. This is what happens when there’s a broken feedback loop baked into the design of the system. [read]
  43. If you think about the human system design like a software design, you can see the broken feedback loop is baked into the organization’s role design. Whenever visibility and decision-making are decoupled into different roles, communication failure will lead to this crashing pattern. When visibility and decision-making are part of the same role, we can steer in response to emerging risks.
  44. For example the manager role is responsible for allocating money and managing risk. All the knowledge about the technical risks on the project, are generally in the developer’s heads. So communication breakdown at this level leads to a whole lot of really bad management decisions.
  45. Another place you see this pattern is with the product owner role. The product owner is in charge of making trade-off decisions about technical risks that they don’t understand. So communication breakdown at this level leads to the classic case of technical debt building up on a project because the problems are constantly being deferred. So we can try and solve this problem by finding a way to communicate better, but we’ve got tons of evidence that this strategy doesn’t work very well. There’s a reason the story I told about project failure is an archetype across our industry. This problem is baked into the blueprints that we’re using to design our organizations. So I think it’s about time we tried something new.
  46. Risk management in software development is an extremely complex problem. Just like it takes time to figure out the right product to build, it takes time to figure out the right improvements. We have to gather requirements.
  47. The problem is we don’t *have* a strategy for solving this problem and we really need one. So Rumelt says, “”
  48. A typical improvement effort usually starts with brainstorming a list [slow] We think about the things that bugged us recently, how we’re not following best practices, or the code that just makes us feel shameful. [] -- Then all that goes into our technical debt backlog, and we chip away at improvements for months. But just because a problem comes to mind, doesn’t mean it’s an important problem to solve When we’re brainstorming, [] we can easily miss our biggest problems then [our improvements don’t make...]. [] Don’t do this.
  49. This experience completely shattered my faith in best practices. Which turned out to be the best thing that ever happened to me… because…
  50. I thought the main obstacle was all the technical debt building up in the code base that was causing us to make mistakes. and if we made changes in the code that had more technical debt, we’d be more likely to make mistakes. So I got this idea to build a tool that could detect high-risk changes, and tell us where we needed to do more testing -- but what I found wasn’t what I found wasn’t what I expected at all.
  51. Our bugs were mostly in the code written by the senior engineers on the team where the design actually got the most scrutiny. It’s not like we didn’t have any awful crufty code -- but that’s not where the bugs were. The correlation I did find in the data was this...
  52. [read] And while that made some sense, I couldn’t help but think, there had to be more to the story...
  53. So I started keeping track of all my painful interaction with the code and visualizing it on a timeline like this. The pain started [] when I ran into some unexpected behavior and ended [] when I had the problem resolved. So that was 5 hours and 18 minutes of troubleshooting, I think everyone would agree that’s pretty painful.
  54. So I started breaking down the problems into categories. And when I did this, I realized that most of the pain was actually caused by human factors.
  55. This is when I have an idea in my head about how the code is supposed to work, but it doesn’t work that way anymore.
  56. This is when your running an experiment, and there’s multiple possibilities for how a behavior can occur, and you make a bad assumption, and down the rabbit hole you go. These aren’t really problems with the code itself, [read]
  57. These aren’t really problems with the code itself… [read]
  58. The pain isn’t something inside the code, pain occurs during the process of interacting with the code. So I started optimizing for… and I did that, with the help of a data driven feedback loop.
  59. On our project, we ended up [read] For almost a year! [read]
  60. [read] Then we started asking []
  61. [read] That’s when everything changed [] We were finally able to turn the project around. And I learned one of the most valuable lessons in my career. [read]
  62. [read] Which at the project level, I’m translating to [] [] []. [pause] So let me show you what Idea Flow looks like in a couple case studies.
  63. Rework Risk is driven by the likelihood... Things like... bad assumptions about the architecture or design or bad assumptions about customer requirements. The longer we delay before making corrections, the greater the rework.
  64. For the problem categories -- I use hashtags in the Idea Flow Maps, then add up the durations for each hashtag.
  65. So If I wanted to know what was causing the pain I needed to understand the things that caused these 2 factors. A lot of the problems had more to do with human factors than anything going on with the code. Stale Memory mistakes, Ambiguous Clues. But once I understood what was causing the pain, [read -- most of the problems were easy to avoid] For example...
  66. This is from a project about 10 months old where we actively focused on reducing troubleshooting time. With our everyday problem-solving effort, we still spent about 10-20% of our time on friction.
  67. So in this first case study, there was a huge mess inherited by a really great team, it was a 12 year old project, where all the original developers had left. This is what it looks like when 90% of your time figuring out what to do, and 10% of your time actually doing stuff. The lack of familiarity has an enormous impact on how much friction we experience.
  68. So there were tons of problems, and the team wasn’t sure what to focus on, so they set a goal to raise unit test coverage by 5%. If you start adding up all the problems across the team [], these guys were spending about 700 hours per month generating test data to support whatever task they were working on. But oddly, in all the retrospective meetings, this problem didn’t even come up. It was just part of the work.
  69. This second case studies was with a massive rewrite effort. They had this big monolith application that they rewrote completely from scratch, with micro services, a continuous delivery pipeline, the whole nine years. And what really surprised me about this project, is that after only 18 months, they were already spending 40-60% of their development capacity troubleshooting problems.
  70. They had this design for the architecture, that looked good on paper, but then once they distributed the design across teams, and discovered the architecture had some flaws, they were stuck. The good ol’ Conway’s law effect, and they couldn’t seem to adapt. So I got involved with the team, just as they were getting into the thrashing stage, and starting to lose control.
  71. You could see this pattern of pain building up over time, that we always talk about, but have never been able to measure. So I don’t have quite enough data to make a chart like this, but these are some of the patterns you could see.
  72. First, learning is front-loaded while the team figures out what to do.
  73. Then there’s this rush before the deadline where validation ends up deferred.
  74. Then the pain builds, and you see the baseline friction level rising over time.
  75. Then finally chaos reigns, and the unpredictable work stops fitting in the timebox. So I’m measuring capacity hours over time, so even though all these releases are the same size, you can see how the team had to work twice as many hours to get the release out the door.
  76. First, make the decision to lead. Step 1. [read] Leadership is not a title bestowed upon on you, it’s a choice to take responsibility. Nike’s got some good advice -- Just do it.
  77. [read]
  78. [read]
  79. [read]
  80. Troubleshooting Risk we’ve already talked about, it’s driven by the likelihood...
  81. Learning Risk is driven by the likelihood... Things like... lots of 3rd party libraries, complex frameworks, a really large code base, or high turn-over rate -- all these things can cause extra learning work.
  82. Rework Risk is driven by the likelihood... Things like... bad assumptions about the architecture or design or bad assumptions about customer requirements. The longer we delay before making corrections, the greater the rework.
  83. Gradual loss of predictability.
  84. Next, you’ll need to make the case to management that change [read] The key to success is focusing on the risks not estimating how much longer things will take. If it’s just more work, it sounds like we can throw more money at it, but working harder won’t solve the problem -- we have to work smarter.
  85. First, we ignore the risks, basically ignoring tango -- a lot of times because the risk isn’t obvious.
  86. Basically, we make decisions that increase the likelihood of mistakes, or the cost to recover when things go wrong, then our application is more likely to be in a broken state. It’s not about how long it takes, it’s about being broken.
  87. Basically, we make decisions that increase the likelihood of mistakes, or the cost to recover when things go wrong, then our application is more likely to be in a broken state. It’s not about how long it takes, it’s about being broken.
  88. Share your Idea Flow Maps. There’s nothing like showing powerpoint slides with lots of red on them that gets managers to move. To do the work, we had to setup data in the database, setup a new reporting template, then run the entire system at once to test the reports. When there’s a bug, it’s really hard to tell where the problem is and takes countless hours to track down the bugs.
  89. This is a graph showing how often our development environment has been broken over the last month. Red dots are completely down. Blue dots are some features not working. Whenever the environment is broken, it doesn't just impact one person. It usually impacts the entire team. The red dots are the times the environment has been completely down. In the one I circled. []
  90. So If I wanted to know what was causing the pain I needed to understand the things that caused these 2 factors. A lot of the problems had more to do with human factors than anything going on with the code. Stale Memory mistakes, Ambiguous Clues. But once I understood what was causing the pain, [read -- most of the problems were easy to avoid] For example...
  91. 80% of I know we have a big deadline coming up, and we've been hurrying to get everything done, but in trying to go faster, we've dramatically increased risk. Now, it's so expensive when things go wrong that trying to go faster is actually slowing us down. If we rush to get the features completed, we're likely to arrive at the finish line with a lot of things broken. On the other hand, if we focus on reducing the risk, we’ll end up in much better shape.
  92. I know we have a big deadline coming up, and we've been hurrying to get everything done, but in trying to go faster, we've dramatically increased risk. Now, it's so expensive when things go wrong that trying to go faster is actually slowing us down. If we rush to get the features completed, we're likely to arrive at the finish line with a lot of things broken. On the other hand, if we focus on reducing the risk, we’ll end up in much better shape.
  93. My goal isn’t to convince you that solving this problem will be easy. My goal is to convince you that even though this is a hard problem, it’s a solvable problem. What I’m going to share with you today, isn’t an easy answer, but it’s the only answer I’ve found to actually work.
  94. I wrote this book, so I could share what I’ve learned with you.
  95. We’re breaking down the implementation plan into an iterative roadmap for organizational transformation. So each transformation effort, you can read about, decide whether you want to participate, and it will be an opt-in project that sits on top of everything else.
  96. Iterative clarify then implement “better”
  97. Iterative clarify then implement “better”
  98. If you want to join me, then read the book, and think about the ideas, see if this is something you want to be a part of. You can either buy the book, or if you start a reading group for Idea Flow, I’ll provide free e-books for all the attendees. Check out openmastery.org for details.
  99. And if you don’t want to take my word for it, you should read Idea Flow because Rene and Matt said so.