History notes time sequence of ancient to modern history in indiakuttaimon
The document provides a chronological overview of history in India from ancient to modern times. It divides Indian history into three periods: Ancient India from prehistoric to 700 AD, Medieval India from 700-1857 AD, and Modern India from 1857 onward. Some key events highlighted in the ancient period include the Indus Valley Civilization and the rise of the Mauryan Empire under Chandragupta Maurya. The medieval period saw the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire, while the modern period was defined by the Indian independence movement and establishment of democratic rule after 1947.
The document provides information on the Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley civilization. It discusses the major sites uncovered, including Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Lothal, and Dholavira. Key features of the Harappan civilization discussed include its organized city planning with grid layouts and drainage systems, agriculture including crops like wheat and barley, domestication of animals, use of bronze and copper tools, and development of crafts like pottery and seal making. The document also outlines the different phases of the Harappan civilization from early to late periods.
This document provides an overview of the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt between 4000 BC to 1000 BC. It summarizes the geography, urban development, and major rulers and dynasties of early Sumerian city-states in Mesopotamia like Uruk and Ur. It also outlines the geography of ancient Egypt centered around the Nile River, and the major dynasties like the Old Kingdom known for constructing pyramids and the New Kingdom including pharaohs like Hatshepsut, Akhenaten, and Ramses II. Key developments discussed include the origins of writing in Mesopotamia and hieroglyphics in Egypt.
The document provides an overview of the earliest civilizations that emerged in Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt between 4000-1200 BC. It summarizes the key developments in Sumer and Akkadia, including the establishment of city-states, innovations in mathematics, writing systems like cuneiform, and monumental architecture like ziggurats. In Egypt, it outlines the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, the establishment of the Old Kingdom and pharaonic rule, the building of pyramids at Giza and Saqqara, and the development of hieroglyphics and religious practices like mummification. The document also notes some of the major political and cultural changes that occurred in the Middle and New King
This document provides an overview of ancient Egypt between c. 5000-1200 BC. It discusses the geography of Egypt and the importance of the Nile River. It then outlines the major historical periods and rulers of ancient Egypt, from the Predynastic and Archaic Period to the New Kingdom and Late Period. Key aspects of Egyptian civilization discussed include hieroglyphics, pyramids and funerary architecture, religion, and important pharaohs like Hatshepsut, Ramses II, and Akhenaten.
The document summarizes major civilizations and events in the Bronze Age Near East between 2000 BC to 500 BC in 3 paragraphs:
1) The Babylonians led by Hammurabi established the first Babylonian empire in Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BC. The Hittites also formed an empire in Anatolia during this time.
2) The Assyrians rose to power in the Iron Age following the collapse of the Bronze Age. They expanded their empire throughout the Near East under rulers like Tiglath-pileser III and Ashurbanipal.
3) Indo-European peoples like the Aryans migrated to India and established Vedic
HTC TIME OF civilization FROM 5000BCE TO 1 ADHKproduction
This document provides a timeline of major ancient civilizations from 5000 BCE to 200 BCE. It lists civilizations such as the Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia from 5000-1750 BCE, the Indus Valley civilization from 3300-1100 BCE, the Minoan civilization in Crete from 2000-1450 BCE, and the Mycenaean civilization in Greece from 1900-1100 BCE. It also provides brief details about some of the civilizations, including the architectural features of cities in the Indus Valley civilization like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.
The document provides an overview of the study of history and prehistory. It discusses how historians use observations, readings, and studies of physical remains, written documents, and oral histories to understand past societies. Prehistory is divided into the Palaeolithic, Neolithic, and Metal Ages. The Palaeolithic began over 4 million years ago and saw the development of tools made of carved stone and bone. The Neolithic started around 10,000 BC and featured polished stone tools as well as early pottery, baskets, and textiles. The Metal Age between 4,000-3,000 BC comprised the Copper, Bronze, and Iron Ages defined by advances in metalworking.
History notes time sequence of ancient to modern history in indiakuttaimon
The document provides a chronological overview of history in India from ancient to modern times. It divides Indian history into three periods: Ancient India from prehistoric to 700 AD, Medieval India from 700-1857 AD, and Modern India from 1857 onward. Some key events highlighted in the ancient period include the Indus Valley Civilization and the rise of the Mauryan Empire under Chandragupta Maurya. The medieval period saw the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire, while the modern period was defined by the Indian independence movement and establishment of democratic rule after 1947.
The document provides information on the Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley civilization. It discusses the major sites uncovered, including Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Lothal, and Dholavira. Key features of the Harappan civilization discussed include its organized city planning with grid layouts and drainage systems, agriculture including crops like wheat and barley, domestication of animals, use of bronze and copper tools, and development of crafts like pottery and seal making. The document also outlines the different phases of the Harappan civilization from early to late periods.
This document provides an overview of the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt between 4000 BC to 1000 BC. It summarizes the geography, urban development, and major rulers and dynasties of early Sumerian city-states in Mesopotamia like Uruk and Ur. It also outlines the geography of ancient Egypt centered around the Nile River, and the major dynasties like the Old Kingdom known for constructing pyramids and the New Kingdom including pharaohs like Hatshepsut, Akhenaten, and Ramses II. Key developments discussed include the origins of writing in Mesopotamia and hieroglyphics in Egypt.
The document provides an overview of the earliest civilizations that emerged in Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt between 4000-1200 BC. It summarizes the key developments in Sumer and Akkadia, including the establishment of city-states, innovations in mathematics, writing systems like cuneiform, and monumental architecture like ziggurats. In Egypt, it outlines the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, the establishment of the Old Kingdom and pharaonic rule, the building of pyramids at Giza and Saqqara, and the development of hieroglyphics and religious practices like mummification. The document also notes some of the major political and cultural changes that occurred in the Middle and New King
This document provides an overview of ancient Egypt between c. 5000-1200 BC. It discusses the geography of Egypt and the importance of the Nile River. It then outlines the major historical periods and rulers of ancient Egypt, from the Predynastic and Archaic Period to the New Kingdom and Late Period. Key aspects of Egyptian civilization discussed include hieroglyphics, pyramids and funerary architecture, religion, and important pharaohs like Hatshepsut, Ramses II, and Akhenaten.
The document summarizes major civilizations and events in the Bronze Age Near East between 2000 BC to 500 BC in 3 paragraphs:
1) The Babylonians led by Hammurabi established the first Babylonian empire in Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BC. The Hittites also formed an empire in Anatolia during this time.
2) The Assyrians rose to power in the Iron Age following the collapse of the Bronze Age. They expanded their empire throughout the Near East under rulers like Tiglath-pileser III and Ashurbanipal.
3) Indo-European peoples like the Aryans migrated to India and established Vedic
HTC TIME OF civilization FROM 5000BCE TO 1 ADHKproduction
This document provides a timeline of major ancient civilizations from 5000 BCE to 200 BCE. It lists civilizations such as the Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia from 5000-1750 BCE, the Indus Valley civilization from 3300-1100 BCE, the Minoan civilization in Crete from 2000-1450 BCE, and the Mycenaean civilization in Greece from 1900-1100 BCE. It also provides brief details about some of the civilizations, including the architectural features of cities in the Indus Valley civilization like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.
The document provides an overview of the study of history and prehistory. It discusses how historians use observations, readings, and studies of physical remains, written documents, and oral histories to understand past societies. Prehistory is divided into the Palaeolithic, Neolithic, and Metal Ages. The Palaeolithic began over 4 million years ago and saw the development of tools made of carved stone and bone. The Neolithic started around 10,000 BC and featured polished stone tools as well as early pottery, baskets, and textiles. The Metal Age between 4,000-3,000 BC comprised the Copper, Bronze, and Iron Ages defined by advances in metalworking.
The document discusses the princely state of Cooch Behar, which was located in present-day West Bengal, India. It had an area of 3,387 square kilometers and was ruled by the Rajbanshi dynasty. When British colonial rule ended in India, Cooch Behar immediately joined and merged with India. The document also provides background on Tusar Kanti Ghosal, the author of the piece.
The document provides an overview of the Ancient Near East from 2200 BC to 500 BC, including the major civilizations and events. It summarizes Egypt's Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom periods, as well as Egyptian society, religion, and important figures like Hatshepsut and Akhenaten. It also describes the Babylonian and Assyrian empires, including Hammurabi's code of laws and the Assyrian military expansion. Finally, it summarizes the history of the Hebrews from Abraham to the exile in Babylon and the development of Judaism.
The document provides an overview of the Ancient Near East from 2200 BC to 500 BC, including the major cultures and time periods. It summarizes Egypt's Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom dynasties, as well as important pharaohs like Hatshepsut, Akhenaten, and Ramses II. It also describes the Babylonian, Assyrian and Hebrew civilizations, highlighting leaders like Hammurabi, Tiglath-Pileser III, and Ashurbanipal. The document outlines the origins and beliefs of Judaism, including key figures and events in Hebrew history from Abraham to the Babylonian exile.
Mohenjodaro the famous ancient city for Town PlanningMd. Abdul Kader
Harappa was an ancient city located in modern-day Pakistan that dates back to 3300-1300 BC. It was part of the Indus Valley Civilization along with Mohenjo-Daro. The inhabitants of Harappa practiced agriculture and traded crafts and goods. They had a social structure that was divided into classes like warriors, priests, and peasants. Mohenjo-Daro was also part of the Indus Valley Civilization and had a grid pattern layout, while Harappa had a more dispersed pattern. The Aegean Civilization consisted of the Minoan civilization on Crete and the Mycenaean civilization on the Greek mainland between 1450-1100 BC. Cities like Knossos on Cre
The document summarizes Stone Age cultures from the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods. It discusses the evolution of tool technology over time from crude stone tools to polished tools. It provides details on tool types, sites discovered, changes in subsistence patterns from hunting/gathering to agriculture, and developments in arts, religion, and settlements. The Stone Age spans from around 2-2.5 million years ago to 1800 BC and saw significant cultural and technological developments among prehistoric humans.
The document discusses the antiquity and chronology of Indian civilization based on the views of historians, philosophers, and scientists. It summarizes genetic evidence that anatomically modern humans have inhabited South Asia for 70,000 years. It also discusses archaeological sites from different prehistoric periods in India defined by the tools used, as well as literary and non-literary sources used to reconstruct ancient Indian history. It notes debates around the chronology, such as the "Frawley paradox" of vast literature without archaeological evidence or vice versa.
This document provides an overview of the Ancient Near East from 2200 BC to 500 BC. It discusses the major civilizations that dominated the region during this time period, including the Babylonians, Assyrians, and Hebrews. Key figures and developments are highlighted, such as Hammurabi and the Code of Hammurabi in Babylon, the expansion and military dominance of the Assyrian Empire under rulers like Tiglath-pileser III and Ashurbanipal, and the origins of Judaism and monotheism among the Hebrews.
Outline :
The Pre Historic Era
I. The stone age
II. The bronze age
Vedic period
Janapadas and Mahajanapadas
Maurya empire
Gupta empire
Empires in deccan and south
Medieval and Early Modern periods
Modern period and Independence
- The document discusses how ancient civilizations aligned with the precession of the equinoxes and signs of the zodiac, with Vishnu appearing every 6,480 years to destroy evil and reestablish dharma.
- It notes major civilizations and megalithic sites that developed during each age, with recurring cycles of destruction roughly every 6,000 years related to floods, earthquakes, volcanoes and cosmic events.
- According to the document, human evolution and civilization proceed in cycles, with an overall de-evolution in technology and understanding of astronomy between 13,000-700 years ago, though ancient peoples demonstrated advanced technologies through non-written means of communication.
The Satvahana dynasty ruled from 235 BCE to 224 CE in India. Some key points:
- They ruled from their capitals in Pratishthana and Amaravati and were known as the protectors of South India.
- Important rulers included Simuka, Satakarni I, Gautamiputra Satakarni, and Pulumavi IV who was the last ruler.
- The dynasty promoted Buddhism and other religions and their empire spanned from the Narmada River in the north to Krishna River in the south at its height.
- They contributed greatly to the development of art, architecture, and trade. Sites like the stup
The document provides a timeline of important civilizations, dynasties, and architectural developments in Indian history from 2600 BC to 1947 AD. It notes the key periods of the Indus Valley Civilization, the spread of Jainism and Buddhism, the Maurya Empire, the Gupta Dynasty, important temple buildings under various dynasties such as the Chandella, Chola, and Hoysala, the rule of the Delhi Sultans and various kingdoms, the Mughal Empire, Rajput kingdoms, the Maratha Empire, and the establishment of British rule over India. Major architectural sites associated with these periods are also mentioned.
The document discusses the differences between the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods in archaeology. During the Paleolithic, tools were made of chipped stone and life was nomadic. In the Mesolithic, small flint tools were used and some nomadic traditions remained. The Neolithic saw the introduction of polished stone tools, settled village life, the beginnings of agriculture and animal domestication, and the construction of megalithic monuments and ceramics.
The document discusses the history of Mesopotamia during the Early Dynastic Period from approximately 2900 BC to 2350 BC. It outlines the chronology of the Uruk Period and Early Dynastic Period. It then describes how population growth and urbanization in Babylonia led to increased competition for land and a shift from temple authority to palace authority. It mentions artifacts from this period like the Standard of Ur which depict war and peace. It also discusses border conflicts like the Umma-Lagash conflict and important cities in Mesopotamia and Syria during this time.
The document discusses the history of Mesopotamia during the Early Dynastic Period from approximately 2900 BC to 2350 BC. It outlines the chronology of the Uruk Period and Early Dynastic Period. Population growth and urbanization in Babylonia led to increased competition for land and a shift in authority from temples to palaces. The Standard of Ur from around 2600-2400 BC depicts scenes of war and peace. Conflict arose between the cities of Umma and Lagash over their border during this time period.
he stupas, temples, viharas, and stambha at Sanchi in central India are among the oldest and most mature examples of aniconic arts and free-standing architecture that comprehensively document the history of Buddhism from the 3rd century BCE to the 12th century CE. About 10 km from Vidisha, the Buddhist monuments at Sanchi, located on a serene and picturesque forested plateau, are also considered to be the sacrosanct Cetiyagiri in the Sri Lankan Buddhist chronicles, where Mahindra, the son of Emperor Aśoka, stopped prior to undertaking his journey as a missionary to Sri Lanka. The enshrined remains of Sariputra and Maudgalyayana (chief disciples of Buddha) in Sanchi were venerated by Theravadins, and continue to be revered to the present day.
The inception of Sanchi as a sacred centre is attributed to the Mauryan emperor Aśoka. His reign in the 3rd century BCE is considered instrumental to the spread of Buddhism throughout the Indian subcontinent. With the establishment of the monolithic Aśoka Stambha (pillar) bearing a highly elaborate capital, Emperor Aśoka distinguished Sanchi as a site of great importance. Contemporary with the stambha was a brick stupa, which was later increased in scale during the Sunga dynasty (184-72 BCE), covered with an ashlar stone veneer, and augmented with circumambulatory paths and staircases with ornate balustrades, harmika, yashti, chhatra, and four torana, which were later ornamented during the Satavahanas dynasty in the 1st century CE. The last addition to the grand stupa was during the Gupta dynasty (5th century CE), when four shrines were added at the cardinal entry points. Today, this grand structure of Sanchi (“Stupa 1”) is considered an incomparable example of the mature phase of Indian stupas. Since Aśokan times, subsequent powerful empires that reigned over this region – such as the Sunga, Kushana, Kshatrapa, and finally Gupta dynasties – continued to contribute to the expansion of Sanchi with the construction of hypostyle, apsidal, and other temples and shrines, comparatively smaller stupas (Stupas 2 and 3), and numerous viharas. Corroborated by inscriptions present in the property, Sanchi remained an important seat of Buddhism until the 13th century CE.
This document provides a summary of Indian history from 200,000 BC to 1947 AD. It covers the Stone Age periods, the Indus Valley Civilization including Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, the Vedic civilization, the rise of Buddhism and Jainism, the Mauryan Empire under Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka, the Gupta Empire, the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal Empire, the Maratha Empire, British rule and the Indian independence movement. Key figures and events are mentioned for each historical period.
The document provides a history of India from prehistoric times to modern day. It discusses the Indus Valley Civilization which flourished from 3300-1300 BCE. Following the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization, the Vedic Civilization emerged in northern India. Major empires that ruled India included the Maurya Empire in the 4th-3rd centuries BCE, the Gupta Empire from the 4th-6th centuries CE during the Golden Age of India, and the Mughal Empire from the 16th-18th centuries. India gained independence from British rule in 1947.
This document provides a timeline and overview of the major societies that developed in Mesoamerica from around 15,000 BCE to the arrival of Europeans in the 15th century CE. It traces the migration of early humans to the Americas, the origins of agriculture in Mesoamerica around 8000 BCE, and the rise and fall of influential civilizations like the Olmec, Teotihuacan, Maya, Toltec, and Aztec empires. Key developments included the cultivation of maize, the building of ceremonial centers and pyramids, advances in calendars, writing systems, and mathematics by the Maya, and the rise of large urban centers like the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan built on an island in
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
The document discusses the princely state of Cooch Behar, which was located in present-day West Bengal, India. It had an area of 3,387 square kilometers and was ruled by the Rajbanshi dynasty. When British colonial rule ended in India, Cooch Behar immediately joined and merged with India. The document also provides background on Tusar Kanti Ghosal, the author of the piece.
The document provides an overview of the Ancient Near East from 2200 BC to 500 BC, including the major civilizations and events. It summarizes Egypt's Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom periods, as well as Egyptian society, religion, and important figures like Hatshepsut and Akhenaten. It also describes the Babylonian and Assyrian empires, including Hammurabi's code of laws and the Assyrian military expansion. Finally, it summarizes the history of the Hebrews from Abraham to the exile in Babylon and the development of Judaism.
The document provides an overview of the Ancient Near East from 2200 BC to 500 BC, including the major cultures and time periods. It summarizes Egypt's Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom dynasties, as well as important pharaohs like Hatshepsut, Akhenaten, and Ramses II. It also describes the Babylonian, Assyrian and Hebrew civilizations, highlighting leaders like Hammurabi, Tiglath-Pileser III, and Ashurbanipal. The document outlines the origins and beliefs of Judaism, including key figures and events in Hebrew history from Abraham to the Babylonian exile.
Mohenjodaro the famous ancient city for Town PlanningMd. Abdul Kader
Harappa was an ancient city located in modern-day Pakistan that dates back to 3300-1300 BC. It was part of the Indus Valley Civilization along with Mohenjo-Daro. The inhabitants of Harappa practiced agriculture and traded crafts and goods. They had a social structure that was divided into classes like warriors, priests, and peasants. Mohenjo-Daro was also part of the Indus Valley Civilization and had a grid pattern layout, while Harappa had a more dispersed pattern. The Aegean Civilization consisted of the Minoan civilization on Crete and the Mycenaean civilization on the Greek mainland between 1450-1100 BC. Cities like Knossos on Cre
The document summarizes Stone Age cultures from the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods. It discusses the evolution of tool technology over time from crude stone tools to polished tools. It provides details on tool types, sites discovered, changes in subsistence patterns from hunting/gathering to agriculture, and developments in arts, religion, and settlements. The Stone Age spans from around 2-2.5 million years ago to 1800 BC and saw significant cultural and technological developments among prehistoric humans.
The document discusses the antiquity and chronology of Indian civilization based on the views of historians, philosophers, and scientists. It summarizes genetic evidence that anatomically modern humans have inhabited South Asia for 70,000 years. It also discusses archaeological sites from different prehistoric periods in India defined by the tools used, as well as literary and non-literary sources used to reconstruct ancient Indian history. It notes debates around the chronology, such as the "Frawley paradox" of vast literature without archaeological evidence or vice versa.
This document provides an overview of the Ancient Near East from 2200 BC to 500 BC. It discusses the major civilizations that dominated the region during this time period, including the Babylonians, Assyrians, and Hebrews. Key figures and developments are highlighted, such as Hammurabi and the Code of Hammurabi in Babylon, the expansion and military dominance of the Assyrian Empire under rulers like Tiglath-pileser III and Ashurbanipal, and the origins of Judaism and monotheism among the Hebrews.
Outline :
The Pre Historic Era
I. The stone age
II. The bronze age
Vedic period
Janapadas and Mahajanapadas
Maurya empire
Gupta empire
Empires in deccan and south
Medieval and Early Modern periods
Modern period and Independence
- The document discusses how ancient civilizations aligned with the precession of the equinoxes and signs of the zodiac, with Vishnu appearing every 6,480 years to destroy evil and reestablish dharma.
- It notes major civilizations and megalithic sites that developed during each age, with recurring cycles of destruction roughly every 6,000 years related to floods, earthquakes, volcanoes and cosmic events.
- According to the document, human evolution and civilization proceed in cycles, with an overall de-evolution in technology and understanding of astronomy between 13,000-700 years ago, though ancient peoples demonstrated advanced technologies through non-written means of communication.
The Satvahana dynasty ruled from 235 BCE to 224 CE in India. Some key points:
- They ruled from their capitals in Pratishthana and Amaravati and were known as the protectors of South India.
- Important rulers included Simuka, Satakarni I, Gautamiputra Satakarni, and Pulumavi IV who was the last ruler.
- The dynasty promoted Buddhism and other religions and their empire spanned from the Narmada River in the north to Krishna River in the south at its height.
- They contributed greatly to the development of art, architecture, and trade. Sites like the stup
The document provides a timeline of important civilizations, dynasties, and architectural developments in Indian history from 2600 BC to 1947 AD. It notes the key periods of the Indus Valley Civilization, the spread of Jainism and Buddhism, the Maurya Empire, the Gupta Dynasty, important temple buildings under various dynasties such as the Chandella, Chola, and Hoysala, the rule of the Delhi Sultans and various kingdoms, the Mughal Empire, Rajput kingdoms, the Maratha Empire, and the establishment of British rule over India. Major architectural sites associated with these periods are also mentioned.
The document discusses the differences between the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods in archaeology. During the Paleolithic, tools were made of chipped stone and life was nomadic. In the Mesolithic, small flint tools were used and some nomadic traditions remained. The Neolithic saw the introduction of polished stone tools, settled village life, the beginnings of agriculture and animal domestication, and the construction of megalithic monuments and ceramics.
The document discusses the history of Mesopotamia during the Early Dynastic Period from approximately 2900 BC to 2350 BC. It outlines the chronology of the Uruk Period and Early Dynastic Period. It then describes how population growth and urbanization in Babylonia led to increased competition for land and a shift from temple authority to palace authority. It mentions artifacts from this period like the Standard of Ur which depict war and peace. It also discusses border conflicts like the Umma-Lagash conflict and important cities in Mesopotamia and Syria during this time.
The document discusses the history of Mesopotamia during the Early Dynastic Period from approximately 2900 BC to 2350 BC. It outlines the chronology of the Uruk Period and Early Dynastic Period. Population growth and urbanization in Babylonia led to increased competition for land and a shift in authority from temples to palaces. The Standard of Ur from around 2600-2400 BC depicts scenes of war and peace. Conflict arose between the cities of Umma and Lagash over their border during this time period.
he stupas, temples, viharas, and stambha at Sanchi in central India are among the oldest and most mature examples of aniconic arts and free-standing architecture that comprehensively document the history of Buddhism from the 3rd century BCE to the 12th century CE. About 10 km from Vidisha, the Buddhist monuments at Sanchi, located on a serene and picturesque forested plateau, are also considered to be the sacrosanct Cetiyagiri in the Sri Lankan Buddhist chronicles, where Mahindra, the son of Emperor Aśoka, stopped prior to undertaking his journey as a missionary to Sri Lanka. The enshrined remains of Sariputra and Maudgalyayana (chief disciples of Buddha) in Sanchi were venerated by Theravadins, and continue to be revered to the present day.
The inception of Sanchi as a sacred centre is attributed to the Mauryan emperor Aśoka. His reign in the 3rd century BCE is considered instrumental to the spread of Buddhism throughout the Indian subcontinent. With the establishment of the monolithic Aśoka Stambha (pillar) bearing a highly elaborate capital, Emperor Aśoka distinguished Sanchi as a site of great importance. Contemporary with the stambha was a brick stupa, which was later increased in scale during the Sunga dynasty (184-72 BCE), covered with an ashlar stone veneer, and augmented with circumambulatory paths and staircases with ornate balustrades, harmika, yashti, chhatra, and four torana, which were later ornamented during the Satavahanas dynasty in the 1st century CE. The last addition to the grand stupa was during the Gupta dynasty (5th century CE), when four shrines were added at the cardinal entry points. Today, this grand structure of Sanchi (“Stupa 1”) is considered an incomparable example of the mature phase of Indian stupas. Since Aśokan times, subsequent powerful empires that reigned over this region – such as the Sunga, Kushana, Kshatrapa, and finally Gupta dynasties – continued to contribute to the expansion of Sanchi with the construction of hypostyle, apsidal, and other temples and shrines, comparatively smaller stupas (Stupas 2 and 3), and numerous viharas. Corroborated by inscriptions present in the property, Sanchi remained an important seat of Buddhism until the 13th century CE.
This document provides a summary of Indian history from 200,000 BC to 1947 AD. It covers the Stone Age periods, the Indus Valley Civilization including Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, the Vedic civilization, the rise of Buddhism and Jainism, the Mauryan Empire under Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka, the Gupta Empire, the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal Empire, the Maratha Empire, British rule and the Indian independence movement. Key figures and events are mentioned for each historical period.
The document provides a history of India from prehistoric times to modern day. It discusses the Indus Valley Civilization which flourished from 3300-1300 BCE. Following the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization, the Vedic Civilization emerged in northern India. Major empires that ruled India included the Maurya Empire in the 4th-3rd centuries BCE, the Gupta Empire from the 4th-6th centuries CE during the Golden Age of India, and the Mughal Empire from the 16th-18th centuries. India gained independence from British rule in 1947.
This document provides a timeline and overview of the major societies that developed in Mesoamerica from around 15,000 BCE to the arrival of Europeans in the 15th century CE. It traces the migration of early humans to the Americas, the origins of agriculture in Mesoamerica around 8000 BCE, and the rise and fall of influential civilizations like the Olmec, Teotihuacan, Maya, Toltec, and Aztec empires. Key developments included the cultivation of maize, the building of ceremonial centers and pyramids, advances in calendars, writing systems, and mathematics by the Maya, and the rise of large urban centers like the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan built on an island in
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Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
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In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
2. • Stone Age (Approx. 2.5 million years ago – 3300 BCE):
• Paleolithic Age (Approx. 2.5 million years ago – 8000 BCE)
• Mesolithic Age (Approx. 8000 BCE – 4000 BCE)
• Neolithic Age (Approx. 4000 BCE – 3300 BCE)
3. Indus Valley Civilization (3300–1300 BCE):
Mature Harappan Phase (2600–1900 BCE)
Late Harappan Phase (1900–1300 BCE)
4. • Vedic Period (1500–500 BCE):
• Early Vedic Period (1500–1000 BCE)
• Later Vedic Period (1000–500 BCE)
•
RIGVEDA
YAJURVEDA
SAMAVEDA
ATHARVAVEDA
5.
6. Mahajanapadas (600–300
BCE):
• Magadha: Bimbisara,
Ajatashatru
• Kosala: King Prasenjit
• Avanti: King Pradyota
Maurya Empire (322–185
BCE):
• Chandragupta Maurya
(founder)
• Bindusara
• Ashoka the Great
Post-Maurya Period Shunga
Dynasty (185–73 BCE)
• Pushyamitra Shunga
(founder)
• Agnimitra
7. • Vakataka Dynasty (3rd–5th century CE)
• Vindhyashakti
• Pravarasena I
• Kanva Dynasty (73–26 BCE)
• Vasudeva (founder)
• Kushan Empire (1st–3rd century CE)
• Kujula Kadphises
• Kanishka
• Gupta Empire (4th–6th century CE)
• Chandragupta I
• Samudragupta
• Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya)
• Skandagupta
8. • Chola Dynasty (9th–13th century CE)
• Vijayalaya Chola (founder)
• Rajaraja Chola I
• Rajendra Chola I
• Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 CE)
• Qutb-ud-din Aibak
• Iltutmish
• Alauddin Khalji
• Muhammad bin Tughlaq
• Firoz Shah Tughlaq
• Sikandar Lodi
• Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646 CE)
• Harihara I
• Bukka Raya I
• Krishnadevaraya
•
9. • Mughal Empire (1526–1857 CE)
• Babur (founder)
• Humayun
• Akbar the Great
• Jahangir
• Shah Jahan
• Aurangzeb
• Colonial Period
• East India Company Rule (1757–
1858)
• Robert Clive
• Warren Hastings
• Lord Cornwallis
• Lord Wellesley
• Lord Dalhousie
10. • British Crown Rule (1858–1947)
• Various British monarchs, with Viceroys overseeing India:
• Lord Canning
• Lord Curzon
• Lord Irwin
• Lord Mountbatten
• (last Viceroy)
• Independence Movement
• Key Leaders of Independence Movement
• Mahatma Gandhi
• Jawaharlal Nehru
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
• Subhas Chandra Bose
• Bhagat Singh
• Independence (1947)
• India gains independence on August 15, 1947.