05 modello idrologico_bacini_rocciosi_di_testata_enCIAT
The document describes a simplified rainfall-runoff model for small, rocky headwater basins. It uses the SCS-CN method to compute excess rainfall based on total rainfall, curve number, and an initial abstraction. Excess rainfall is then routed downslope and through the stream network using kinematic wave approximations. The model was tested on an instrumented 0.032 km2 basin in the Italian Dolomites, calibrating curve numbers and infiltration rates to observed runoff volumes and hydrographs from rainfall events with peak intensities from 7-46 mm/h. The model reasonably simulated observed basin response times and hydrographs.
This document discusses different methods for computing average rainfall over a basin including arithmetic average, Thiessen polygon, and isohyetal methods. It provides examples of calculating average rainfall using each method. It also discusses presenting rainfall data through mass curves and hyetographs. The arithmetic average method simply takes the mean of recorded rainfall values at stations. Thiessen polygon method weights values based on each station's representative area. Isohyetal mapping involves contouring equal rainfall and calculating weighted averages between contours.
The document is a chapter from an engineering hydrology textbook. It covers topics related to precipitation measurement and analysis including forms of precipitation, measurement techniques, computing average rainfall over a basin using different methods like arithmetic mean, Thiessen polygons, distance weighting, and isohyetal mapping. It also discusses double mass analysis to check consistency of precipitation data and provides examples of its application.
This document discusses two methods for synthesizing unit hydrographs for ungauged areas: Snyder's method and the SCS dimensionless unit hydrograph method. Snyder's method uses empirical equations relating basin characteristics like length, slope, and storage to calculate the basin lag, peak discharge, and time base of the unit hydrograph. The SCS method uses a standard dimensionless unit hydrograph curve and the basin's time of concentration to develop a triangular unit hydrograph. The document provides an example of applying Snyder's method and develops a 30-minute triangular unit hydrograph using SCS methods for a given watershed area and time of concentration.
This document describes Snyder's synthetic unit hydrograph method. Snyder's method allows computation of key hydrograph characteristics using watershed properties. These include:
1. Lag time, which is related to watershed time of concentration based on length and slope.
2. Hydrograph duration, which is typically 1/5.5 of the lag time.
3. Peak discharge, which is related to watershed area, storage coefficient, and time parameters.
4. Other hydrograph properties like width can also be estimated using the peak discharge and empirical coefficients. The synthetic hydrograph provides an estimate of watershed runoff for both gauged and ungauged locations.
Interferometric and Geodetic Validation of Sentinel-1petarmar
This document summarizes validation studies of Sentinel-1 data from its first year of operation. Validation was conducted using test sites in Poland and Norway with corner reflectors monitored by GPS and other sensors. Initial validation results show Sentinel-1 geo-localization accuracy of approximately 2.5 meters in azimuth and -0.3 meters in range, with potential issues observed between swaths. InSAR validation shows phase standard deviation of about 0.7 mm compared to TerraSAR-X data. Ongoing work includes refining results and validating InSAR time series to further assess Sentinel-1 quality for monitoring applications.
This document discusses hydrographs and unit hydrographs. It defines a hydrograph as a graph showing the rate of flow versus time past a specific point in a river. It notes that hydrographs are commonly used in sewerage design. It then describes the components of a hydrograph including the rising limb, recession limb, peak discharge, lag time, and time to peak. Finally, it discusses unit hydrographs, defining a unit hydrograph as the runoff resulting from 1 unit of rainfall excess. It provides examples of deriving unit hydrographs from observed hydrographs and flood hydrographs.
This presentation summarizes key concepts related to hydrographs including:
1) A hydrograph shows the variation of discharge over time at a particular point in a river. It has three main components: the rising limb, peak, and recession curve.
2) Factors like area, slope, land use, and precipitation affect hydrograph shape.
3) A unit hydrograph represents the response of a watershed to 1 cm of direct runoff from rainfall of a given duration, and is used to estimate flood discharge from future rainfall.
4) Methods like superposition and S-curves are used to derive unit hydrographs from storm hydrographs and to estimate hydrographs for different rainfall scenarios.
05 modello idrologico_bacini_rocciosi_di_testata_enCIAT
The document describes a simplified rainfall-runoff model for small, rocky headwater basins. It uses the SCS-CN method to compute excess rainfall based on total rainfall, curve number, and an initial abstraction. Excess rainfall is then routed downslope and through the stream network using kinematic wave approximations. The model was tested on an instrumented 0.032 km2 basin in the Italian Dolomites, calibrating curve numbers and infiltration rates to observed runoff volumes and hydrographs from rainfall events with peak intensities from 7-46 mm/h. The model reasonably simulated observed basin response times and hydrographs.
This document discusses different methods for computing average rainfall over a basin including arithmetic average, Thiessen polygon, and isohyetal methods. It provides examples of calculating average rainfall using each method. It also discusses presenting rainfall data through mass curves and hyetographs. The arithmetic average method simply takes the mean of recorded rainfall values at stations. Thiessen polygon method weights values based on each station's representative area. Isohyetal mapping involves contouring equal rainfall and calculating weighted averages between contours.
The document is a chapter from an engineering hydrology textbook. It covers topics related to precipitation measurement and analysis including forms of precipitation, measurement techniques, computing average rainfall over a basin using different methods like arithmetic mean, Thiessen polygons, distance weighting, and isohyetal mapping. It also discusses double mass analysis to check consistency of precipitation data and provides examples of its application.
This document discusses two methods for synthesizing unit hydrographs for ungauged areas: Snyder's method and the SCS dimensionless unit hydrograph method. Snyder's method uses empirical equations relating basin characteristics like length, slope, and storage to calculate the basin lag, peak discharge, and time base of the unit hydrograph. The SCS method uses a standard dimensionless unit hydrograph curve and the basin's time of concentration to develop a triangular unit hydrograph. The document provides an example of applying Snyder's method and develops a 30-minute triangular unit hydrograph using SCS methods for a given watershed area and time of concentration.
This document describes Snyder's synthetic unit hydrograph method. Snyder's method allows computation of key hydrograph characteristics using watershed properties. These include:
1. Lag time, which is related to watershed time of concentration based on length and slope.
2. Hydrograph duration, which is typically 1/5.5 of the lag time.
3. Peak discharge, which is related to watershed area, storage coefficient, and time parameters.
4. Other hydrograph properties like width can also be estimated using the peak discharge and empirical coefficients. The synthetic hydrograph provides an estimate of watershed runoff for both gauged and ungauged locations.
Interferometric and Geodetic Validation of Sentinel-1petarmar
This document summarizes validation studies of Sentinel-1 data from its first year of operation. Validation was conducted using test sites in Poland and Norway with corner reflectors monitored by GPS and other sensors. Initial validation results show Sentinel-1 geo-localization accuracy of approximately 2.5 meters in azimuth and -0.3 meters in range, with potential issues observed between swaths. InSAR validation shows phase standard deviation of about 0.7 mm compared to TerraSAR-X data. Ongoing work includes refining results and validating InSAR time series to further assess Sentinel-1 quality for monitoring applications.
This document discusses hydrographs and unit hydrographs. It defines a hydrograph as a graph showing the rate of flow versus time past a specific point in a river. It notes that hydrographs are commonly used in sewerage design. It then describes the components of a hydrograph including the rising limb, recession limb, peak discharge, lag time, and time to peak. Finally, it discusses unit hydrographs, defining a unit hydrograph as the runoff resulting from 1 unit of rainfall excess. It provides examples of deriving unit hydrographs from observed hydrographs and flood hydrographs.
This presentation summarizes key concepts related to hydrographs including:
1) A hydrograph shows the variation of discharge over time at a particular point in a river. It has three main components: the rising limb, peak, and recession curve.
2) Factors like area, slope, land use, and precipitation affect hydrograph shape.
3) A unit hydrograph represents the response of a watershed to 1 cm of direct runoff from rainfall of a given duration, and is used to estimate flood discharge from future rainfall.
4) Methods like superposition and S-curves are used to derive unit hydrographs from storm hydrographs and to estimate hydrographs for different rainfall scenarios.
DSD-INT 2019 The FEWSPo system - actual state and new developments - TonelliDeltares
Presentation by Fabrizio Tonelli, Chiara Montecorboli, Selena Ziccardi, Marco Brian, ARPAE, at the Delft-FEWS User Days, during Delft Software Days - Edition 2019. Thursday, 7 November 2019, Delft.
This document provides an overview of a hydrometry course covering measurement of various components of the hydrological cycle including precipitation, evaporation, soil moisture, and streamflow. It discusses different types of instruments used to measure these variables such as raingauges, evaporation pans, neutron probes, tensiometers, and current meters. Measurement methods include manual observation as well as automated data recording using devices like data loggers. The goal is to introduce concepts and terminology for quantifying water in the hydrological cycle.
Master's course defense presentation in Water Resource Management and GIS Tooryalay Ayoubi
1) The document summarizes a master's thesis that used the SWAT hydrological model within a GIS to simulate surface runoff in the Panjshir watershed in Afghanistan.
2) Key results included monthly and daily surface runoff predictions that matched observed discharge data with R2 values of 0.815 for calibration and 0.817 for validation.
3) The study also found that land use changes between 1993-2010 increased total water yield in the watershed, with average annual changes ranging from 1.2-4.5% between scenarios.
This document discusses hydrologic design storms and methods for developing design precipitation hyetographs. It defines key hydrologic concepts like return period, depth-duration-frequency curves, and SCS design storm methods. The SCS method involves selecting a standard SCS rainfall distribution type curve based on location and scaling it using the design storm depth to develop a hyetograph for the given duration and return period. The document provides an example of applying the SCS method to develop a 25-year, 24-hour hyetograph for Harris County, Texas.
Unit Hydrograph (UH) is the most famous and generally utilized technique for analysing and deriving flood hydrograph resulting from a known storm in a basin area. For ungauged catchments, unit hydrograph are derived using either regional unit hydrograph approach. Central Water Commission (CWC) derived the regional unit hydrograph relationships for different sub-zones of India relating to the various unit hydrograph parameters with some prominent physiographic characteristics. In this study, the lately developed UH model is applied located between Latitude 15º54′2′′ N to 16º16′19′′ N Latitude and 76º48′40′′ E to77º4′21′′ E Longitude. The study area covers an area of 466.02 km2, having maximum length of 36.5 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 569 m and 341 m above MSL, respectively. The Peak discharge of unit hydrograph obtained is 171.58m3/s. The final cumulative discharge is 1669.05 m3/s.
DSD-INT 2015 - Integrate high preformance 2D Flood Simulation into FEWS - Kev...Deltares
This document discusses integrating 2D flood simulation into FEWS (Flood Early Warning System) in Taiwan. It describes how the modeling capabilities have advanced over time from 1D channel modeling to high resolution 2D modeling on DEM surfaces. The document presents a case study demonstrating partitioning of a large model domain into smaller zones to improve computational performance while maintaining accuracy for operational flood forecasting and emergency response. Partitioning methods like multi-grid and domain decomposition techniques are discussed.
Hydrology/Hydraulic Model for South Boston CSO Project dingfangliu
The document discusses modeling of wet weather flow for a sewer separation project in South Boston, Massachusetts. It summarizes modeling of existing conditions, calibration of the model, and modeling of future conditions under various levels of sewer separation. The modeling found that a 92% separation level is needed to meet long-term water quality goals of less than 3 combined sewer overflows per year with volumes under 1.5 million gallons each.
- The document discusses minimally invasive monitoring of soil-plant interactions and the Earth's critical zone using geophysical techniques.
- It focuses on using non-invasive electromagnetic (EM) monitoring at various scales to characterize soil-plant-atmosphere interactions and soil moisture dynamics over time.
- The document presents case studies applying EM monitoring at the hillslope and field scale in Italy and Sardinia to map soil properties and monitor soil moisture changes under different vegetation and irrigation/rainfall conditions.
This document provides a summary of a project seminar on assessing silt load in the Hinganghat catchment area of the Vena River in Nagpur, India. The study aimed to directly measure local silt loading and calculate annual soil loss using erosion models like the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Methodology included collecting sediment and discharge data from 2005-2010, computing actual annual silt load, and validating data using hydrological software. Results showed silt load decreasing from 2005 to 2010, with values from USLE predictions generally matching actual measured loads.
Retrofitting of road gutters with an infiltration-exfiltration system for sto...Mariana Marchioni
- An infiltration-exfiltration system (IES) was constructed in São Paulo, Brazil to receive runoff from 1,617 sqm of impervious area. It consisted of a 10cm pervious concrete layer and 20cm gravel layer connected to the drainage system.
- Initial infiltration rate measurements were 2,174 mm/hr but increased to 17,786 mm/hr after cleaning. Pervious concrete showed adequate mechanical properties.
- Rainfall-runoff modeling showed the current IES did not reduce peak flows or volumes as intended. Deeper gravel, offset piping, and flow restrictors were recommended to improve performance.
- While not achieving its goals, the IES still functions to prevent ponding
This document discusses rainfall (presipitasi) in Indonesia. It defines presipitasi as water falling from the atmosphere to Earth's surface, including rain, snow, fog, dew and hail. In tropical areas like Indonesia, the main contributor is rain. Rain occurs when moist air rising in the atmosphere cools and condenses. Factors like wind, temperature, atmospheric and local pressures influence rainfall amounts. The types of rain discussed are convective (from air masses lifted by heating), cyclonic (from uneven solar heating creating pressure systems), and orographic (from moist air lifted over mountains). Methods for measuring and analyzing rainfall data using rainfall stations are also outlined.
Flood Risk Assessment Using GIS Tools, By Dr. Omar Elbadawy, CEDARE, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
This document discusses urban flood modeling that was conducted for Guwahati, India. It provides the following key details:
1. Urban flood modeling was conducted using hydrological modeling to compute flood hydrographs and hydraulic modeling to simulate flood inundation. Ground surveys were also conducted to develop flood hazard maps.
2. Modeling of past flood events in Guwahati showed floods occurring with daily rainfall peaks of 80-400mm. Specific zones like Rajgarh and Anil Nagar regularly experience flooding.
3. The modeling aims to establish flood thresholds to develop an urban flood forecasting system using radar rainfall estimates and hydrological modeling outputs. The end goal is early flood warning for disaster preparedness.
This document describes Arc SWAT, an ArcGIS extension tool for watershed modeling using SWAT. It can be used for developing inflow-outflow models, estimating water resources, managing check dams, and quantifying impacts of land use change. The document provides details on how Arc SWAT works, including delineating watersheds and subbasins, defining land use/soil/slope data, determining hydrologic response units, and running SWAT simulations. It then presents a case study applying ArcSWAT to model the Poondi sub-watershed in India.
This document provides a design manual for hydro-meteorology networks in India. It discusses the physics of rainfall and evaporation processes and the design of rainfall and climate observation networks. Key sections include network design and optimization, site selection criteria, measurement frequencies, and measurement techniques for rainfall and climatic variables. Guidelines are also provided on station design, construction, and equipment installation. The overall aim is to establish standard procedures for India's Hydrological Information System to accurately measure hydro-meteorological quantities needed for water resources assessment and management.
This document provides a design manual for hydro-meteorology networks. It discusses definitions and units used in hydro-meteorology. It also covers the design and optimization of rainfall and climate observation networks, including determining minimum network densities based on measurement objectives and spatial variability. Site selection criteria, measurement frequencies, and measurement techniques for rainfall and climatic variables are also examined. Guidelines are provided on station design, equipment installation, and specifications. The overall aim is to establish standard procedures for hydro-meteorological data collection across India.
DSD-INT 2023 Leveraging the results of a 3D hydrodynamic model to improve the...Deltares
Presentation by Julien Groenenboom (Deltares, Netherlands) at the Delft3D User Days, during the Delft Software Days - Edition 2023 (DSD-INT 2023). Tuesday, 14 November 2023, Delft.
The document discusses the Global Water Resources and Drought Management Initiative (G-WADI) network. It provides background on G-WADI, including its establishment, objectives, and organizational structure. It then summarizes activities of the Southeastern European G-WADI region, including validation of satellite rainfall estimates, outcomes of the 2014 Belgrade meeting, and future plans for the region. Key points are strengthening regional capacity for water resource management in arid/semi-arid areas through information sharing, training, and collaboration between regional centers.
Climate Change Impact on Yield and Irrigation Water Requirement, MyanmarNaw May Mya Thin
This document examines the impacts of climate change on rice production in Myanmar. It analyzes future temperature and precipitation patterns using statistical downscaling models and climate change scenarios from two general circulation models. The AquaCrop model is then used to simulate future rice yields and irrigation needs. Results show temperature decreasing slightly while precipitation increases. Rice yields are projected to increase with higher rainfall while irrigation needs decrease. Adapting sowing dates and irrigation practices can help optimize production and water use under climate change.
DSD-INT 2019 The FEWSPo system - actual state and new developments - TonelliDeltares
Presentation by Fabrizio Tonelli, Chiara Montecorboli, Selena Ziccardi, Marco Brian, ARPAE, at the Delft-FEWS User Days, during Delft Software Days - Edition 2019. Thursday, 7 November 2019, Delft.
This document provides an overview of a hydrometry course covering measurement of various components of the hydrological cycle including precipitation, evaporation, soil moisture, and streamflow. It discusses different types of instruments used to measure these variables such as raingauges, evaporation pans, neutron probes, tensiometers, and current meters. Measurement methods include manual observation as well as automated data recording using devices like data loggers. The goal is to introduce concepts and terminology for quantifying water in the hydrological cycle.
Master's course defense presentation in Water Resource Management and GIS Tooryalay Ayoubi
1) The document summarizes a master's thesis that used the SWAT hydrological model within a GIS to simulate surface runoff in the Panjshir watershed in Afghanistan.
2) Key results included monthly and daily surface runoff predictions that matched observed discharge data with R2 values of 0.815 for calibration and 0.817 for validation.
3) The study also found that land use changes between 1993-2010 increased total water yield in the watershed, with average annual changes ranging from 1.2-4.5% between scenarios.
This document discusses hydrologic design storms and methods for developing design precipitation hyetographs. It defines key hydrologic concepts like return period, depth-duration-frequency curves, and SCS design storm methods. The SCS method involves selecting a standard SCS rainfall distribution type curve based on location and scaling it using the design storm depth to develop a hyetograph for the given duration and return period. The document provides an example of applying the SCS method to develop a 25-year, 24-hour hyetograph for Harris County, Texas.
Unit Hydrograph (UH) is the most famous and generally utilized technique for analysing and deriving flood hydrograph resulting from a known storm in a basin area. For ungauged catchments, unit hydrograph are derived using either regional unit hydrograph approach. Central Water Commission (CWC) derived the regional unit hydrograph relationships for different sub-zones of India relating to the various unit hydrograph parameters with some prominent physiographic characteristics. In this study, the lately developed UH model is applied located between Latitude 15º54′2′′ N to 16º16′19′′ N Latitude and 76º48′40′′ E to77º4′21′′ E Longitude. The study area covers an area of 466.02 km2, having maximum length of 36.5 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 569 m and 341 m above MSL, respectively. The Peak discharge of unit hydrograph obtained is 171.58m3/s. The final cumulative discharge is 1669.05 m3/s.
DSD-INT 2015 - Integrate high preformance 2D Flood Simulation into FEWS - Kev...Deltares
This document discusses integrating 2D flood simulation into FEWS (Flood Early Warning System) in Taiwan. It describes how the modeling capabilities have advanced over time from 1D channel modeling to high resolution 2D modeling on DEM surfaces. The document presents a case study demonstrating partitioning of a large model domain into smaller zones to improve computational performance while maintaining accuracy for operational flood forecasting and emergency response. Partitioning methods like multi-grid and domain decomposition techniques are discussed.
Hydrology/Hydraulic Model for South Boston CSO Project dingfangliu
The document discusses modeling of wet weather flow for a sewer separation project in South Boston, Massachusetts. It summarizes modeling of existing conditions, calibration of the model, and modeling of future conditions under various levels of sewer separation. The modeling found that a 92% separation level is needed to meet long-term water quality goals of less than 3 combined sewer overflows per year with volumes under 1.5 million gallons each.
- The document discusses minimally invasive monitoring of soil-plant interactions and the Earth's critical zone using geophysical techniques.
- It focuses on using non-invasive electromagnetic (EM) monitoring at various scales to characterize soil-plant-atmosphere interactions and soil moisture dynamics over time.
- The document presents case studies applying EM monitoring at the hillslope and field scale in Italy and Sardinia to map soil properties and monitor soil moisture changes under different vegetation and irrigation/rainfall conditions.
This document provides a summary of a project seminar on assessing silt load in the Hinganghat catchment area of the Vena River in Nagpur, India. The study aimed to directly measure local silt loading and calculate annual soil loss using erosion models like the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Methodology included collecting sediment and discharge data from 2005-2010, computing actual annual silt load, and validating data using hydrological software. Results showed silt load decreasing from 2005 to 2010, with values from USLE predictions generally matching actual measured loads.
Retrofitting of road gutters with an infiltration-exfiltration system for sto...Mariana Marchioni
- An infiltration-exfiltration system (IES) was constructed in São Paulo, Brazil to receive runoff from 1,617 sqm of impervious area. It consisted of a 10cm pervious concrete layer and 20cm gravel layer connected to the drainage system.
- Initial infiltration rate measurements were 2,174 mm/hr but increased to 17,786 mm/hr after cleaning. Pervious concrete showed adequate mechanical properties.
- Rainfall-runoff modeling showed the current IES did not reduce peak flows or volumes as intended. Deeper gravel, offset piping, and flow restrictors were recommended to improve performance.
- While not achieving its goals, the IES still functions to prevent ponding
This document discusses rainfall (presipitasi) in Indonesia. It defines presipitasi as water falling from the atmosphere to Earth's surface, including rain, snow, fog, dew and hail. In tropical areas like Indonesia, the main contributor is rain. Rain occurs when moist air rising in the atmosphere cools and condenses. Factors like wind, temperature, atmospheric and local pressures influence rainfall amounts. The types of rain discussed are convective (from air masses lifted by heating), cyclonic (from uneven solar heating creating pressure systems), and orographic (from moist air lifted over mountains). Methods for measuring and analyzing rainfall data using rainfall stations are also outlined.
Flood Risk Assessment Using GIS Tools, By Dr. Omar Elbadawy, CEDARE, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
This document discusses urban flood modeling that was conducted for Guwahati, India. It provides the following key details:
1. Urban flood modeling was conducted using hydrological modeling to compute flood hydrographs and hydraulic modeling to simulate flood inundation. Ground surveys were also conducted to develop flood hazard maps.
2. Modeling of past flood events in Guwahati showed floods occurring with daily rainfall peaks of 80-400mm. Specific zones like Rajgarh and Anil Nagar regularly experience flooding.
3. The modeling aims to establish flood thresholds to develop an urban flood forecasting system using radar rainfall estimates and hydrological modeling outputs. The end goal is early flood warning for disaster preparedness.
This document describes Arc SWAT, an ArcGIS extension tool for watershed modeling using SWAT. It can be used for developing inflow-outflow models, estimating water resources, managing check dams, and quantifying impacts of land use change. The document provides details on how Arc SWAT works, including delineating watersheds and subbasins, defining land use/soil/slope data, determining hydrologic response units, and running SWAT simulations. It then presents a case study applying ArcSWAT to model the Poondi sub-watershed in India.
This document provides a design manual for hydro-meteorology networks in India. It discusses the physics of rainfall and evaporation processes and the design of rainfall and climate observation networks. Key sections include network design and optimization, site selection criteria, measurement frequencies, and measurement techniques for rainfall and climatic variables. Guidelines are also provided on station design, construction, and equipment installation. The overall aim is to establish standard procedures for India's Hydrological Information System to accurately measure hydro-meteorological quantities needed for water resources assessment and management.
This document provides a design manual for hydro-meteorology networks. It discusses definitions and units used in hydro-meteorology. It also covers the design and optimization of rainfall and climate observation networks, including determining minimum network densities based on measurement objectives and spatial variability. Site selection criteria, measurement frequencies, and measurement techniques for rainfall and climatic variables are also examined. Guidelines are provided on station design, equipment installation, and specifications. The overall aim is to establish standard procedures for hydro-meteorological data collection across India.
DSD-INT 2023 Leveraging the results of a 3D hydrodynamic model to improve the...Deltares
Presentation by Julien Groenenboom (Deltares, Netherlands) at the Delft3D User Days, during the Delft Software Days - Edition 2023 (DSD-INT 2023). Tuesday, 14 November 2023, Delft.
The document discusses the Global Water Resources and Drought Management Initiative (G-WADI) network. It provides background on G-WADI, including its establishment, objectives, and organizational structure. It then summarizes activities of the Southeastern European G-WADI region, including validation of satellite rainfall estimates, outcomes of the 2014 Belgrade meeting, and future plans for the region. Key points are strengthening regional capacity for water resource management in arid/semi-arid areas through information sharing, training, and collaboration between regional centers.
Climate Change Impact on Yield and Irrigation Water Requirement, MyanmarNaw May Mya Thin
This document examines the impacts of climate change on rice production in Myanmar. It analyzes future temperature and precipitation patterns using statistical downscaling models and climate change scenarios from two general circulation models. The AquaCrop model is then used to simulate future rice yields and irrigation needs. Results show temperature decreasing slightly while precipitation increases. Rice yields are projected to increase with higher rainfall while irrigation needs decrease. Adapting sowing dates and irrigation practices can help optimize production and water use under climate change.
This document summarizes an integrated SCADA/GIS approach for managing combined sewer systems, using Zagreb, Croatia as a case study. It discusses traditional planning/operation approaches, and an integrated GIS/SCADA system developed for Zagreb involving multiple phases from 1995-2014. Key aspects included data collection/modeling, a master plan with short/long-term measures, an RTC scheme, and water quality modeling to support moving to a "blue-green" approach.
Presentation is about the sewer system of Zagreb at the beginning of the 21st century - presentation was shown at the conference on the city of Zagreb development in 2008.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
2. General objectives of the Zagreb
project
Phase I - create and verify model of the present state, clarify
system’s pattern of performance, clarify reasons for
missbehaviour, check system as a system
Phase II - create Master Plan, design GIS cadasdre define
short term remedial measures, define new measurement
system, …
Phase II a - define relevant parameters for the future
sewerage system performance w.r. to WWTP, and other
infrastructure projects
Subsequent phases … WQ, Scada, RTC
3. Rainfall analysis
Check applicability of traditional approaches based on IDF
relations and Rational formula vs. HD models and resulting
sewer’s dimensions
Produce flooding maps based on IDF curves and relate them
to historical rain data simulations
Check system’s performance on historical rain records
Perform rainfall-runoff measuremnts and calirate/verify model
Check applicability of historical rain data for design purposes
and relate to flooding frequencies
Propose guidelines for design of the Zagreb sewer system
4. General data
Zagreb sewerage serving 1 M inhabitants + Industry
Catchment >200 km2, 30 km from W to E
>180 M m3 average yearly volume of waste water
~1400 km of sewers
2 M m3 retention capacity of sewers
2 combined systems separted by the river Sava
no CSO allowed by authorities so far
6 small rivers introduced into the sewer system
no WWTP
5.
6. Traditional values
(valid for Zagreb)
RAINFALL ANALYSIS
– IDF relationship valid for Zagreb derived as a complex
empirical formula ...
– Design IDF values i=140 l/sec/ha, D=25 min F=3 y.
RUNOFF ANALYSIS
– all assumptions inherent to Rational formula
7. IDF relations developed for ZAGREB
HTP curves for Zagreb IDVOGZ 1992.
0,00
20,00
40,00
60,00
80,00
100,00
120,00
140,00
160,00
180,00
200,00
10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 120 240 300 360 720 1080 1440
Time (min)
Rainstomrdepth(mm)
P = 1 god
P = 2 god
P = 3 god
P = 4 god
P = 5 god
P = 10 god
P = 15 god
P = 20 god
P = 25 god
P = 30 god
P = 40 god
P = 50 god
P = 100 god
P = 1000 god
P = 10000 god
9. Hydrological interest
Investigate influence of FRC and SRC
Investigate influence of hydrological memory of
the catchment
investigate spatial and temporal rain pattern
Define contributing factors of water balance in
yearly waste water production on the catchment
Investigate overload duration and frequency vs.
untreated volume for hypothetical WWTP
USE HISTORICAL RAIN SERIES RECORDS and
CONTINOUS MODELLING APPROACH !!!
10. Rain + relevant data
Historical rain series from 11 r-g with 5 min time
inc. measured by National Weather Institute
(“DHMZ”)
Rain data from measuring campaign at 3 locations
with 2 min resolution --> on-line (+simultaneous
runoff at strategic places in sewers)
potential evaporation
temperature
11. 6 of 11 rain gauges taken in 2nd round from the
National Weather Service
Year /
R.gauge
YEARLY
AVERAGE BIJENIK BORČEC GRIČ MAKSIMIR PUNTIJAR RIM
1984 1023,0 923,0 579,8 730,7 726,2 628,5 440,1
1985 918,0 785,8 488,7 651,6 621,4 368,4 380,2
1986 896,2 822,7 564,3 825,4 736,0 539,1 419,6
1987 977,7 872,4 559,1 755,8 790,9 522,4 218,6
1988 878,2 697,3 420,6 527,9 743,6 564,5 406
1989 1044,4 958,1 642,7 880,1 883,4 895 525,9
1990 779,8 730,6 271,8 644,6 610,6 232,5 438,4
12. Permanent rain gauges / temporary flow
monitors
PER M A N EN T R A IN G A U G ES (“D H M Z”)
TEM PO R A R Y R A IN G A U G ES (“A D S”)
PER M A N EN T LEVEL/ VELO C ITY M O N ITO R
TEM PO R A R Y LEVEL / VELO C ITY / FLO W M O N ITO R S
Z A G R E B SE W E R A G E SY ST E M - M O N I T O R I N G L O CA T I O N SZ A G R E B SE W E R A G E SY ST E M - M O N I T O R I N G L O CA T I O N S
18. Extreme event analysis - HD simulation
NO. DATE 1-HOUR PEAK
RAIN VOLUME
(MAX. OF 3 R.GAUGES)
MM
AVERAGE
RAINFALL
DURATION
HOURS
AVERAGE
TOTAL
RAINFALL
VOLUME
MM
1. 03.07.1989. 27.3 10.58 96.2
2. 25.08.1989. 21.6 7.42 38.6
3. 29.05.1985. 33.7 2.05 19.8
4. 23.06.1989. 27.6 1.75 27.60
5- 08.08.1989. 39.5 10.36 65.37
6. 27.09.1987. 17.2 18.39 77.23
7. 23.09.1991. 26.5 5.81 37.37
8. 14.06.1990. 18.4 1.33 17.37
9. 14.06.1986. 31.1 6.61 40.27
10. 06.08.1985. 19.1 9.22 39.07
19. Flooding map
FL O O D M A P I L L U ST R A T I N G T H E FR E Q U E N CY O F FL O O D I N G R E CU R R E N CEFL O O D M A P I L L U ST R A T I N G T H E FR E Q U E N CY O F FL O O D I N G R E CU R R E N CE
FL O O D E D O N CE I N 10 Y E A R S
FL O O D E D 2 - 3 T I M E S I N 10 Y E A R S
FL O O D E D 4 O R M O R E T I M E S I N 10 Y E A R S
BA SE D O N T H E “PI L O T ” SI M U L A T I O N S (1984. - 1993.) E X PE R I E N CE D
CR I T I CA L A R E A S
A N D PO SSI BL E
FL O O D I N G Z O N E S
20. Conclusions
Use IDF curves … YES when designing secondary
sewers, and as a initial step before use of historical
rain records for final solutions
Use Rational Formula … NO
Use Historical rain series … YES when designing
system’s performance pattern, Master Plan, detailed
insight in generation of surcharge and flooding,
structures, input to WWTP, etc.
21. More conclusions ...
SRC component (rain induced infiltration) important
Catchments sensitive to hydrological history … i.e. to
catchment’s hydrological memory
Majority of relevant rain events come from N, problem
arrives when it comes from W --> E
Time difference is important for rain events coming
from W --> E
Spatial and temporal differences subject to further
investigation (current)
22. Contributing factors in water balance
KEY NUMBERS - FLOW COMPONENTS IN GOK
Yearlyaveragecontributions
Sanitary+ Industrial
Flow
53%
SurfaceRunoff
6%
InflowfromCreeks
36%
GroundWater
Infiltration
5%
23. More conclusions ...
WWTP loadings for different volume of untreated water, overload frequency
and duration
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
6 9 12 15 18
WWTP capacity m3/s
milionam3/god.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
OverloadFrequencyandDuration
Netretirani volumen (miliona m3/god)
U~estalost preoptere}enja (doga|aj/godi{nje)
Trajanje preoptere}enja (dana/godi{nje)
24. KEEP IN MIND
DON’T LOOSE TOUCH OF WHAT IS
THE PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVE OF
RAINFALL ANALYSIS
DECISION MAKERS (MONEY
HOLDERS) WILL EASE YOUR
PROBLEMS - THEY WILL IMPLICITLY
DEFINE RELEVANT RAIN INPUT