This document provides an overview of Chapter 4 from the textbook "Human Nutrition: Science for Healthy Living". It covers the following key points about the human digestive system:
- The digestive system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste. It consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs like the liver and pancreas.
- Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Chemical digestion uses enzymes to break molecules into smaller components.
- The mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine each play distinct roles in digestion through both mechanical and chemical processes. Accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas secrete substances to aid digestion.
- Nutrients are
This document provides an overview of the digestive system and the mouth, esophagus, and stomach. It discusses the components and layers of the digestive tract wall. In the mouth, food is broken down mechanically by teeth and chemically by saliva. The esophagus transports food to the stomach via peristalsis. The stomach stores and mixes food with gastric juices containing acids and enzymes that continue the chemical digestion process.
The document provides an overview of the digestive system, including its major components and functions. It describes the roles and processes of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. In the mouth, food is broken down mechanically by teeth and chemically by saliva. The esophagus transports swallowed food to the stomach through peristalsis. In the stomach, food is further broken down by acids and enzymes. The small intestine, specifically the duodenum, is where most digestion and absorption occurs, aided by secretions from the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
The document provides an overview of gastrointestinal physiology:
1. The GI tract breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed, moving contents along through motility and mixing with secretions.
2. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food by enzymes from the mouth, stomach, pancreas and intestines.
3. Absorption then occurs as nutrients, water and electrolytes pass from the GI tract into blood vessels and lymphatics.
The digestive system is a group of organs that processes food and breaks it down into nutrients that the body can use. Food travels through the digestive tract, which includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. In these organs, food is broken down through both mechanical and chemical digestion. Nutrients are then absorbed into the bloodstream to feed the entire body while waste is excreted. Maintaining a healthy digestive system requires eating a balanced diet with fiber, limiting irritants, and using digestive aids.
The document discusses the human digestive and nutrition systems. It explains that nutrients from food are broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. The digestive system breaks food down mechanically and chemically. Accessory organs like the liver and pancreas produce enzymes and bile that aid digestion. Food passes through the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines as it is broken down and absorbed. Undigested waste is eliminated as feces.
The document discusses the digestive system, including its anatomy and functions. It defines the digestive system and identifies its key organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It explains the five phases of digestion: ingestion, movement, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, and elimination. Mechanical digestion breaks down food physically through chewing, tearing and grinding. Chemical digestion involves enzymatic reactions that further break down carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. The organs work together through the gastrointestinal tract to break down food and absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.
The document provides an overview of the human digestive system, including its major organs and processes. It discusses the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs. The key functions of the digestive system are ingestion of food, secretion of enzymes and fluids, mixing and movement of food through the tract, digestion of nutrients, absorption into the bloodstream, and excretion of waste. Common gastrointestinal disorders are also mentioned.
The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract is made up of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The gastrointestinal tract works with these accessory organs to break down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
This document provides an overview of the digestive system and the mouth, esophagus, and stomach. It discusses the components and layers of the digestive tract wall. In the mouth, food is broken down mechanically by teeth and chemically by saliva. The esophagus transports food to the stomach via peristalsis. The stomach stores and mixes food with gastric juices containing acids and enzymes that continue the chemical digestion process.
The document provides an overview of the digestive system, including its major components and functions. It describes the roles and processes of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. In the mouth, food is broken down mechanically by teeth and chemically by saliva. The esophagus transports swallowed food to the stomach through peristalsis. In the stomach, food is further broken down by acids and enzymes. The small intestine, specifically the duodenum, is where most digestion and absorption occurs, aided by secretions from the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
The document provides an overview of gastrointestinal physiology:
1. The GI tract breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed, moving contents along through motility and mixing with secretions.
2. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food by enzymes from the mouth, stomach, pancreas and intestines.
3. Absorption then occurs as nutrients, water and electrolytes pass from the GI tract into blood vessels and lymphatics.
The digestive system is a group of organs that processes food and breaks it down into nutrients that the body can use. Food travels through the digestive tract, which includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. In these organs, food is broken down through both mechanical and chemical digestion. Nutrients are then absorbed into the bloodstream to feed the entire body while waste is excreted. Maintaining a healthy digestive system requires eating a balanced diet with fiber, limiting irritants, and using digestive aids.
The document discusses the human digestive and nutrition systems. It explains that nutrients from food are broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. The digestive system breaks food down mechanically and chemically. Accessory organs like the liver and pancreas produce enzymes and bile that aid digestion. Food passes through the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines as it is broken down and absorbed. Undigested waste is eliminated as feces.
The document discusses the digestive system, including its anatomy and functions. It defines the digestive system and identifies its key organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It explains the five phases of digestion: ingestion, movement, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, and elimination. Mechanical digestion breaks down food physically through chewing, tearing and grinding. Chemical digestion involves enzymatic reactions that further break down carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. The organs work together through the gastrointestinal tract to break down food and absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.
The document provides an overview of the human digestive system, including its major organs and processes. It discusses the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs. The key functions of the digestive system are ingestion of food, secretion of enzymes and fluids, mixing and movement of food through the tract, digestion of nutrients, absorption into the bloodstream, and excretion of waste. Common gastrointestinal disorders are also mentioned.
The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract is made up of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The gastrointestinal tract works with these accessory organs to break down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
Study of the structure/form of the human body. Study location of organs, reasons for location, and shape. Anatomy is the science which deals with the description of the structure of cells, tissues, organs and organisms.
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). It describes the key structures of the GIT including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine consisting of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, and large intestine. It explains the four phases of digestion - fragmentation, digestion, absorption and elimination. Key processes like peristalsis and the roles of accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas are summarized. The small intestine is highlighted as the major site of nutrient digestion and absorption due to its large surface area and features like villi.
grade 8 digestive system and the cell division.pptxMaryJoyBAtendido
The document discusses the digestive system. It begins by listing the main organs of the digestive system. It then covers the different parts of the digestive tract/canal and describes the function of each part. These include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. It also discusses important digestive glands like the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas. The document provides diagrams to illustrate the digestive system and its processes. It includes quizzes and activities related to the parts and functions of the digestive system.
The document provides information about the human digestive system. It discusses the key parts of the digestive system and their functions, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It explains the six primary processes of digestion: ingestion, propulsion, mechanical/physical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation. The digestive system breaks down food, mixes it with digestive juices, moves it through the tract, and absorbs nutrients for the body while eliminating waste. Maintaining a healthy digestive system is important.
These notes are basics of human nutrition to learners at the diploma and undergraduate levels. They cover areas such as key terms in nutrition, importance of a balanced diet, uses of food in the diet among others.
The document summarizes the human digestive system and the process of digestion. It describes the four main stages of digestion as ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Digestion occurs through specialized compartments in the digestive system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. The small intestine is the major site of digestion and absorption, where enzymes break down food into small molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
The document discusses the human digestive system and the process of digestion. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The four main stages of food processing are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Digestion breaks down food into smaller molecules in specialized compartments of the digestive system.
2) The human digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Digestion begins in the mouth and stomach and is completed in the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed into blood vessels and lymph vessels.
3) The stages of digestion include ingestion, breakdown of nutrients by enzymes in the stomach and small intestine, and absorption of broken down molecules like sugars and amino acids in the
This document provides an overview of Chapter 2 of a nutrition textbook. It discusses the digestive system and how food is broken down and absorbed. The key points covered include the roles of hunger and appetite, how the foods we eat are used to build cells, the organs and processes involved in digestion and absorption, and some common digestive disorders like heartburn, ulcers, food allergies, and irritable bowel syndrome. The learning outcomes focus on understanding digestion, absorption, and gastrointestinal health.
The document discusses the key parts and functions of the animal digestive system. It describes the main macronutrients that provide energy and structural material, including carbohydrates, fats and proteins. It then outlines the major components of the human digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus, and summarizes their roles in breaking down and absorbing nutrients from food.
This document provides an overview of the digestive system and the process of digestion. It defines digestion as the breakdown of food into absorbable components using mechanical and chemical means in the gastrointestinal tract. The major organs involved in digestion are described, including their functions and roles. Key concepts covered include the roles of enzymes, hormones, and bile in aiding digestion. The document also outlines common digestive disorders.
The document summarizes the major components and functions of the human digestive system. It describes the main organs including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It also discusses the accessory organs of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The digestive system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste through a series of organs working together through mechanical and chemical digestion.
The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs that aid in digestion include the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food enters the mouth and is mechanically and chemically broken down as it moves through each component of the GI tract. Enzymes and acids in each organ further break down food into molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
Human digestive system structure and function
overview
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine
Acessory organs:
Liver
gall bladder
Pancreas.
Human digestive system
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine.
Acessory organs:
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas.
MAJOR ORGANSThe Mouth
pH: 7
The first part of the digestive system
the entry point of food.
Structures in the mouth that aids digestion
Teeth – cut, tear, crush and grind food.
Salivary glands – produce and secrete saliva into the oral cavity.
saliva
moistens the food
contains enzymes (ptyalin or salivary amylase)
begins digestion of starch into smaller polysaccharides.
Function:
Mechanical digestion.
increasing surface area for faster chemical digestion.
The Esophagus
a tube connecting the mouth to the stomach
running through the Thoracic cavity.
Location:
lies behind windpipe (Trachea).
The trachea has as an epiglottis
preventing food from entering the windpipe,
moving the food to the esophagus while swallowing.
Food travels down the esophagus, through a series of involuntary rhythmic contractions (wave-like) called peristalsis.
Function:
The lining of the esophagus secretes mucus
lubricating
to support the movement of food.
Esophageal sphincter:
bolus reaches the stomach
must pass through a muscular ringed valve called the esophageal sphincter (Cardiac Sphincter).
Function:
prevent stomach acids from back flowing into the esophagus.
Stomach
J-shaped muscular sac
Has inner folds (rugae)
Increasing surface area of the stomach.
Function:
Stomach performs mechanical digestion
HOW By churning the bolus and mixing it with the gastric juices
secreted by the lining of the stomach.
GASTRIC JUICES HCl, salts, enzymes, water and mucus)
HCL helps break down of food and kills bacteria that came along with the food.
The bolus is now called Chyme.
Enzymes in stomach:
Acidic environment
HCl secreation
kill any microbes that are found in the bolus,
creating a pH of 2.
Mucus prevents the stomach from digesting itself.
Pepsin secreation
responsible for initiating the breakdown of proteins (in )food.
hydrolyzes proteins to yield polypeptides.
pH is 2, the enzyme from the salivary glands stops breaking down carbohydrates.
Pyloric sphincter:
chyme moves from the stomach to the small intestine.
It passes through a muscular ringed sphincter called the pyloric sphincter.
stomach does not digest itselfWhy ?
Protective Mechanism:
three protective mechanisms.
First the stomach only secretes small amounts of gastric juices until food is present.
Second the secretion of mucus coats the lining of the stomach protecting it from the gastric juices.
The third mechanism is the digestive enzyme pepsin is secreted in an inactive protein c
The document discusses nutrition and digestion. It begins by explaining eating disorders and the unknown causes. It then describes the four stages of food processing - ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Key digestive organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine are explained. The roles of enzymes and accessory organs like the liver and pancreas in chemical digestion are outlined. Nutritional requirements for energy, building materials, vitamins and minerals are also summarized.
The document discusses nutrition and digestion. It begins by covering eating disorders in Americans and moves to an overview of animal nutrition categories. It then discusses the four stages of food processing and takes a closer look at digestion. The majority of the document details the human digestive system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. It concludes by covering human nutritional requirements including calories, essential nutrients, vitamins, minerals and fatty acids.
Here are the key functions of the pancreas in digestion:
- Produces pancreatic juices containing enzymes that help break down food:
- Pancreatic lipase breaks down fats
- Pancreatic amylase breaks down carbohydrates
- Proteases break down proteins
- Releases pancreatic juices into the small intestine through the pancreatic duct
- The enzymes help further break down what the stomach has partially digested, preparing nutrients for absorption in the small intestine
- Also produces hormones like insulin and glucagon that help regulate blood sugar levels
So in summary, the pancreas plays an important role in both the digestive and endocrine systems by producing enzymes and hormones that aid digestion and metabolism. Its enzymes
The document summarizes the human digestive system. It describes the five phases of digestion: ingestion, movement, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, and elimination. It then details the structures and functions of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. The roles of teeth, saliva, the epiglottis, and digestive enzymes are also outlined.
Storyboard on Acne-Innovative Learning-M. pharm. (2nd sem.) CosmeticsMuskanShingari
Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It typically manifests as pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads, often on the face, chest, shoulders, or back. Acne can range from mild to severe and may cause emotional distress and scarring in some cases.
**Causes:**
1. **Excess Oil Production:** Hormonal changes during adolescence or certain times in adulthood can increase sebum (oil) production, leading to clogged pores.
2. **Clogged Pores:** When dead skin cells and oil block hair follicles, bacteria (usually Propionibacterium acnes) can thrive, causing inflammation and acne lesions.
3. **Hormonal Factors:** Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or certain medical conditions, can contribute to acne.
4. **Genetics:** A family history of acne can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
**Types of Acne:**
- **Whiteheads:** Closed plugged pores.
- **Blackheads:** Open plugged pores with a dark surface.
- **Papules:** Small red, tender bumps.
- **Pustules:** Pimples with pus at their tips.
- **Nodules:** Large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface.
- **Cysts:** Painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the surface that can cause scarring.
**Treatment:**
Treatment depends on the severity and type of acne but may include:
- **Topical Treatments:** Such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or retinoids to reduce bacteria and unclog pores.
- **Oral Medications:** Antibiotics or oral contraceptives for hormonal acne.
- **Procedures:** Such as chemical peels, extraction of comedones, or light therapy for more severe cases.
**Prevention and Management:**
- **Cleanse:** Regularly wash skin with a gentle cleanser.
- **Moisturize:** Use non-comedogenic moisturizers to keep skin hydrated without clogging pores.
- **Avoid Irritants:** Such as harsh cosmetics or excessive scrubbing.
- **Sun Protection:** Use sunscreen to prevent exacerbation of acne scars and inflammation.
Acne treatment can take time, and consistency in skincare routines and treatments is crucial. Consulting a dermatologist can help tailor a treatment plan that suits individual needs and reduces the risk of scarring or long-term skin damage.
Study of the structure/form of the human body. Study location of organs, reasons for location, and shape. Anatomy is the science which deals with the description of the structure of cells, tissues, organs and organisms.
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). It describes the key structures of the GIT including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine consisting of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, and large intestine. It explains the four phases of digestion - fragmentation, digestion, absorption and elimination. Key processes like peristalsis and the roles of accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas are summarized. The small intestine is highlighted as the major site of nutrient digestion and absorption due to its large surface area and features like villi.
grade 8 digestive system and the cell division.pptxMaryJoyBAtendido
The document discusses the digestive system. It begins by listing the main organs of the digestive system. It then covers the different parts of the digestive tract/canal and describes the function of each part. These include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. It also discusses important digestive glands like the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas. The document provides diagrams to illustrate the digestive system and its processes. It includes quizzes and activities related to the parts and functions of the digestive system.
The document provides information about the human digestive system. It discusses the key parts of the digestive system and their functions, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It explains the six primary processes of digestion: ingestion, propulsion, mechanical/physical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation. The digestive system breaks down food, mixes it with digestive juices, moves it through the tract, and absorbs nutrients for the body while eliminating waste. Maintaining a healthy digestive system is important.
These notes are basics of human nutrition to learners at the diploma and undergraduate levels. They cover areas such as key terms in nutrition, importance of a balanced diet, uses of food in the diet among others.
The document summarizes the human digestive system and the process of digestion. It describes the four main stages of digestion as ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Digestion occurs through specialized compartments in the digestive system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. The small intestine is the major site of digestion and absorption, where enzymes break down food into small molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
The document discusses the human digestive system and the process of digestion. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The four main stages of food processing are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Digestion breaks down food into smaller molecules in specialized compartments of the digestive system.
2) The human digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Digestion begins in the mouth and stomach and is completed in the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed into blood vessels and lymph vessels.
3) The stages of digestion include ingestion, breakdown of nutrients by enzymes in the stomach and small intestine, and absorption of broken down molecules like sugars and amino acids in the
This document provides an overview of Chapter 2 of a nutrition textbook. It discusses the digestive system and how food is broken down and absorbed. The key points covered include the roles of hunger and appetite, how the foods we eat are used to build cells, the organs and processes involved in digestion and absorption, and some common digestive disorders like heartburn, ulcers, food allergies, and irritable bowel syndrome. The learning outcomes focus on understanding digestion, absorption, and gastrointestinal health.
The document discusses the key parts and functions of the animal digestive system. It describes the main macronutrients that provide energy and structural material, including carbohydrates, fats and proteins. It then outlines the major components of the human digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus, and summarizes their roles in breaking down and absorbing nutrients from food.
This document provides an overview of the digestive system and the process of digestion. It defines digestion as the breakdown of food into absorbable components using mechanical and chemical means in the gastrointestinal tract. The major organs involved in digestion are described, including their functions and roles. Key concepts covered include the roles of enzymes, hormones, and bile in aiding digestion. The document also outlines common digestive disorders.
The document summarizes the major components and functions of the human digestive system. It describes the main organs including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It also discusses the accessory organs of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The digestive system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste through a series of organs working together through mechanical and chemical digestion.
The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs that aid in digestion include the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food enters the mouth and is mechanically and chemically broken down as it moves through each component of the GI tract. Enzymes and acids in each organ further break down food into molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
Human digestive system structure and function
overview
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine
Acessory organs:
Liver
gall bladder
Pancreas.
Human digestive system
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine.
Acessory organs:
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas.
MAJOR ORGANSThe Mouth
pH: 7
The first part of the digestive system
the entry point of food.
Structures in the mouth that aids digestion
Teeth – cut, tear, crush and grind food.
Salivary glands – produce and secrete saliva into the oral cavity.
saliva
moistens the food
contains enzymes (ptyalin or salivary amylase)
begins digestion of starch into smaller polysaccharides.
Function:
Mechanical digestion.
increasing surface area for faster chemical digestion.
The Esophagus
a tube connecting the mouth to the stomach
running through the Thoracic cavity.
Location:
lies behind windpipe (Trachea).
The trachea has as an epiglottis
preventing food from entering the windpipe,
moving the food to the esophagus while swallowing.
Food travels down the esophagus, through a series of involuntary rhythmic contractions (wave-like) called peristalsis.
Function:
The lining of the esophagus secretes mucus
lubricating
to support the movement of food.
Esophageal sphincter:
bolus reaches the stomach
must pass through a muscular ringed valve called the esophageal sphincter (Cardiac Sphincter).
Function:
prevent stomach acids from back flowing into the esophagus.
Stomach
J-shaped muscular sac
Has inner folds (rugae)
Increasing surface area of the stomach.
Function:
Stomach performs mechanical digestion
HOW By churning the bolus and mixing it with the gastric juices
secreted by the lining of the stomach.
GASTRIC JUICES HCl, salts, enzymes, water and mucus)
HCL helps break down of food and kills bacteria that came along with the food.
The bolus is now called Chyme.
Enzymes in stomach:
Acidic environment
HCl secreation
kill any microbes that are found in the bolus,
creating a pH of 2.
Mucus prevents the stomach from digesting itself.
Pepsin secreation
responsible for initiating the breakdown of proteins (in )food.
hydrolyzes proteins to yield polypeptides.
pH is 2, the enzyme from the salivary glands stops breaking down carbohydrates.
Pyloric sphincter:
chyme moves from the stomach to the small intestine.
It passes through a muscular ringed sphincter called the pyloric sphincter.
stomach does not digest itselfWhy ?
Protective Mechanism:
three protective mechanisms.
First the stomach only secretes small amounts of gastric juices until food is present.
Second the secretion of mucus coats the lining of the stomach protecting it from the gastric juices.
The third mechanism is the digestive enzyme pepsin is secreted in an inactive protein c
The document discusses nutrition and digestion. It begins by explaining eating disorders and the unknown causes. It then describes the four stages of food processing - ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Key digestive organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine are explained. The roles of enzymes and accessory organs like the liver and pancreas in chemical digestion are outlined. Nutritional requirements for energy, building materials, vitamins and minerals are also summarized.
The document discusses nutrition and digestion. It begins by covering eating disorders in Americans and moves to an overview of animal nutrition categories. It then discusses the four stages of food processing and takes a closer look at digestion. The majority of the document details the human digestive system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. It concludes by covering human nutritional requirements including calories, essential nutrients, vitamins, minerals and fatty acids.
Here are the key functions of the pancreas in digestion:
- Produces pancreatic juices containing enzymes that help break down food:
- Pancreatic lipase breaks down fats
- Pancreatic amylase breaks down carbohydrates
- Proteases break down proteins
- Releases pancreatic juices into the small intestine through the pancreatic duct
- The enzymes help further break down what the stomach has partially digested, preparing nutrients for absorption in the small intestine
- Also produces hormones like insulin and glucagon that help regulate blood sugar levels
So in summary, the pancreas plays an important role in both the digestive and endocrine systems by producing enzymes and hormones that aid digestion and metabolism. Its enzymes
The document summarizes the human digestive system. It describes the five phases of digestion: ingestion, movement, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, and elimination. It then details the structures and functions of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. The roles of teeth, saliva, the epiglottis, and digestive enzymes are also outlined.
Similar to Stephenson 2ed_ch04_lecture_PPT.pptx (20)
Storyboard on Acne-Innovative Learning-M. pharm. (2nd sem.) CosmeticsMuskanShingari
Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It typically manifests as pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads, often on the face, chest, shoulders, or back. Acne can range from mild to severe and may cause emotional distress and scarring in some cases.
**Causes:**
1. **Excess Oil Production:** Hormonal changes during adolescence or certain times in adulthood can increase sebum (oil) production, leading to clogged pores.
2. **Clogged Pores:** When dead skin cells and oil block hair follicles, bacteria (usually Propionibacterium acnes) can thrive, causing inflammation and acne lesions.
3. **Hormonal Factors:** Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or certain medical conditions, can contribute to acne.
4. **Genetics:** A family history of acne can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
**Types of Acne:**
- **Whiteheads:** Closed plugged pores.
- **Blackheads:** Open plugged pores with a dark surface.
- **Papules:** Small red, tender bumps.
- **Pustules:** Pimples with pus at their tips.
- **Nodules:** Large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface.
- **Cysts:** Painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the surface that can cause scarring.
**Treatment:**
Treatment depends on the severity and type of acne but may include:
- **Topical Treatments:** Such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or retinoids to reduce bacteria and unclog pores.
- **Oral Medications:** Antibiotics or oral contraceptives for hormonal acne.
- **Procedures:** Such as chemical peels, extraction of comedones, or light therapy for more severe cases.
**Prevention and Management:**
- **Cleanse:** Regularly wash skin with a gentle cleanser.
- **Moisturize:** Use non-comedogenic moisturizers to keep skin hydrated without clogging pores.
- **Avoid Irritants:** Such as harsh cosmetics or excessive scrubbing.
- **Sun Protection:** Use sunscreen to prevent exacerbation of acne scars and inflammation.
Acne treatment can take time, and consistency in skincare routines and treatments is crucial. Consulting a dermatologist can help tailor a treatment plan that suits individual needs and reduces the risk of scarring or long-term skin damage.
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)MuskanShingari
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.