This document discusses blood stem cell transplantation. It begins by explaining how bone marrow produces blood-forming stem cells and how transplantation of healthy stem cells from sources like marrow, blood or cord blood can help patients whose hematopoietic cells have been damaged by diseases or treatments like cancer. It then covers topics like tissue typing to match donors and recipients, the risks of graft-versus-host disease, and how autologous, syngeneic and allogeneic transplants work. The document provides diagrams and explanations of these concepts over several slides.
Stem Cells And Potential Clinical ApplicationsArtit Ungkanont
This document discusses potential clinical applications of stem cells in 3 paragraphs:
1) Stem cells may be useful for regenerative medicine and treating degenerative conditions by replacing damaged cells. Sources of stem cells include embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells.
2) Stem cells show promise for treating hematologic diseases through hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, as well as cardiovascular diseases through effects like angiogenesis and myocardial regeneration.
3) Stem cells also have potential applications in neurologic diseases like Parkinson's and strokes by generating new neurons, oligodendrocytes, and exploring brain repair mechanisms, as well as in diabetes by generating insulin-producing beta cells. However, many challenges remain
Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) involves transplanting hematopoietic stem cells to re-establish normal bone marrow function in patients with blood disorders or cancer. HSCT has become an established treatment for many malignant and non-malignant blood diseases. HSCT sources include bone marrow, peripheral blood, and umbilical cord blood. The transplant process involves stem cell collection, processing, conditioning chemotherapy, stem cell infusion, and recovery. Complications can include graft-versus-host disease. Matching HLA antigens between donor and recipient is important for transplant success, especially in allogeneic HSCT. Advances have improved outcomes, but further progress is still needed.
Autologous bone marrow transplant involves harvesting a patient's own bone marrow stem cells, storing them, and later re-infusing them after high-dose chemotherapy or radiation treatment to destroy cancerous cells. The stem cells help repopulate the bone marrow and restore the immune system. Complications can include infections during the neutropenic phase, graft-versus-host disease, and mucositis. Long term effects may include secondary cancers or sterility. Autologous transplants are commonly used to treat blood cancers like lymphoma or multiple myeloma.
Stem cells can be obtained from embryos or adults. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can become any cell type, while adult stem cells are multipotent and limited to certain lineages. Stem cell research offers promise for therapies but also ethical concerns. Alternatives to embryonic stem cells are being explored, such as stem cells from unfertilized eggs, dead embryos, or engineered structures. While progress is being made, many challenges remain before stem cell therapies can be directly translated from the laboratory.
Stem cell therapy involves three main concepts: direct injection of stem cells into damaged tissues, transplantation of differentiated cells derived from stem cells, and stimulation of endogenous stem cells to facilitate repair. Sources of stem cells for tissue repair include embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, umbilical cord blood stem cells, and somatic stem cells. Stem cell therapy is being studied as a potential treatment for various diseases and injuries, including heart disease, diabetes, neurological disorders, liver disease, and blood disorders. However, challenges remain regarding immune rejection, control of differentiation, and ethical issues with some stem cell sources.
Hematopoietic Stem Cells Transplantation for Multiple MyelomaWan Ning
Hematopoietic stem cells transplantation is a FDA-approved stem cells based therapy whereby it is usually performed for cancer patients. For an example, Multiple Myeloma.
This document provides an overview of bone marrow transplantation (BMT). It discusses the definition, sources, types, indications, preparations, complications, and outcomes of BMT. Key points include: BMT involves transferring stem cells to replace abnormal stem cells or reconstitute treated marrow. Sources include bone marrow, peripheral blood stem cells, and cord blood. Complications can include graft-versus-host disease and rejection. Outcomes have improved with advances like HLA matching and use of unrelated donors, though conditioning mortality remains up to 15%.
This document discusses hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatrics. It defines hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as any procedure where stem cells from any donor or source are given to a recipient with the intention of repopulating or replacing their hematopoietic system. The document then reviews the history of stem cell transplantation, different stem cell sources including bone marrow, peripheral blood, and umbilical cord blood, and types of transplantation including autologous, allogeneic, and syngeneic. It also discusses procedures, conditioning regimens, and applications of autologous transplantation.
Stem Cells And Potential Clinical ApplicationsArtit Ungkanont
This document discusses potential clinical applications of stem cells in 3 paragraphs:
1) Stem cells may be useful for regenerative medicine and treating degenerative conditions by replacing damaged cells. Sources of stem cells include embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells.
2) Stem cells show promise for treating hematologic diseases through hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, as well as cardiovascular diseases through effects like angiogenesis and myocardial regeneration.
3) Stem cells also have potential applications in neurologic diseases like Parkinson's and strokes by generating new neurons, oligodendrocytes, and exploring brain repair mechanisms, as well as in diabetes by generating insulin-producing beta cells. However, many challenges remain
Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) involves transplanting hematopoietic stem cells to re-establish normal bone marrow function in patients with blood disorders or cancer. HSCT has become an established treatment for many malignant and non-malignant blood diseases. HSCT sources include bone marrow, peripheral blood, and umbilical cord blood. The transplant process involves stem cell collection, processing, conditioning chemotherapy, stem cell infusion, and recovery. Complications can include graft-versus-host disease. Matching HLA antigens between donor and recipient is important for transplant success, especially in allogeneic HSCT. Advances have improved outcomes, but further progress is still needed.
Autologous bone marrow transplant involves harvesting a patient's own bone marrow stem cells, storing them, and later re-infusing them after high-dose chemotherapy or radiation treatment to destroy cancerous cells. The stem cells help repopulate the bone marrow and restore the immune system. Complications can include infections during the neutropenic phase, graft-versus-host disease, and mucositis. Long term effects may include secondary cancers or sterility. Autologous transplants are commonly used to treat blood cancers like lymphoma or multiple myeloma.
Stem cells can be obtained from embryos or adults. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can become any cell type, while adult stem cells are multipotent and limited to certain lineages. Stem cell research offers promise for therapies but also ethical concerns. Alternatives to embryonic stem cells are being explored, such as stem cells from unfertilized eggs, dead embryos, or engineered structures. While progress is being made, many challenges remain before stem cell therapies can be directly translated from the laboratory.
Stem cell therapy involves three main concepts: direct injection of stem cells into damaged tissues, transplantation of differentiated cells derived from stem cells, and stimulation of endogenous stem cells to facilitate repair. Sources of stem cells for tissue repair include embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, umbilical cord blood stem cells, and somatic stem cells. Stem cell therapy is being studied as a potential treatment for various diseases and injuries, including heart disease, diabetes, neurological disorders, liver disease, and blood disorders. However, challenges remain regarding immune rejection, control of differentiation, and ethical issues with some stem cell sources.
Hematopoietic Stem Cells Transplantation for Multiple MyelomaWan Ning
Hematopoietic stem cells transplantation is a FDA-approved stem cells based therapy whereby it is usually performed for cancer patients. For an example, Multiple Myeloma.
This document provides an overview of bone marrow transplantation (BMT). It discusses the definition, sources, types, indications, preparations, complications, and outcomes of BMT. Key points include: BMT involves transferring stem cells to replace abnormal stem cells or reconstitute treated marrow. Sources include bone marrow, peripheral blood stem cells, and cord blood. Complications can include graft-versus-host disease and rejection. Outcomes have improved with advances like HLA matching and use of unrelated donors, though conditioning mortality remains up to 15%.
This document discusses hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatrics. It defines hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as any procedure where stem cells from any donor or source are given to a recipient with the intention of repopulating or replacing their hematopoietic system. The document then reviews the history of stem cell transplantation, different stem cell sources including bone marrow, peripheral blood, and umbilical cord blood, and types of transplantation including autologous, allogeneic, and syngeneic. It also discusses procedures, conditioning regimens, and applications of autologous transplantation.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation involves collecting stem cells from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood and infusing them into a patient after intensive chemotherapy or radiation treatment. There are three main types of transplants - autologous using the patient's own stem cells, allogeneic using a donor's stem cells, and syngeneic using an identical twin's stem cells. The goal is for the transplanted stem cells to engraft and repopulate the patient's bone marrow and immune system. Some potential complications after transplantation include graft-versus-host disease, infections, organ toxicities from the conditioning regimen, and secondary cancers later on.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced by identical immune cells that are clones of a single parent cell. They are produced by fusing antibody-producing cells with tumor cells to create a hybridoma cell line that continuously produces the same antibody. Monoclonal antibodies have important medical uses such as diagnosing pregnancy or HIV infection through detection of specific antigens, and treating cancer by targeting tumor-associated antigens on cancer cells. However, monoclonal antibodies produced in mice can trigger an immune response in humans, so genetically engineered antibodies are being developed to avoid this.
Principles of organ transplant and Renal transplantDr Navil Sharma
This document provides an overview of organ transplant principles. It defines different types of transplants and discusses transplant immunology, including graft rejection. The key principles covered are pre-operative (patient selection, counseling, informed consent), intra-operative (organ procurement and preservation), and post-operative (assessment, immunosuppression, follow up). Complications and ethical considerations are also mentioned. Overall, the document outlines the major concepts and steps involved in organ transplantation.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation involves intravenous infusion of stem cells collected from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood to reestablish hematopoietic function in patients with damaged bone marrow or immune systems. It is potentially curative for various disorders. Stem cells are collected via bone marrow harvest or apheresis and may be manipulated before infusion. Complications can include mucositis, sinusoidal obstructive syndrome, and graft-versus-host disease.
The bone marrow is the soft, fatty tissue inside bones that produces blood cells. It contains stem cells that give rise to red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. A bone marrow transplant replaces damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy stem cells from either the patient (autologous transplant) or a donor (allogenic transplant). Proper donor matching through HLA typing is important for success of an allogenic transplant to reduce graft-versus-host disease.
Adult stem cells can be found in many tissues and organs, including bone marrow, brain, blood vessels, and skin. Scientists identify adult stem cells by labeling them with molecular markers and observing what cell types they generate. Adult stem cells have been harvested since the 1960s to treat diseases like leukemia. The harvesting process begins with a donor providing blood that is then processed to extract stem cells, typically through a procedure called apheresis that separates stem cells from other blood components. Stem cell transplants are used for cancer treatment, and can be autologous, using the patient's own stem cells, or allogeneic, using donor stem cells.
Get information of what are stem cells, sources of stem cells, what is umbilical cord and the umbilical cord blood, what us HLS matching etc and many more.
The document discusses stem cell transplantation therapy and immunosuppressant therapy for hematological malignancies. It provides an overview of hematopoietic stem cells, the history and types of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the transplantation process including stem cell collection, cryopreservation, conditioning, and complications. The presentation also covers hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for different hematological malignancies and non-malignant conditions.
This document discusses stem cells and related techniques. It provides an overview of stem cell types including embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. It discusses stem cell differentiation and some history around the discovery of stem cells. Applications of stem cells mentioned include disease modeling, drug development, cell therapy, and 3D bioprinting using stem cells. Specific techniques discussed include genome editing, autophagy, tissue clearing, and optogenetics as they relate to stem cell research. Controversies around stem cell therapy are also briefly mentioned.
Stem cell transplantation replaces unhealthy cells with healthy ones. It has a history dating back to the mid-19th century when it was discovered that marrow was the source of blood cells. Modern stem cell transplantation uses stem cells from three sources: peripheral blood, marrow, or umbilical cord. The types of transplantation are syngeneic using identical twins, autologous using one's own stem cells, and allogeneic using donor stem cells which can cause graft-versus-host disease. Stem cell transplantation treats conditions like blood disorders and cancers.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) involves replacing a patient's bone marrow with healthy stem cells from a donor. The document provides an overview of HSCT, including its history, types of transplants, the transplant process, and potential complications. It discusses how stem cells are collected from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood and cryopreserved. The transplant process includes conditioning chemotherapy/radiation, stem cell infusion, and recovery. Complications can include graft-versus-host disease and infection. Careful donor matching and screening is important for transplant success.
Bone marrow transplantation replaces damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy stem cells. It is used to treat certain cancers, blood disorders, and chemotherapy side effects. There are three main types: autologous uses the patient's own stem cells; allogeneic uses a donor's stem cells; umbilical cord blood transplantation uses stem cells from umbilical cord blood. Preparations include testing and treatment for both the recipient and donor. Risks include infections, graft failure, and graft-versus-host disease. A multidisciplinary team oversees the transplant process.
This document provides an overview of principles of tissue engineering. It discusses why tissue engineering is needed due to limited organ transplantation availability. Tissue engineering uses regenerative medicine approaches including cell therapies, biomaterials, and tissue engineering to repair or replace damaged tissues. Various cell sources for therapy are described, including stem cells (embryonic, adult, perinatal), somatic cell nuclear transfer, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials are discussed that can be used as scaffolds to support cell growth. The importance of vascularization for tissue volumes over 3mm is also highlighted.
The document summarizes current trends in cell therapy, including:
1) Attempts to expand hematopoietic stem cells for clinical use have not achieved long-term engraftment, though total CD34+ cells are expanded with benefits.
2) Cord blood banking trends involve improving quality over quantity, and cord blood may be used for non-hematological diseases.
3) Over 3000 patients have been treated safely for heart diseases with cell therapy, and the field is growing rapidly though mechanisms are better understood as trophic rather than differentiation.
1. Regenerative medicine aims to treat disease and injury by producing new cells to replace damaged or malfunctioning cells. This may involve stem cells, biological therapies, medical devices, or genes and cells.
2. There are three main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells can be created by reprogramming adult cells via gene transfer.
3. Stem cell therapies and tissue engineering hold promise for treating conditions where organs are damaged or in short supply, such as using a patient's own cells to regenerate skin or corneas.
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found in the body after development that have the abilities of self-renewal and multipotency. They are mostly found in blood and bone marrow and can be used to treat degenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders, injuries, and cosmetic conditions. A stem cell transplant for leukemia involves finding a donor, extracting their stem cells, clearing the recipient's body of cancerous cells through chemotherapy or radiation, and transplanting the donor's healthy stem cells to repopulate the recipient's blood and immune system.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation involves collecting stem cells from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood and infusing them into a patient after intensive chemotherapy or radiation treatment. There are three main types of transplants - autologous using the patient's own stem cells, allogeneic using a donor's stem cells, and syngeneic using an identical twin's stem cells. The goal is for the transplanted stem cells to engraft and repopulate the patient's bone marrow and immune system. Some potential complications after transplantation include graft-versus-host disease, infections, organ toxicities from the conditioning regimen, and secondary cancers later on.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced by identical immune cells that are clones of a single parent cell. They are produced by fusing antibody-producing cells with tumor cells to create a hybridoma cell line that continuously produces the same antibody. Monoclonal antibodies have important medical uses such as diagnosing pregnancy or HIV infection through detection of specific antigens, and treating cancer by targeting tumor-associated antigens on cancer cells. However, monoclonal antibodies produced in mice can trigger an immune response in humans, so genetically engineered antibodies are being developed to avoid this.
Principles of organ transplant and Renal transplantDr Navil Sharma
This document provides an overview of organ transplant principles. It defines different types of transplants and discusses transplant immunology, including graft rejection. The key principles covered are pre-operative (patient selection, counseling, informed consent), intra-operative (organ procurement and preservation), and post-operative (assessment, immunosuppression, follow up). Complications and ethical considerations are also mentioned. Overall, the document outlines the major concepts and steps involved in organ transplantation.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation involves intravenous infusion of stem cells collected from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood to reestablish hematopoietic function in patients with damaged bone marrow or immune systems. It is potentially curative for various disorders. Stem cells are collected via bone marrow harvest or apheresis and may be manipulated before infusion. Complications can include mucositis, sinusoidal obstructive syndrome, and graft-versus-host disease.
The bone marrow is the soft, fatty tissue inside bones that produces blood cells. It contains stem cells that give rise to red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. A bone marrow transplant replaces damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy stem cells from either the patient (autologous transplant) or a donor (allogenic transplant). Proper donor matching through HLA typing is important for success of an allogenic transplant to reduce graft-versus-host disease.
Adult stem cells can be found in many tissues and organs, including bone marrow, brain, blood vessels, and skin. Scientists identify adult stem cells by labeling them with molecular markers and observing what cell types they generate. Adult stem cells have been harvested since the 1960s to treat diseases like leukemia. The harvesting process begins with a donor providing blood that is then processed to extract stem cells, typically through a procedure called apheresis that separates stem cells from other blood components. Stem cell transplants are used for cancer treatment, and can be autologous, using the patient's own stem cells, or allogeneic, using donor stem cells.
Get information of what are stem cells, sources of stem cells, what is umbilical cord and the umbilical cord blood, what us HLS matching etc and many more.
The document discusses stem cell transplantation therapy and immunosuppressant therapy for hematological malignancies. It provides an overview of hematopoietic stem cells, the history and types of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the transplantation process including stem cell collection, cryopreservation, conditioning, and complications. The presentation also covers hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for different hematological malignancies and non-malignant conditions.
This document discusses stem cells and related techniques. It provides an overview of stem cell types including embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. It discusses stem cell differentiation and some history around the discovery of stem cells. Applications of stem cells mentioned include disease modeling, drug development, cell therapy, and 3D bioprinting using stem cells. Specific techniques discussed include genome editing, autophagy, tissue clearing, and optogenetics as they relate to stem cell research. Controversies around stem cell therapy are also briefly mentioned.
Stem cell transplantation replaces unhealthy cells with healthy ones. It has a history dating back to the mid-19th century when it was discovered that marrow was the source of blood cells. Modern stem cell transplantation uses stem cells from three sources: peripheral blood, marrow, or umbilical cord. The types of transplantation are syngeneic using identical twins, autologous using one's own stem cells, and allogeneic using donor stem cells which can cause graft-versus-host disease. Stem cell transplantation treats conditions like blood disorders and cancers.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) involves replacing a patient's bone marrow with healthy stem cells from a donor. The document provides an overview of HSCT, including its history, types of transplants, the transplant process, and potential complications. It discusses how stem cells are collected from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood and cryopreserved. The transplant process includes conditioning chemotherapy/radiation, stem cell infusion, and recovery. Complications can include graft-versus-host disease and infection. Careful donor matching and screening is important for transplant success.
Bone marrow transplantation replaces damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy stem cells. It is used to treat certain cancers, blood disorders, and chemotherapy side effects. There are three main types: autologous uses the patient's own stem cells; allogeneic uses a donor's stem cells; umbilical cord blood transplantation uses stem cells from umbilical cord blood. Preparations include testing and treatment for both the recipient and donor. Risks include infections, graft failure, and graft-versus-host disease. A multidisciplinary team oversees the transplant process.
This document provides an overview of principles of tissue engineering. It discusses why tissue engineering is needed due to limited organ transplantation availability. Tissue engineering uses regenerative medicine approaches including cell therapies, biomaterials, and tissue engineering to repair or replace damaged tissues. Various cell sources for therapy are described, including stem cells (embryonic, adult, perinatal), somatic cell nuclear transfer, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials are discussed that can be used as scaffolds to support cell growth. The importance of vascularization for tissue volumes over 3mm is also highlighted.
The document summarizes current trends in cell therapy, including:
1) Attempts to expand hematopoietic stem cells for clinical use have not achieved long-term engraftment, though total CD34+ cells are expanded with benefits.
2) Cord blood banking trends involve improving quality over quantity, and cord blood may be used for non-hematological diseases.
3) Over 3000 patients have been treated safely for heart diseases with cell therapy, and the field is growing rapidly though mechanisms are better understood as trophic rather than differentiation.
1. Regenerative medicine aims to treat disease and injury by producing new cells to replace damaged or malfunctioning cells. This may involve stem cells, biological therapies, medical devices, or genes and cells.
2. There are three main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells can be created by reprogramming adult cells via gene transfer.
3. Stem cell therapies and tissue engineering hold promise for treating conditions where organs are damaged or in short supply, such as using a patient's own cells to regenerate skin or corneas.
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found in the body after development that have the abilities of self-renewal and multipotency. They are mostly found in blood and bone marrow and can be used to treat degenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders, injuries, and cosmetic conditions. A stem cell transplant for leukemia involves finding a donor, extracting their stem cells, clearing the recipient's body of cancerous cells through chemotherapy or radiation, and transplanting the donor's healthy stem cells to repopulate the recipient's blood and immune system.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
1. Understanding Cancer and Related Topics
Understanding Blood Stem Cell Transplantation
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Developed by:
Donna Kerrigan, M.S.
Kathryn Hollen
Jeanne Kelly
Brian Hollen
Discusses how bone marrow produces blood-
forming stem cells that include “starter” immune
cells. When diseases like cancer or its treatment
damage these hematopoietic cells, transplanting
healthy stem cells from marrow, peripheral blood,
or other sources can help some patients. Clarifies
how antigens that mark cells as “self” or “non-self”
are critical determinants of transplant success.
Explains autologous, syngeneic, and allogeneic
transplants as well as tissue typing.
2. Stem Cells
Gastrula
(14 to 16 days)
Fertilized egg
(1 day)
Outer cell mass
Inner cell mass
Blastocyst
(5 to 6 days)
Ectoderm
(external layer)
Skin
Neurons
Pituitary gland
Eyes
Ears
Endoderm
(internal layer)
Pancreas
Liver
Thyroid
Lung
Bladder
Urethra
Mesoderm
(middle layer)
Bone marrow
Skeletal, smooth
and cardiac muscle
Heart and
blood vessels
Kidney tubules
3. Blood Stem Cells
Bone graft
Multipotential
stem cell
Hematopoietic
stem cell
Platelets
Erythrocytes
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Megakaryocyte
Basophil
T lymphocyte
Natural killer cell
Dendritic cell
B lymphocyte
Lymphoid progenitor cell
Myeloid
progenitor
cell
Monocyte
Marrow
Bone
4. From Bone Marrow to the Bloodstream
T lymphocyte
Hematopoietic
stem cell
Erythrocytes
Circulating
blood
Thymus
Lymph
nodes
Spleen
Bone
marrow
To
thymus,
tonsils,
and lymphoid
organs
1 in blood for every
100 in marrow
B lymphocyte
From
thymus
5. Blood Stem Cell Transplants: When?
No blood stem
cell production
Chemo
Radiation
X
6. Stem Cells from Self to the Rescue
Patient receives
chemotherapy
or radiation
Self-donated stem
cells are re-infused
into patient
Stem cells are
collected from
patient
7. Stem Cells from Donor to the Rescue
Stem cells
are collected
from donor
Stem cells are infused
into patient, where they
migrate to bone marrow
Patient receives
chemotherapy or
radiation
8. Not Just Any Blood Stem Cells Will Do
Self Non-self
9. Host vs. Graft/Graft vs. Host
Host versus graft reaction Graft versus host reaction
10. Tissue Typing Matches Donors to Patients
Allogeneic
Patient
= matches to patient
Conflict: only some
marker molecules match
No conflict: all
marker molecules match
Patient
Syngeneic
Autologous
Donor
Identical
twin donor
Unrelated
donor
Related
donor
Allogeneic
Patient
Donor
Patient
Donor
Patient
Donor
11. Many Names for the “Self” Antigens
Major
histocompatibility
complex (MHC) proteins
(“self” markers)
Blood cell
(leukocyte)
Body cell
Human
leukocyte
antigens (HLAs)
(“self” markers)
=
12. Haplotypes: Passing on Genes
for “Self” Antigens
DP DR
DQ
No.
of
possible
alleles
at
this
locus
Many Varieties of MHC “Self” Genes
Sample Haplotype: Chromosome 6
DP DQ
A
C
HLA alleles
DR
45
89
19 20
2
323
75
50
25
400
100
0
DP DQ DR
B
93
195
395
B C A
13. 6 Major Genes: 10,000 Antigens
HLA genes
Paternal
chromosome 6
Maternal
chromosome 6
Maternal
leukocyte
Paternal
leukocyte
HLA genes
D B C
D A
D
D B C
D A
D
* are MHC proteins
2 (of 6) major human
leukocyte antigens*
6 major
genes
6 major
genes
2 (of 6) major human
leukocyte antigens*
14. Three Most Important Antigens
3 most important
antigens for tissue
matching
Leukocyte
Human leukocyte antigens (MHC proteins)
DP
DQ
B
C
DR
A
No.
of
possible
alleles
at
this
locus
Many Varieties of MHC “Self” Genes
DP DQ DR
45
89
19 20
2
323
75
50
25
400
100
0
DP DQ DR
93
195
395
B C A
15. A “Clinical Match”
Child A (patient)
HLA-A
HLA-B
Child E (donor)
a perfect match
Child D
Haplotype 3
Child C
Sperm
Ovum
Child B
Haplotype 1
HLA-A HLA-DR
HLA-B
HLA-DR
HLA-A
HLA-B
Haplotype 4
Haplotype 2
HLA-A HLA-DR
HLA-B
HLA-DR
16. Some Haplotypes Occur More Often
25–30% chance
>90% chance
50–60% chance
40–50% chance
18. A Delicate Balance:
Graft vs. Tumor/Graft vs. Host
Stem cells plus
haplo-identical
white blood cells
Cancer cell
destroyed
Cancer
cell
Transplant attacks patient
Transplant attacks tumor
in patient
A Delicate Balance
Should I
give the patient
steroids?
19. Success in Matching
Varies With Population
Japanese
99%
African
American
50%
North
American
Caucasian
93%
Asian
50%
20. Preparing Patients for
Myeloablative Allogeneic Transplants
High-dose
radiation
and/or
High-dose
chemotherapy
Lymphocytes
destroyed
Cancer
cells
destroyed
21. Preparing Patients for Reduced-
Intensity Allogeneic Transplants
Before Transplant
Donor’s white
blood cells
Sometimes
After Transplant
Low-dose
or standard
radiation
and/or
Low-dose
or standard
chemotherapy
Immunosuppressant
drugs
22. Preparing Donors for
Allogeneic Transplants
Growth factor
to amplify and
mobilize stem cells
Allogeneic transplant
Stem cells
ready for
infusion
Stem cells
ready for
infusion
23. Apheresis: Harvesting Stem Cells
From Peripheral Blood
Whole
blood is
collected
from
donor
Blood,
minus stem
cells, is
returned to
donor
Stem
cells out
Whole
blood in
Blood-forming
stem cells
24. Preparing Patients for
Autologous/Syngeneic Transplants
Syngeneic:
Peripheral Blood
Growth factor
to amplify
and mobilize
stem cells
Patient
Autologous:
Peripheral Blood
Cells
for
infusion
into my
twin
Identical twin
donor
Cells for
re-infusion
Growth factor
to amplify
and mobilize
stem cells
25. Cord Blood as a Source of Stem Cells
Placenta
Umbilical cord
Placenta
Primitive
stem cells
Liver
Uterus
Umbilical
cord
26. Placental and Cord-Blood
Stem Cell Transplants
After the birth of
the baby, blood is
collected into a
special blood bag
Umbilical
cord
Placenta
Virus-free, tissue-typed
stem cells stored in
liquid nitrogen for
future transplant
Cryoprotectant added to minimize
damage during freezing
Stem cells transferred
to a new bag
27. Using More Than One Cord-Blood Donor
Cells from one unit
dominate the other; both
attack patient’s immune
system
Cord blood
from donor 2
Cord blood
from donor 1
No, I’m
in charge!
I’m in
charge!
2
1
28. Placental and Cord-Blood Transplants:
Pros and Cons
Cons
1/10 number of cells vs.
bone marrow transplant
Longer time for
transplant to “take”
Slight chance of
maternal cell/genetic
disease contamination
Adults need more than
one cord-blood donor
Pros
Lifesaver when there
is no eligible donor
Available quickly
(about 2 weeks)
Unlikely to harbor
cytomegalovirus
32. We would like to hear from you . . .
If you have questions about this tutorial’s content, suggestions for new topics, or
other feedback on the Web site, please send an e-mail to kerrigad@mail.nih.gov.
If you have questions about this tutorial’s artwork or want permission to use it,
please send an e-mail to beankelly@verizon.net.
Editor's Notes
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer