Tom Silverman conducted research to determine how many new artists are breaking into the music industry each year. He defined "breaking" as selling over 10,000 albums in the year of release. In 2008, out of over 105,000 album releases, only 12 artists sold over 10,000 albums for the first time that year. The vast majority of breaking artists were signed to major labels or significant independent labels. Silverman concluded that technology has made it harder, not easier, for great new music to rise to popularity due to a lack of mass exposure, which requires money or luck.