The document discusses music genres and fashion trends that were popular in the 1990s. It notes that Britpop bands like Oasis and Blur, grunge bands such as Nirvana and Alice in Chains, hip hop artists like Lauryn Hill, The Notorious B.I.G. and 2Pac, and contemporary R&B singers like Mariah Carey and Whitney Houston dominated the decade's music. The document also describes the grunge fashion style of flannel shirts and baggy jeans that was prevalent among teens in the 1990s.
The document provides an overview of the origins and evolution of rock music. It discusses how rock music originated from sources like blues, rhythm and blues, and country music in the 1950s. It then outlines some of the major developments and subgenres of rock that emerged in subsequent decades, such as folk rock, blues rock, jazz rock in the 1960s; hard rock, heavy metal, punk in the 1970s; and grunge, nu metal, and Britpop in the 1990s. The document also provides some brief biographical details about influential rock artists from different eras.
The document provides a timeline of key developments in film history from 1894 to the present:
- In the early 1900s, short silent films without stories began to be screened publicly. By the 1920s-1950s, films had longer narratives and sound was introduced.
- Major technological advances like CGI, digital cameras, IMAX, and motion capture occurred between the 1970s-1990s and 2000s, making films more realistic.
- Six major American film studios still dominate production: Warner Bros, Paramount, Disney, Sony, Universal, and 20th Century Fox. Fox Searchlight specializes in low-budget films while Warner Bros produces big blockbusters.
- Issues like piracy have hurt profits, but
Lana Del Rey, whose real name is Elizabeth Woolridge Grant, is an American singer-songwriter known for her indie pop and alternative style. She was born in New York in 1986 and cites various musical artists from different genres as influences. Her debut album under her stage name, Born to Die, was released in 2012 and helped establish her image as a "self-styled gangsta Nancy Sinatra".
The British Invasion was a term used to describe the influx of rock and roll bands from Britain to America in the mid-1960s. It began with the popularity of The Beatles in America, which inspired many other British bands to follow. Some of the key bands included The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Who, The Kinks, The Animals, and Herman's Hermits. The Beatles originated in Liverpool and were inspired by American rock and roll. Their popularity in America began with appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1964, which drew over 50 million viewers.
The document summarizes the members of the band Queen, including Freddie Mercury (lead vocals, piano), Brian May (guitar, keyboards, vocals), Roger Taylor (drums, percussion, vocals), and John Deacon (bass, guitar). It provides biographical details and musical careers of each member. It also lists Queen's major album releases and discusses Freddie Mercury's death from AIDS in 1991, which shocked fans around the world.
The document discusses music genres and fashion trends that were popular in the 1990s. It notes that Britpop bands like Oasis and Blur, grunge bands such as Nirvana and Alice in Chains, hip hop artists like Lauryn Hill, The Notorious B.I.G. and 2Pac, and contemporary R&B singers like Mariah Carey and Whitney Houston dominated the decade's music. The document also describes the grunge fashion style of flannel shirts and baggy jeans that was prevalent among teens in the 1990s.
The document provides an overview of the origins and evolution of rock music. It discusses how rock music originated from sources like blues, rhythm and blues, and country music in the 1950s. It then outlines some of the major developments and subgenres of rock that emerged in subsequent decades, such as folk rock, blues rock, jazz rock in the 1960s; hard rock, heavy metal, punk in the 1970s; and grunge, nu metal, and Britpop in the 1990s. The document also provides some brief biographical details about influential rock artists from different eras.
The document provides a timeline of key developments in film history from 1894 to the present:
- In the early 1900s, short silent films without stories began to be screened publicly. By the 1920s-1950s, films had longer narratives and sound was introduced.
- Major technological advances like CGI, digital cameras, IMAX, and motion capture occurred between the 1970s-1990s and 2000s, making films more realistic.
- Six major American film studios still dominate production: Warner Bros, Paramount, Disney, Sony, Universal, and 20th Century Fox. Fox Searchlight specializes in low-budget films while Warner Bros produces big blockbusters.
- Issues like piracy have hurt profits, but
Lana Del Rey, whose real name is Elizabeth Woolridge Grant, is an American singer-songwriter known for her indie pop and alternative style. She was born in New York in 1986 and cites various musical artists from different genres as influences. Her debut album under her stage name, Born to Die, was released in 2012 and helped establish her image as a "self-styled gangsta Nancy Sinatra".
The British Invasion was a term used to describe the influx of rock and roll bands from Britain to America in the mid-1960s. It began with the popularity of The Beatles in America, which inspired many other British bands to follow. Some of the key bands included The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Who, The Kinks, The Animals, and Herman's Hermits. The Beatles originated in Liverpool and were inspired by American rock and roll. Their popularity in America began with appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1964, which drew over 50 million viewers.
The document summarizes the members of the band Queen, including Freddie Mercury (lead vocals, piano), Brian May (guitar, keyboards, vocals), Roger Taylor (drums, percussion, vocals), and John Deacon (bass, guitar). It provides biographical details and musical careers of each member. It also lists Queen's major album releases and discusses Freddie Mercury's death from AIDS in 1991, which shocked fans around the world.
The document provides an overview of popular music trends from the 1950s through the 2000s. It summarizes the defining musical genres of each decade such as rock and roll in the 1950s, British Invasion and Motown sounds in the 1960s, disco in the 1970s, new wave and synthpop in the 1980s, grunge and alternative rock in the 1990s, and hip hop and electropop in the 2000s. Each section also lists some of the iconic music artists of that era.
This is an ed sheeran powerpoint explaining his progress throughout the last few years and how he has come to be one of the best artists in the world today.
The music industry in the 1990s saw many changes due to new technologies that provided more choices for how fans consumed music. While CDs remained dominant, vinyl records and new formats like MiniDisc gained popularity. By 1999, five major record companies controlled 84% of album sales in America. Hip hop exploded in popularity during the decade, with artists like Snoop Dogg and Jay-Z taking the genre in new directions. Grunge music also became hugely popular, led by bands like Nirvana and Green Day. Boy bands like New Kids on the Block and Take That were also very successful, followed by groups like the Backstreet Boys and NSYNC. The Spice Girls provided a popular female alternative to boy bands. New
Rap music originated in the Bronx in the 1970s through the collaboration of African American singers and DJs. It grew popular in the 1980s with artists like Grandmaster Flash. The 1990s saw the rise of gangsta rap on the west coast with Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg, as well as east coast artists like The Notorious B.I.G. and Tupac. Into the 2000s, Eminem became one of the most successful white rappers while Kanye West brought a unique style. Current talented new artists like J. Cole, Kendrick Lamar, and Big K.R.I.T are continuing to shape the genre.
Taylor Alison Swift is an American singer-songwriter who moved from Wyoming, Pennsylvania to Nashville, Tennessee at age 14 to pursue a country music career. She signed with Big Machine Records and Sony/ATV Music Publishing, becoming the youngest songwriter ever hired. Swift has released four albums and toured internationally. She has won seven Grammys, eleven American Music Awards, and is honored by the Songwriters Hall of Fame. The document provides details about Swift's albums, tours, awards, relationships, and bringing a sick fan onstage.
Michael Jackson was a famous singer known as the King of Pop. He invented music videos and had many hit songs that were perfect for dancing. Though he changed the color of his skin and appeared very different later in life, he had a successful music career from a young age performing with his brothers in the Jackson Five. He held concerts around the world that hundreds of thousands of fans attended before his unexpected death in 2009.
Jazz originated in the southern United States in the late 19th century and has since evolved into many styles. It began as ragtime, developed into New Orleans jazz which emphasized improvisation, and the big band swing era followed. Bebop emerged in the 1940s as a more complex style focused on instrumental virtuosity. Major innovators included Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, and Miles Davis, whose modal and fusion styles influenced the development of jazz.
Taylor Swift was born in Wyomissing, Pennsylvania in 1989 and began songwriting at age 5. She learned to play guitar from a computer repairman at age 12 and released her debut album at age 16. Swift has won numerous awards including the Grammy for Best Country Album and the Academy of Country Music's Female Vocalist of the Year award. She has released six successful studio albums between 2006-2012.
Queen is a British rock band formed in 1970 consisting of guitarist Brian May, lead singer Freddie Mercury, and drummer Roger Taylor, joined by bassist John Deacon in 1971. They rose to prominence in the 1970s and are one of the most successful bands from Britain over the past 30 years, known for their musical diversity, vocal harmonies, and high-energy live performances. Lead singer Freddie Mercury died in 1991 from AIDS-related complications.
This document provides an overview of musicals and the film Moulin Rouge. It defines a musical as a film genre where characters sing songs to advance the plot. It then gives a brief history of musicals from the 1920s to today, highlighting some well-known examples from each decade. It profiles 8 classic musicals in more detail. The document concludes by focusing on Moulin Rouge, providing links to view key song scenes from the 2001 film directed by Baz Luhrmann.
Rock music originated in the 1950s in the US and has since developed numerous subgenres. It is typically performed with guitars, bass and drums and accompanied by lyrics. In the late 1960s/early 1970s, rock combined with other genres like folk, blues and jazz to influence subgenres such as soft rock, hard rock, and punk rock. One popular subgenre is alternative rock, which emerged from indie music in the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s. Rock is now associated with rebellion, aggression and stereotypical dark styles.
This document provides a biography of Britney Spears. It details her childhood talent show performances in Louisiana, role on The Mickey Mouse Club, signing with Jive Records and releasing her debut album "...Baby One More Time" in 1999 which was a major commercial success. It discusses her subsequent albums and hit singles, film and TV appearances, personal relationships and struggles with fame. Her career has spanned over 25 years in the pop music industry.
Codes and conventions of indie and rock music videosBecca Feast
Here are a few codes and conventions of music videos within the indie and rock genre. They cover performance, narrative, mise-en-scene, setting, camera shots, sound and editing. I have shown a few examples for certain topics as well as explaining the effect.
The Beatles were a famous rock band from Liverpool, England, consisting of John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr. They gained popularity in the 1960s with a musical style that began as skiffle and folk rock before evolving into pop rock. Known for hits like "Hey Jude" and "Come Together," the Beatles sold over one billion records worldwide before breaking up in 1970. They made significant contributions to the development of rock music and remain one of the most influential bands of all time.
Independent (indie) music originated as music created by independent record labels and artists, breaking away from major corporate labels. It has grown into a broad genre encompassing various sounds. Key subgenres include indie rock, characterized by bands that brought indie into the mainstream; indie pop, known for being melodic, quirky, and pretty; and indie folk, which merges indie with acoustic folk influences. Technological advances have made it harder to distinguish indie by production quality alone, and the lines between indie and other genres like alternative can blur.
Clara Schumann was born in 1819 in Leipzig, Germany. She showed early talent as a pianist, performing in Paris at age 11. Her father took over her education to develop her musical abilities. As an adult, she married composer Robert Schumann and had eight children while continuing her performing career for 60 years. After Robert fell ill, Clara supported their family through teaching and performing. She introduced many of Robert's compositions and was influential in establishing the modern practice of performing from memory. Clara Schumann died in 1896 at age 76 in Frankfurt, Germany.
The document provides a biography and history of music artist Michael Jackson. It discusses his early life growing up in a musical family and his career starting with The Jackson 5. It outlines his successful solo career producing iconic albums like Thriller and Bad, and hit songs like "Billie Jean" and "The Way You Make Me Feel." It also discusses his personal life including his marriages and children, as well as his purchase of Neverland Ranch and changing appearance over time. The document concludes with details on his final album and his untimely death in 2009.
The document discusses the history and evolution of pop music from the 1950s to present day. It outlines how pop music originated from rock and roll and how the Beatles were hugely influential in popularizing the genre to wide audiences. The development of charts and media like radio, TV and the internet helped pop music distribution and commercialization. Over time, pop music has incorporated different genres and continues to be shaped by marketing targeting young audiences.
This document discusses different ways that music is consumed and distributed. It describes how YouTube has become the largest music streaming platform, allowing people to listen on various devices. It also discusses other historical music technologies like the iPod and radio. The document then outlines some popular music genres and artists from the 2000s decade, like Britney Spears, Eminem, and U2. It also provides an overview of the music production process. Finally, it discusses how TV talent shows, YouTube, radio play, film promotions, and other avenues are used to market and distribute new music.
Recording technology has evolved significantly over time. Early devices like the phonograph used wax cylinders to record sound mechanically by tracing sound waves. The development of magnetic tape and digital technology improved recording quality and allowed for multi-track recording. Now, high quality multi-track recording can be done on portable devices small enough to fit in your hand.
The document summarizes music genres and trends that emerged in popularity during the 1980s. Synthesizers became widely used, fueling the rise of synthpop and electronic genres like electro, techno, and house music. Rock music remained popular through subgenres like new wave and glam metal. Hip hop grew to influence mainstream pop music by the late 1980s. Michael Jackson and Madonna became two of the most powerful pop stars of the decade.
The document discusses how audiences consumed music in the 2000s through CDs, online music platforms like YouTube, radio stations, and purchasing songs on iTunes. It also summarizes several popular music genres of the time like UK garage, emo, and hip-hop. Popular artists mentioned include Coldplay, Britney Spears, and Wiz Khalifa. New artists were discovered through YouTube and talent shows like The X Factor, then developed using social media platforms. Music was marketed through music video channels, radio, social networks, and distributed in stores, concerts, and online through iTunes.
The document provides an overview of popular music trends from the 1950s through the 2000s. It summarizes the defining musical genres of each decade such as rock and roll in the 1950s, British Invasion and Motown sounds in the 1960s, disco in the 1970s, new wave and synthpop in the 1980s, grunge and alternative rock in the 1990s, and hip hop and electropop in the 2000s. Each section also lists some of the iconic music artists of that era.
This is an ed sheeran powerpoint explaining his progress throughout the last few years and how he has come to be one of the best artists in the world today.
The music industry in the 1990s saw many changes due to new technologies that provided more choices for how fans consumed music. While CDs remained dominant, vinyl records and new formats like MiniDisc gained popularity. By 1999, five major record companies controlled 84% of album sales in America. Hip hop exploded in popularity during the decade, with artists like Snoop Dogg and Jay-Z taking the genre in new directions. Grunge music also became hugely popular, led by bands like Nirvana and Green Day. Boy bands like New Kids on the Block and Take That were also very successful, followed by groups like the Backstreet Boys and NSYNC. The Spice Girls provided a popular female alternative to boy bands. New
Rap music originated in the Bronx in the 1970s through the collaboration of African American singers and DJs. It grew popular in the 1980s with artists like Grandmaster Flash. The 1990s saw the rise of gangsta rap on the west coast with Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg, as well as east coast artists like The Notorious B.I.G. and Tupac. Into the 2000s, Eminem became one of the most successful white rappers while Kanye West brought a unique style. Current talented new artists like J. Cole, Kendrick Lamar, and Big K.R.I.T are continuing to shape the genre.
Taylor Alison Swift is an American singer-songwriter who moved from Wyoming, Pennsylvania to Nashville, Tennessee at age 14 to pursue a country music career. She signed with Big Machine Records and Sony/ATV Music Publishing, becoming the youngest songwriter ever hired. Swift has released four albums and toured internationally. She has won seven Grammys, eleven American Music Awards, and is honored by the Songwriters Hall of Fame. The document provides details about Swift's albums, tours, awards, relationships, and bringing a sick fan onstage.
Michael Jackson was a famous singer known as the King of Pop. He invented music videos and had many hit songs that were perfect for dancing. Though he changed the color of his skin and appeared very different later in life, he had a successful music career from a young age performing with his brothers in the Jackson Five. He held concerts around the world that hundreds of thousands of fans attended before his unexpected death in 2009.
Jazz originated in the southern United States in the late 19th century and has since evolved into many styles. It began as ragtime, developed into New Orleans jazz which emphasized improvisation, and the big band swing era followed. Bebop emerged in the 1940s as a more complex style focused on instrumental virtuosity. Major innovators included Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, and Miles Davis, whose modal and fusion styles influenced the development of jazz.
Taylor Swift was born in Wyomissing, Pennsylvania in 1989 and began songwriting at age 5. She learned to play guitar from a computer repairman at age 12 and released her debut album at age 16. Swift has won numerous awards including the Grammy for Best Country Album and the Academy of Country Music's Female Vocalist of the Year award. She has released six successful studio albums between 2006-2012.
Queen is a British rock band formed in 1970 consisting of guitarist Brian May, lead singer Freddie Mercury, and drummer Roger Taylor, joined by bassist John Deacon in 1971. They rose to prominence in the 1970s and are one of the most successful bands from Britain over the past 30 years, known for their musical diversity, vocal harmonies, and high-energy live performances. Lead singer Freddie Mercury died in 1991 from AIDS-related complications.
This document provides an overview of musicals and the film Moulin Rouge. It defines a musical as a film genre where characters sing songs to advance the plot. It then gives a brief history of musicals from the 1920s to today, highlighting some well-known examples from each decade. It profiles 8 classic musicals in more detail. The document concludes by focusing on Moulin Rouge, providing links to view key song scenes from the 2001 film directed by Baz Luhrmann.
Rock music originated in the 1950s in the US and has since developed numerous subgenres. It is typically performed with guitars, bass and drums and accompanied by lyrics. In the late 1960s/early 1970s, rock combined with other genres like folk, blues and jazz to influence subgenres such as soft rock, hard rock, and punk rock. One popular subgenre is alternative rock, which emerged from indie music in the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s. Rock is now associated with rebellion, aggression and stereotypical dark styles.
This document provides a biography of Britney Spears. It details her childhood talent show performances in Louisiana, role on The Mickey Mouse Club, signing with Jive Records and releasing her debut album "...Baby One More Time" in 1999 which was a major commercial success. It discusses her subsequent albums and hit singles, film and TV appearances, personal relationships and struggles with fame. Her career has spanned over 25 years in the pop music industry.
Codes and conventions of indie and rock music videosBecca Feast
Here are a few codes and conventions of music videos within the indie and rock genre. They cover performance, narrative, mise-en-scene, setting, camera shots, sound and editing. I have shown a few examples for certain topics as well as explaining the effect.
The Beatles were a famous rock band from Liverpool, England, consisting of John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr. They gained popularity in the 1960s with a musical style that began as skiffle and folk rock before evolving into pop rock. Known for hits like "Hey Jude" and "Come Together," the Beatles sold over one billion records worldwide before breaking up in 1970. They made significant contributions to the development of rock music and remain one of the most influential bands of all time.
Independent (indie) music originated as music created by independent record labels and artists, breaking away from major corporate labels. It has grown into a broad genre encompassing various sounds. Key subgenres include indie rock, characterized by bands that brought indie into the mainstream; indie pop, known for being melodic, quirky, and pretty; and indie folk, which merges indie with acoustic folk influences. Technological advances have made it harder to distinguish indie by production quality alone, and the lines between indie and other genres like alternative can blur.
Clara Schumann was born in 1819 in Leipzig, Germany. She showed early talent as a pianist, performing in Paris at age 11. Her father took over her education to develop her musical abilities. As an adult, she married composer Robert Schumann and had eight children while continuing her performing career for 60 years. After Robert fell ill, Clara supported their family through teaching and performing. She introduced many of Robert's compositions and was influential in establishing the modern practice of performing from memory. Clara Schumann died in 1896 at age 76 in Frankfurt, Germany.
The document provides a biography and history of music artist Michael Jackson. It discusses his early life growing up in a musical family and his career starting with The Jackson 5. It outlines his successful solo career producing iconic albums like Thriller and Bad, and hit songs like "Billie Jean" and "The Way You Make Me Feel." It also discusses his personal life including his marriages and children, as well as his purchase of Neverland Ranch and changing appearance over time. The document concludes with details on his final album and his untimely death in 2009.
The document discusses the history and evolution of pop music from the 1950s to present day. It outlines how pop music originated from rock and roll and how the Beatles were hugely influential in popularizing the genre to wide audiences. The development of charts and media like radio, TV and the internet helped pop music distribution and commercialization. Over time, pop music has incorporated different genres and continues to be shaped by marketing targeting young audiences.
This document discusses different ways that music is consumed and distributed. It describes how YouTube has become the largest music streaming platform, allowing people to listen on various devices. It also discusses other historical music technologies like the iPod and radio. The document then outlines some popular music genres and artists from the 2000s decade, like Britney Spears, Eminem, and U2. It also provides an overview of the music production process. Finally, it discusses how TV talent shows, YouTube, radio play, film promotions, and other avenues are used to market and distribute new music.
Recording technology has evolved significantly over time. Early devices like the phonograph used wax cylinders to record sound mechanically by tracing sound waves. The development of magnetic tape and digital technology improved recording quality and allowed for multi-track recording. Now, high quality multi-track recording can be done on portable devices small enough to fit in your hand.
The document summarizes music genres and trends that emerged in popularity during the 1980s. Synthesizers became widely used, fueling the rise of synthpop and electronic genres like electro, techno, and house music. Rock music remained popular through subgenres like new wave and glam metal. Hip hop grew to influence mainstream pop music by the late 1980s. Michael Jackson and Madonna became two of the most powerful pop stars of the decade.
The document discusses how audiences consumed music in the 2000s through CDs, online music platforms like YouTube, radio stations, and purchasing songs on iTunes. It also summarizes several popular music genres of the time like UK garage, emo, and hip-hop. Popular artists mentioned include Coldplay, Britney Spears, and Wiz Khalifa. New artists were discovered through YouTube and talent shows like The X Factor, then developed using social media platforms. Music was marketed through music video channels, radio, social networks, and distributed in stores, concerts, and online through iTunes.
O documento descreve eventos e tendências culturais da década de 1990 no Brasil e no mundo, incluindo o fim da Guerra Fria, a popularização da internet e dos computadores pessoais, o crescimento econômico no Ocidente, o surgimento de novos gêneros musicais como o hip hop, e o sucesso de bandas brasileiras como Fat Family e Mamonas Assassinas.
The document summarizes music trends from the 1960s through the 1990s. In the 1960s, Motown Records had early success with artists like The Miracles and The Marvelettes. The Beatles arrived in the US fueling the British invasion. In the 1970s, ABBA found fame winning Eurovision and had popular songs like "Dancing Queen". The Jackson 5 and solo careers of former Beatles also emerged. In the 1980s, MTV launched and artists like Michael Jackson and Madonna mastered the new music video format. Hip hop rose to prominence in the 1990s with artists like Tupac and The Notorious B.I.G. The Spice Girls also became one of the biggest
A década de 1990 no Brasil foi marcada por instabilidade política e econômica, com o impeachment de Fernando Collor, a presidência de Itamar Franco, e as reformas econômicas de Fernando Henrique Cardoso que estabilizaram a moeda com o Plano Real. A década também viu avanços no IDH do país e na cultura brasileira, embora tenha sido afetada por desigualdade social e queda no PIB.
O documento descreve a história da música na década de 1980, mencionando o assassinato de John Lennon, o surgimento de novos gêneros como house music e new wave, e artistas influentes da época como Michael Jackson, Madonna, Bon Jovi, Van Halen e Metallica.
O documento descreve vários artistas e bandas populares dos anos 1980, incluindo Modern Talking, Sandra, Nik Kershaw, Alphaville, A-ha, Bad Boys Blue, Culture Club, Level 42, Billy Joel, Duran Duran, Bryan Adams, Eurythmics e Madonna. Fornece detalhes sobre o ano de formação, membros, músicas de sucesso e estilo musical de cada um.
The document discusses how music has influenced fashion trends in Britain from the 1940s to the 1990s:
- In the 1940s, fashion was conservative but dances like the boogie-woogie emerged from fast wartime music. Rock and roll in the 1950s, pioneered by Elvis Presley, influenced teenagers' rebellious styles.
- The 1960s saw a shift towards bizarre, individual styles inspired by bands like the Beatles during a period of social change.
- World music influences in the 1970s led to exotic and politically inspired fashion.
- The 1980s saw the rise of hip hop and urban fashion, as well as styles drawn from artists like Michael Jackson.
This document provides an overview of different musical eras from antiquity to the present, including notable composers and instruments of each era. It discusses eras such as the medieval era with composers Léonin and Landini, the Renaissance era featuring Josquin Des Prez and Palestrina, and the Baroque era with Bach and Handel. Later eras examined include the Classical period with Mozart and Beethoven, the Romantic era highlighting Wagner and Berlioz, and the 20th century focusing on Debussy and Stravinsky. The document concludes with the contemporary era and composers like Cage and Reich.
Music History based on the Music Education, http://musiced.about.com
This slide is not made to present only music history on purpose. Just made for other purposes. So, some of the info are left out. Pls, find detail more by clicking the link from reference slide to get more resources.
The document discusses the impact of music in the 1980s and 1990s. It outlines how Michael Jackson's Thriller became the best-selling album of all time and Whitney Houston broke records with her self-titled debut album. Other influential artists mentioned include Guns N' Roses, Run DMC, the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Nirvana, Tupac Shakur, the Notorious B.I.G., Mariah Carey, and the Backstreet Boys. The decade saw the rise of hip hop and the continued popularity of rock and pop music.
The document discusses the impact of music in the 1980s and 1990s. It outlines how Michael Jackson's Thriller became the best-selling album of all time and Whitney Houston broke records with her self-titled debut album. Other influential artists mentioned include Guns N' Roses, Run DMC, Mariah Carey, Backstreet Boys, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Nirvana, Tupac Shakur, and The Notorious B.I.G. The decade saw the rise of boy bands, grunge rock, and hip hop to mainstream popularity.
The document discusses music genres and their classification. While genres are often subjective, they help target specific audiences and categorize music. New genres arise through the development of new musical styles and forms or by creating a new category. The blending of multiple genres is called fusion. Sufi rock emerged in the 1990s fusing traditional Sufi music with rock. Digipaks became a popular music packaging format in the 2000s, consisting of a paperboard outer case with plastic trays to hold CDs or DVDs.
Rap music originated in the Bronx in the 1970s through the collaboration of African American singers and DJs. It grew popular in the 1980s with artists like Grandmaster Flash. The 1990s saw the rise of gangsta rap on the west coast with Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg, as well as east coast artists like The Notorious B.I.G. and Tupac. Into the 2000s, Eminem became one of the most successful white rappers while Kanye West brought a unique style. Current talented new artists like J. Cole, Kendrick Lamar, and Big K.R.I.T are continuing to shape the genre.
The document discusses genre research for an alternative rock magazine. It summarizes that the author has looked at magazines like NME, Kerrang!, and Q for inspiration on layout and has analyzed their coverage of alternative rock artists. The author feels knowledgeable about the genre due to owning albums by bands like Kasabian, Arcade Fire, The Killers, and The Streets. Potential artists to feature in the magazine include Evanescence, The Killers, and Paramore.
The document discusses genre research for an alternative rock magazine. It summarizes that the author has looked at magazines like NME, Kerrang!, and Q for inspiration on layout and to research the genre. The author feels knowledgeable about alternative rock since they listen to bands like Kasabian, Arcade Fire, The Killers, and The Streets on their iPod playlist. Potential bands to feature in the magazine include Evanescence and Paramore.
Demi plans to create an alternative rock magazine based on their research of existing magazines like NME, Kerrang!, and Q. They have analyzed the layout and content of these publications to guide their own work. Demi listens primarily to alternative rock bands like Kasabian, Arcade Fire, and The Killers, which will help provide a knowledgeable perspective on the genre for the magazine.
Indie music is a genre that describes independence from major commercial record labels and an autonomous approach to recording and publishing. It has a long history dating back to the post-war era in the US and UK. Independent labels strive for minimal influence on artists and focus more on music than wealth. Indie music encompasses various styles and sounds that operate outside of mainstream definitions.
The document provides an overview of major musical developments from 1950 to 2000 organized by decade. It highlights influential artists and genres that emerged in each decade, such as rock and roll in the 1950s led by Bill Haley and Elvis Presley, the rise of the Beatles and Rolling Stones in the 1960s, the emergence of genres like punk, reggae and heavy metal in the 1970s, the dominance of pop music in the 1980s, the rap and house revolution of the 1990s, and the peak of boy bands and girl groups produced by reality television shows in the early 2000s.
The document provides an overview of music history from 1950 to 2000 organized by decade. It summarizes the emergence of rock and roll in the 1950s with artists like Bill Haley and the Comets, Johnny Cash, and Elvis Presley. The 1960s saw the rise of The Beatles and The Rolling Stones and new genres like rock operas. The 1970s saw the division of rock into subgenres and the rise of artists like The Bee Gees, Queen, and Led Zeppelin. The 1980s was marked by the success of Madonna, Michael Jackson, and Bon Jovi. The 1990s saw the rise of rap and artists like Britney Spears and Ricky Martin. Finally, the 2000
The document provides an overview of music history from 1950 to 2000 organized by decade. It summarizes the emergence of rock and roll in the 1950s with artists like Bill Haley and the Comets, Johnny Cash, and Elvis Presley. The 1960s saw the rise of The Beatles and The Rolling Stones and new genres like rock operas. The 1970s saw the division of rock into subgenres and the rise of artists like The Bee Gees, Queen, and Led Zeppelin. The 1980s was dominated by pop icons like Madonna, Michael Jackson, and Bon Jovi. The 1990s brought rap, house music, and artists like Britney Spears and Ricky Martin. The 2000s
Alternative rock originated in the 1980s as a genre that broke from pop music trends and had more focused and honest lyrics. It includes subgenres like grunge, punk rock, and power pop. Throughout the 80s, alternative rock was mainly underground but some songs achieved commercial success. In the following decades, it took on a more edgy punk rock sound from bands like Green Day and Nickelback.
Alternative rock originated in the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s, featuring a softer sound than hard rock with less aggressive lyrics. It includes many subgenres and was mainly an underground phenomenon in the 1980s, becoming more commercially successful. Throughout the years, alternative rock has taken on a more punk rock influenced edgy sound.
Pop-punk is a fusion genre that combines elements of punk rock with pop music. It emerged from power pop in the 1970s, as exemplified by bands like the Ramones. Pop-punk grew in popularity during the 1990s with bands like Green Day and Blink-182 releasing multi-platinum albums. While pop-punk saw widespread success in the late 90s/early 2000s, its popularity declined around 2008 as many seminal bands went on hiatus and its future is uncertain given the evolving music industry and genres.
Alternative rock emerged from the independent music underground of the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s. It differed from mainstream rock in style, with different guitar sounds, lyrics, and vocal delivery. Bands like R.E.M. helped popularize the genre in the 1980s. Grunge music, led by bands like Nirvana and Pearl Jam, further boosted alternative rock's popularity in the early 1990s despite rejecting commercialism. In the late 1990s and 2000s, bands like The Strokes and Franz Ferdinand drew from post-punk and new wave, influencing a new wave of alternative rock bands and finding commercial success that continued into the 2000s with groups like Muse, Foo Fighters
Pop music originated in the 1930s-40s and was popularized by artists like Frank Sinatra. It grew in the 1950s alongside rock and roll. The Beatles revolutionized pop by writing their own songs. Today, pop appeals mainly to teenage girls and is dominated by artists like Justin Bieber, Miley Cyrus, and Katy Perry. Pop continues to blend with other genres like R&B and relies more on artists' public image than musical talent. Its future direction is uncertain but it may lose its original fun, upbeat qualities and focus more on looks over music.
Usher had musical talent from a young age and was discovered at 13 on Star Search. He signed with LaFace Records and had commercial success with his albums My Way and 8701. Usher became one of the best-selling artists of the 2000s with his album Confessions, which sold over 20 million copies worldwide. Throughout his career, Usher has incorporated elements of R&B, pop, dance and hip hop into his music and has won numerous awards. He has also expanded his career into business ventures, television and film.
HUMN 341 Q1-WW Assignment 2-1: Culture & Society InteractionsJordan
This document summarizes music trends from 1980 to the present across different decades. In the 1980s, the rise of MTV and the compact disc diversified music genres like new wave, heavy metal, rap, and techno pop. Hair bands like Guns N' Roses and Bon Jovi dominated. Punk rock originated in the 1970s but influenced bands in the 1980s. Grunge became popular in the 1990s due to Nirvana and Pearl Jam. Hip hop also grew out of the 1980s, with genres like gangster rap rising in popularity. In the 2000s, boy bands and teen pop artists like N'Sync and Britney Spears were commercially successful, though their popularity was short-lived
29th of September, 2010.
Class XI B also did a presentation today.
150. Aura Rahman/ 42. Ananya Ferdous Hoque/ 59. Tanzia Helal/ 39. Aaphsaarah Rahman/ 47. Mohammad Zareef Iqbal & 64. Zaki Ahmed did a presentation on the ‘music industry of the United States of A circa 1950-2010′.
R&B is a genre of pop music with black origins characterized by soulful vocals and improvisation. Some of the most influential R&B artists include Michael Jackson, who had immense commercial success both with The Jackson 5 and as a solo artist, Stevie Wonder who recorded numerous hit songs from the 1960s to 1980s and won 22 Grammys, and Whitney Houston who dominated the 1980s and 1990s with many number-one hits and sold over 200 million records. Current leading R&B artists are Drake, the top-ranked hip hop artist on the Billboard charts who is also the most-streamed artist on Spotify, Rihanna who had her breakthrough in 2007 with her hit "Umbrella" and
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Orpah Winfrey Dwayne Johnson: Titans of Influence and Inspirationgreendigital
Introduction
In the realm of entertainment, few names resonate as Orpah Winfrey Dwayne Johnson. Both figures have carved unique paths in the industry. achieving unparalleled success and becoming iconic symbols of perseverance, resilience, and inspiration. This article delves into the lives, careers. and enduring legacies of Orpah Winfrey Dwayne Johnson. exploring how their journeys intersect and what we can learn from their remarkable stories.
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Early Life and Backgrounds
Orpah Winfrey: From Humble Beginnings to Media Mogul
Orpah Winfrey, often known as Oprah due to a misspelling on her birth certificate. was born on January 29, 1954, in Kosciusko, Mississippi. Raised in poverty by her grandmother, Winfrey's early life was marked by hardship and adversity. Despite these challenges. she demonstrated a keen intellect and an early talent for public speaking.
Winfrey's journey to success began with a scholarship to Tennessee State University. where she studied communication. Her first job in media was as a co-anchor for the local evening news in Nashville. This role paved the way for her eventual transition to talk show hosting. where she found her true calling.
Dwayne Johnson: From Wrestling Royalty to Hollywood Superstar
Dwayne Johnson, also known by his ring name "The Rock," was born on May 2, 1972, in Hayward, California. He comes from a family of professional wrestlers, with both his father, Rocky Johnson. and his grandfather, Peter Maivia, being notable figures in the wrestling world. Johnson's early life was spent moving between New Zealand and the United States. experiencing a variety of cultural influences.
Before entering the world of professional wrestling. Johnson had aspirations of becoming a professional football player. He played college football at the University of Miami. where he was part of a national championship team. But, injuries curtailed his football career, leading him to follow in his family's footsteps and enter the wrestling ring.
Career Milestones
Orpah Winfrey: The Queen of All Media
Winfrey's career breakthrough came in 1986 when she launched "The Oprah Winfrey Show." The show became a cultural phenomenon. drawing millions of viewers daily and earning many awards. Winfrey's empathetic and candid interviewing style resonated with audiences. helping her tackle diverse and often challenging topics.
Beyond her talk show, Winfrey expanded her empire to include the creation of Harpo Productions. a multimedia production company. She also launched "O, The Oprah Magazine" and OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network, further solidifying her status as a media mogul.
Dwayne Johnson: From The Ring to The Big Screen
Dwayne Johnson's wrestling career took off in the late 1990s. when he became one of the most charismatic and popular figures in WWE. His larger-than-life persona and catchphrases endeared him to fans. making him a household name. But, Johnson had ambitions beyond the wrestling ring.
In the early 20
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The Unbelievable Tale of Dwayne Johnson Kidnapping: A Riveting Sagagreendigital
Introduction
The notion of Dwayne Johnson kidnapping seems straight out of a Hollywood thriller. Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, known for his larger-than-life persona, immense popularity. and action-packed filmography, is the last person anyone would envision being a victim of kidnapping. Yet, the bizarre and riveting tale of such an incident, filled with twists and turns. has captured the imagination of many. In this article, we delve into the intricate details of this astonishing event. exploring every aspect, from the dramatic rescue operation to the aftermath and the lessons learned.
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The Origins of the Dwayne Johnson Kidnapping Saga
Dwayne Johnson: A Brief Background
Before discussing the specifics of the kidnapping. it is crucial to understand who Dwayne Johnson is and why his kidnapping would be so significant. Born May 2, 1972, Dwayne Douglas Johnson is an American actor, producer, businessman. and former professional wrestler. Known by his ring name, "The Rock," he gained fame in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) before transitioning to a successful career in Hollywood.
Johnson's filmography includes blockbuster hits such as "The Fast and the Furious" series, "Jumanji," "Moana," and "San Andreas." His charismatic personality, impressive physique. and action-star status have made him a beloved figure worldwide. Thus, the news of his kidnapping would send shockwaves across the globe.
Setting the Scene: The Day of the Kidnapping
The incident of Dwayne Johnson's kidnapping began on an ordinary day. Johnson was filming his latest high-octane action film set to break box office records. The location was a remote yet scenic area. chosen for its rugged terrain and breathtaking vistas. perfect for the film's climactic scenes.
But, beneath the veneer of normalcy, a sinister plot was unfolding. Unbeknownst to Johnson and his team, a group of criminals had planned his abduction. hoping to leverage his celebrity status for a hefty ransom. The stage was set for an event that would soon dominate worldwide headlines and social media feeds.
The Abduction: Unfolding the Dwayne Johnson Kidnapping
The Moment of Capture
On the day of the kidnapping, everything seemed to be proceeding as usual on set. Johnson and his co-stars and crew were engrossed in shooting a particularly demanding scene. As the day wore on, the production team took a short break. providing the kidnappers with the perfect opportunity to strike.
The abduction was executed with military precision. A group of masked men, armed and organized, infiltrated the set. They created chaos, taking advantage of the confusion to isolate Johnson. Johnson was outnumbered and caught off guard despite his formidable strength and fighting skills. The kidnappers overpowered him, bundled him into a waiting vehicle. and sped away, leaving everyone on set in a state of shock and disbelief.
The Immediate Aftermath
The immediate aftermath of the Dwayne Johnson kidnappin
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Introduction
Leonardo DiCaprio, A name synonymous with Hollywood excellence. is not only known for his stellar acting career but also for his impressive real estate investments. The "Leonardo DiCaprio house" is a topic that piques the interest of many. as the Oscar-winning actor has amassed a diverse portfolio of luxurious properties. DiCaprio's homes reflect his varied tastes and commitment to sustainability. from retreats to historic mansions. This article will delve into the fascinating world of Leonardo DiCaprio's real estate. Exploring the details of his most notable residences. and the unique aspects that make them stand out.
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Leonardo DiCaprio House: Malibu Beachfront Retreat
A Prime Location
His Malibu beachfront house is one of the most famous properties in Leonardo DiCaprio's real estate portfolio. Situated in the exclusive Carbon Beach. also known as "Billionaire's Beach," this property boasts stunning ocean views and private beach access. The "Leonardo DiCaprio house" in Malibu is a testament to the actor's love for the sea and his penchant for luxurious living.
Architectural Highlights
The Malibu house features a modern design with clean lines, large windows. and open spaces blending indoor and outdoor living. The expansive deck and patio areas provide ample space for entertaining guests or enjoying a quiet sunset. The house has state-of-the-art amenities. including a gourmet kitchen, a home theatre, and many guest suites.
Sustainable Features
Leonardo DiCaprio is a well-known environmental activist. whose Malibu house reflects his commitment to sustainability. The property incorporates solar panels, energy-efficient appliances, and sustainable building materials. The landscaping around the house is also designed to be water-efficient. featuring drought-resistant plants and intelligent irrigation systems.
Leonardo DiCaprio House: Hollywood Hills Hideaway
Privacy and Seclusion
Another remarkable property in Leonardo DiCaprio's collection is his Hollywood Hills house. This secluded retreat offers privacy and tranquility. making it an ideal escape from the hustle and bustle of Los Angeles. The "Leonardo DiCaprio house" in Hollywood Hills nestled among lush greenery. and offers panoramic views of the city and surrounding landscapes.
Design and Amenities
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Environmental Initiatives
The Hollywood Hills house incorporates several green features that are in line with DiCaprio's environmental values. The home has solar panels, energy-efficient lighting, and a rainwater harvesting system. Additionally, the landscaping designed to support local wildlife and promote
The Evolution of the Leonardo DiCaprio Haircut: A Journey Through Style and C...greendigital
Leonardo DiCaprio, a name synonymous with Hollywood stardom and acting excellence. has captivated audiences for decades with his talent and charisma. But, the Leonardo DiCaprio haircut is one aspect of his public persona that has garnered attention. From his early days as a teenage heartthrob to his current status as a seasoned actor and environmental activist. DiCaprio's hairstyles have evolved. reflecting both his personal growth and the changing trends in fashion. This article delves into the many phases of the Leonardo DiCaprio haircut. exploring its significance and impact on pop culture.
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Music in the 80's and 90's
1. Music in the 80’s and 90’s
The 80’s and 90’s produced some
of the biggest bands and stars
who left a mark, not only on their
decade, but on the decades
succeeding.
By looking through the different
genres of Pop, Rock and Hip Hop
we aim to outline the they made
their impact on music in the
decade that defined them.
2. • Authoritive so we could see not only
that it was from a credible site, but have
the authors name and date it was
published
• Clear from objectivity, so we stayed
clear of fans sites as the information
was likely to be bias
• Relevant to what we was researching
for, covering facts in the 80’s and 90’s
rather than other decades
• Articles that had great coverage of the
decade allowed us to gain greater
insight into music for our chosen decade
3. Michael Jackson’s Thriller released
on December 4 1982 had sold as of
2013 over 66 million copies
worldwide, producing hits such as
Billie Jean and Thriller. This came
along with 8 Grammy’s including
best album of 1983.
Whitney Houston’s self-titled album
broke records in 1987 after selling
more than 7 million copies becoming
the highest selling female artist since
records began.
4. After their Album Appetite for destruction
debut at 187 on the billboard 200, it took
Guns and rose’s just under a year of
exposure to hit number 1 and go on to sell
over 30 million copies worldwide.
After Bon Scott passed away,
ACDC were nervous about
releasing another album. The
feeling soon changed after selling
over 35 million copies, becoming
Australia’s biggest band of the
80’s.
5. License to Ill spent 7 straight weeks
at number 1 and was the first ever
Rap based group to reach that
position. The album went on to sell
over 9 million copies in the US.
Run DMC’s Raising Hell was the first
ever Hip Hop album to go platinum, and
then when on to sell over 3 million
copies. A collaboration of Rock and Hip
Hop in the song ‘walk this way’ helped
resurrect Aerosmith’s career.
6. Mariah Carey took the music world by
storm upon release of her first album,
Mariah Carey, and having 4
consecutive number one singles. It
also went multi-platinum. Her song
with Boyz II Men, One sweet day, is
still to this day, the longest running
number one song in U.S. History at 16
weeks.
The backstreet boys were probably the
most prominent boy band of the decade,
selling more than 130 million albums,
more than any other boy band in history.
They had more 8 top ten hits in the US
over a span of 3 years.
7. The Red Hot Chili Peppers
came into international fame in
the 90’s after the success of
the album, Blood, Sugar, Sex,
Magik. The Album contained
the song Give it away and
became their first number 1
single. They would later go on
to be inducted into Rock and
Roll’s hall of fame
Nirvana was a grunge/rock band
that have come to be known as
one of the most influential rock
bands in the modern era. In
2004, Rolling Stone placed
Nirvana at number 27 on their
list of the "100 Greatest Artists
of All Time”.
8. Tupac Shakur made a name for
himself in the 90s, before his
untimely passing, as one of the
greatest and most influential
rappers of all time. He has sold
over 75 million albums worldwide,
and is ranked number 86 out of the
100 greatest artists of all time.
Christopher Wallace AKA The Notorious
BIG, like Tupac, is considered one of the
best hip hop artists of all time. Rolling
Stone classified him as the greatest
rapper who ever lived due to his unique
storytelling ability.
9. By researching reliable and credible articles on sites
such as Billboard, it allowed us to gain the
authoritative information revealing authors names and
dates that we needed. Choosing sites like these also
allowed us to stay clear of fan sites, which were
usually unable to stay objective about a particular
artist. We found sites that had no motive other than to
talk about facts. Relevant information was successful
but, we were careful not to research a time in their
career not in our chosen decade. There was a large
amount of information on the web about music in the
80’s and 90’s so this easily allowed us to find good
coverage for the musicians we researched.
10.
11. REFERENCING
Billboard, 1987 The Year in Music and Video, 2014, Viewed on 6th of September
> http://books.google.com.au/books?id=JCgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA43&lpg=RA1-
PA43&dq=bon+jovi+slippery+when+wet+album+billboard&source=bl&ots=4-DGgu4G98&sig=2lq-
QHzaTGX6e9YhqPpYuXrJxLY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ngMLVKjcNMe5uASWtIKgBQ&ved=0CFwQ6AE
wDA#v=onepage&q=bon%20jovi%20slippery%20when%20wet%20album%20billboard&f=false<
Billboard, Beastie Boys Blazed Billboard Chart History, 2014, Viewed on the 6th of September
>http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/489107/beastie-boys-blazed-billboard-chart-history<
Billboard, Houston crosses 7 million mark, 2014, Viewed on the 6th of September
>http://books.google.co.kr/books?id=ESUEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA1&lr&rview=1&pg=PA7#v=onepag
e&q&f=false<
Billboard, Guns and Roses Appetite for destruction at 25, 2014, Viewed on the 6th of September
>http://www.billboard.com/articles/review/1066907/guns-n-roses-appetite-for-destruction-at-25-
classic-track-by-track <
Grammy, Nominee search results, 2014, Viewed on the 6th of September
>http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=%22Michael+Jackson%22&field_nominee_wor
k_value=&year=All&genre=All<
New Yorker, Did Thriller really sell a hundred million copies? 2014, Viewed on the 6th of September
>http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/did-thriller-really-sell-a-hundred-million-copies<
Stop The Breaks, Raising Hell first Hip-Hop album to go platinum, 2014, Viewed on the 6th of
September
> http://www.stopthebreaks.com/hip-hop-gems/raising-hell-first-hip-hop-album-to-go-platinum/<
12. REFERENCING
AllMusic, (2014). Red Hot Chili Peppers | Music Biography, Credits and Discography | AllMusic. [online] Available
at: http://www.allmusic.com/artist/red-hot-chili-peppers-mn0000883318 [Accessed 10 Sep. 2014].
Chapman, A. and Maloy, S. (2014). Billboard Chart Record-Breakers: The Longest Music Moments Ever. [online]
Billboard. Available at: http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/470364/billboard-chart-record-breaking-
songs-albums-longest-music-moments-ever [Accessed 10 Sep. 2014].
hayden, J. (2014). The List: Best boy bands. [online] The Washingtion Times. Available at:
http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/apr/29/list-best-boy-bands/ [Accessed 10 Sep. 2014].
Press, A. (2014). Rock Hall of Fame Inducts Red Hot Chili Peppers, Beastie Boys and Guns N' Roses - Hollywood
Reporter. [online] The Hollywood Reporter. Available at: http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/rock-hall-fame-red-
hot-chili-peppers-beastie-boys-guns-roses-312204 [Accessed 10 Sep. 2014].
Rockonthenet.com, (2004). Rock On The Net: Rolling Stone's The Immortals: The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.
[online] Available at: http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2004/immortals.htm [Accessed 10 Sep. 2014].
Rolling Stone, (2014). Notorious B.I.G., 'Juicy' - The 50 Greatest Hip-Hop Songs of All Time. [online] Available at:
http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/the-50-greatest-hip-hop-songs-of-all-time-20121205/notorious-b-i-g-juicy-
19691231 [Accessed 10 Sep. 2014].
Rolling Stone, (2014). Tupac Shakur - 100 Greatest Artists. [online] Available at:
http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-artists-of-all-time-19691231/tupac-shakur-20110420
[Accessed 10 Sep. 2014].
The Rich List, (2014). Mariah Carey - The Rich List. [online] Available at: http://richlistgroup.com/mariah-carey/
[Accessed 10 Sep. 2014].
Times, H. (2012). Happy Birthday Tupac! - Hindustan Times. [online] http://www.hindustantimes.com/. Available at:
http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Music/Happy-Birthday-Tupac/Article1-873331.aspx [Accessed 10
Sep. 2014].