This document discusses antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in Staphylococcus aureus, specifically methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). MRSA infections are now responsible for more deaths per year in the US than HIV and add billions to healthcare costs worldwide. MRSA strains have developed diverse genetic elements that confer resistance to multiple antimicrobials like methicillin, aminoglycosides, erythromycin, and tetracycline. Certain MRSA strains are also resistant to additional drugs including fluoroquinolones. Effective antimicrobial therapy is threatened as S. aureus continues developing resistance.
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that is resistant to many antibiotics and causes difficult-to-treat infections. MRSA was first identified in the 1960s after methicillin was introduced. It has since spread worldwide and is a major public health concern. MRSA infections present with symptoms like skin abscesses or boils and can become life-threatening. Diagnosis involves culturing samples from infected sites and testing bacterial growth with antibiotics. Treatment options are limited since MRSA is resistant to many drugs.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document discusses trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It provides background on Salmonella, including its classification and the historical perspectives of its discovery. It then discusses definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotics, and the mechanisms by which Salmonella develops resistance to various classes of antibiotics, including aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, quinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides and trimethoprim. Resistance occurs through modification or destruction of antibiotics, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability.
estrategies infection, c. albicans and c. glabrataIPN
This document compares the infection strategies of two common pathogenic yeasts - Candida albicans and C. glabrata. While their strategies share some concepts, they differ significantly. C. albicans uses aggressive hyphal growth and host cell damage to obtain nutrients, triggering a strong inflammatory response. In contrast, C. glabrata relies on stealth, evasion and persistence without severe damage, interacting with macrophages inside non-acidified phagosomes. Both fungi are successful commensals and pathogens through independent evolutionary paths.
Prolonged or improper use of antibiotics for typhoid can lead to long term effects. Antibiotics place selective pressure that can cause resistant strains of Salmonella to emerge and spread. As these resistant bacteria reproduce and share their resistance genes with others, diseases may persist longer with worse symptoms. This can eventually lead to incurable infections if resistance grows. Careful and appropriate antibiotic use under medical guidance can help reduce resistance development. Vaccines may also slow bacterial evolution by strengthening the body's natural immunity.
This document summarizes several research studies on various antibiotics and antimicrobial agents. It discusses penicillin and its derivatives as immune response triggers. It also looks at hypersensitivity reactions to beta-lactam antibiotics in children and methods of synthesis and molecular modeling of cephalosporins. Additional articles summarize the pH potential of antimicrobials under environmental and light factors, glycopeptides in clinical development, targeting the bacterial cell wall, mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, and dalbavancin origin and activity. Further articles address tigecycline, fluoroquinolones, tuberculosis treatment, rifaximin, shortening treatment for tuberculosis, polymyxin B sulfate, colistin, mechanisms of newer antibiotics
Genetic Resistance to Infectious Diseases in the Era of Personalized Medicine...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Genetic Resistance to Infectious Diseases in the Era of Personalized Medicine by Andrei Alimov in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in N. gonorrhoeae (GC) - global problem but v...Игорь Шадеркин
Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a global problem, but valid data are lacking in many areas. Gonorrhea surveillance is crucial for public health to help prevent untreatable infections and inform treatment guidelines. However, resistance to traditional antibiotics is very high in most countries, and multi-drug resistant strains have emerged. Improved diagnostic testing and surveillance of antibiotic resistance according to WHO standards is needed worldwide, especially in low-resource areas.
Presentation from the 2014 Waterloo iGEM team at the Giant Jamboree in Boston. Read more about Staphylocide, our microbe engineered to silence antiobiotic resistance, on our 2014 wiki: http://2014.igem.org/Team:Waterloo.
This presentation is also available on the iGEM website: http://2014.igem.org/files/presentation/Waterloo_Championship.pdf
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that is resistant to many antibiotics and causes difficult-to-treat infections. MRSA was first identified in the 1960s after methicillin was introduced. It has since spread worldwide and is a major public health concern. MRSA infections present with symptoms like skin abscesses or boils and can become life-threatening. Diagnosis involves culturing samples from infected sites and testing bacterial growth with antibiotics. Treatment options are limited since MRSA is resistant to many drugs.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document discusses trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It provides background on Salmonella, including its classification and the historical perspectives of its discovery. It then discusses definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotics, and the mechanisms by which Salmonella develops resistance to various classes of antibiotics, including aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, quinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides and trimethoprim. Resistance occurs through modification or destruction of antibiotics, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability.
estrategies infection, c. albicans and c. glabrataIPN
This document compares the infection strategies of two common pathogenic yeasts - Candida albicans and C. glabrata. While their strategies share some concepts, they differ significantly. C. albicans uses aggressive hyphal growth and host cell damage to obtain nutrients, triggering a strong inflammatory response. In contrast, C. glabrata relies on stealth, evasion and persistence without severe damage, interacting with macrophages inside non-acidified phagosomes. Both fungi are successful commensals and pathogens through independent evolutionary paths.
Prolonged or improper use of antibiotics for typhoid can lead to long term effects. Antibiotics place selective pressure that can cause resistant strains of Salmonella to emerge and spread. As these resistant bacteria reproduce and share their resistance genes with others, diseases may persist longer with worse symptoms. This can eventually lead to incurable infections if resistance grows. Careful and appropriate antibiotic use under medical guidance can help reduce resistance development. Vaccines may also slow bacterial evolution by strengthening the body's natural immunity.
This document summarizes several research studies on various antibiotics and antimicrobial agents. It discusses penicillin and its derivatives as immune response triggers. It also looks at hypersensitivity reactions to beta-lactam antibiotics in children and methods of synthesis and molecular modeling of cephalosporins. Additional articles summarize the pH potential of antimicrobials under environmental and light factors, glycopeptides in clinical development, targeting the bacterial cell wall, mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, and dalbavancin origin and activity. Further articles address tigecycline, fluoroquinolones, tuberculosis treatment, rifaximin, shortening treatment for tuberculosis, polymyxin B sulfate, colistin, mechanisms of newer antibiotics
Genetic Resistance to Infectious Diseases in the Era of Personalized Medicine...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Genetic Resistance to Infectious Diseases in the Era of Personalized Medicine by Andrei Alimov in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in N. gonorrhoeae (GC) - global problem but v...Игорь Шадеркин
Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a global problem, but valid data are lacking in many areas. Gonorrhea surveillance is crucial for public health to help prevent untreatable infections and inform treatment guidelines. However, resistance to traditional antibiotics is very high in most countries, and multi-drug resistant strains have emerged. Improved diagnostic testing and surveillance of antibiotic resistance according to WHO standards is needed worldwide, especially in low-resource areas.
Presentation from the 2014 Waterloo iGEM team at the Giant Jamboree in Boston. Read more about Staphylocide, our microbe engineered to silence antiobiotic resistance, on our 2014 wiki: http://2014.igem.org/Team:Waterloo.
This presentation is also available on the iGEM website: http://2014.igem.org/files/presentation/Waterloo_Championship.pdf
Phagebiotics: A New Horizon for Therapeutics in Aquacultureidrish123
The document discusses the use of bacteriophages (phages) as a treatment for bacterial infections in aquaculture. Phages are viruses that infect and replicate within bacteria. They have a lytic life cycle where they destroy the bacterial host. Phages are highly specific, only infecting certain bacterial strains, and do not harm normal microbiota. The document outlines strategies for developing phage therapies, including isolation, characterization, and testing of phages. It discusses methods of application in aquaculture like oral administration and immersion. Several examples of successful uses of phages to treat bacterial diseases in aquaculture species are provided. Advantages like specificity and ease of propagation are discussed, as well as limitations such as bacterial
In June this year Darren Parris and I visited Novus in St Charles, Missouri, to celebrate their 25-year anniversary. Among the revelries (including a personal highlight of a Cardinals baseball match) we were invited to some insightful talks at the Novus Media Jam. One of these talks specifically concerned the Antibiotic Free Movement or ABF, where the ‘sub-therapeutic’ use of antibiotics and the many alternatives Novus offer were discussed.
The hidden hazard of horizontal gene transfer.pdfIsaac Majiok Kok
Genetic engineering involves designing artificial constructs to cross species barriers and to invade genomes. he artificial constructs or transgenic DNA typically contain genetic material from : bacteria, viruses and other genetic parasites that cause diseases as well as antibiotic resistance genes that make infectious diseases untreatable.
Horizontal transfer of transgenic DNA has the potential, among other things, to create new viruses and bacteria that cause diseases and spread drug and antibiotic resistance genes among pathogens.
Martin Chang, MBBE final report, 2012_08_21Martin Chang
This document summarizes key information about developing an effective blood-stage malaria vaccine, including:
1) Existing vaccines like RTS,S have shown only partial effectiveness, so more effective vaccines are still needed.
2) The malaria parasite has different life stages, and vaccines target different stages. This report focuses on blood-stage vaccines.
3) Effective immune mechanisms against blood-stage parasites include antibody-dependent cellular inhibition (ADCI) and antibody-dependent respiratory burst (ADRB), but these have not been fully induced by existing vaccines.
Old Wine in a New Bottle-Focus on Candidial Vaccine_ Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishers-IGRWH
This document discusses the development of a vaccine for Candida infections. It first provides background on vaginal anatomy and how Candida normally lives commensally but can cause infection. Risk factors for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis include excessive carbohydrates, hormonal therapy, douching, antibiotics, and immunosuppressants. Candida species produce various virulence factors like adhesion molecules and enzymes that contribute to pathogenesis. Current antifungal treatments can fail due to drug resistance. Researchers are working to develop a vaccine targeting Candida proteins like Sap that are involved in virulence and may help prevent recurrent infections. Phase I trials of vaccines containing Sap and Als proteins have shown promise.
This document provides the curriculum vitae of Khaled Mahmood Al-Qaoud, including his education, professional experience, patents, and publications. It lists that he received a PhD in Immunology from Hamburg University in Germany, worked as a professor of Immunology at Yarmouk University in Jordan, and has authored over 30 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. It also outlines his roles managing research and production for a monoclonal antibody company from 2010-2015 and serving as chairman of the Department of Biological Sciences at Yarmouk University.
Improved animal health for poverty reduction and sustainable livelihoodsSharadindu Shil
This document discusses animal husbandry and veterinary services in West Bengal. It notes that livestock are an important source of livelihood for many rural families and provide nutrients, income, and insurance. The Animal Resources Development (ARD) department aims to support sustainable livestock farming and food security. It has established a network for animal health care, training, and cooperatives. Vaccination schedules are provided for various livestock to prevent diseases like foot and mouth disease. Challenges include addressing the impacts of climate change, trade, and evolving disease agents. Effective surveillance, public-private partnerships, and research are needed to improve animal health and support livelihoods.
2012 - Hamilton et al. - Endophytic mediation of ROS Hamilton et al 2012Cyd Hamilton
This review summarizes the current literature on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants in plant-fungal endophyte interactions. The review discusses how ROS play a role in plant defense responses and stress signaling, while antioxidants help regulate ROS levels to prevent cell damage. Evidence suggests that mutualistic endophytes suppress the plant's ROS burst to avoid triggering defense, while still producing antioxidants that benefit the plant under stress. The review examines studies finding that fungal endophytes produce antioxidants both in culture and within plants (in planta), and that their presence increases host antioxidant activity when under stress. Overall, the interplay between ROS and antioxidants produced by the symbiont appears important in determining
Use of Biotechnology in beef cattle production for improving cattle health an...Rashed Hasan Nayeem
Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms,or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific
use.
Timothy W Morris - Publications & PresentationsTimothy Morris
This document provides a list of 37 publications by Timothy W. Morris, Ph.D. dating from 1999 to 2015. The publications focus on research related to ophthalmic pathogens, antibiotic resistance, and new antibiotics. Key areas investigated include the effects of contact lens solutions on Acanthamoeba encystment, surveillance of antibiotic resistance in ocular microorganisms, clinical trials of besifloxacin to treat bacterial conjunctivitis, and molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus.
Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacteria that colonizes around 33% of the human population. While often harmless, it can cause a variety of illnesses through its production of toxins and virulence factors. Healthcare interventions like antibiotics have helped treat infections, but antibiotic resistance has emerged, particularly MRSA. S. aureus utilizes various strategies to evade the immune system and cause persistent or severe infections impacting human health.
This document discusses research on the effects of omalizumab (anti-IgE therapy) treatment in patients with severe persistent asthma over 4 years. It lists 15 publications by the author on outcomes related to omalizumab therapy, including effects on oxidative stress markers, cytokines, quality of life, and side effects. The author has studied how omalizumab impacts factors involved in coagulation, fibrinolysis, angiogenesis and inflammation.
This document discusses HIV-exposed seronegative individuals (HESNs) who remain uninfected despite repeated exposure to HIV-1. It explores both genetic and immunological factors that may contribute to their resistance. Genetically, variants of the CCR5 gene that prevent HIV from binding to immune cells, like CCR5-Δ32 in Caucasians and a G316A substitution in Southeast Asians, are common in HESNs. Immunologically, HESNs exhibit elevated expression of interferon-α which inhibits HIV replication, and their adaptive immune response is characterized by regulatory T cells and low inflammation, limiting HIV target cells. Studying these natural protection mechanisms could help develop new prevention strategies.
This document discusses alternatives to antibiotics for controlling infectious diseases in animals through the use of veterinary vaccines. It summarizes that while vaccination has been effective, traditional vaccine formulations have changed little. New technologies in vaccine formulation and delivery, as well as increased knowledge of disease pathogenesis, offer opportunities to develop new vaccines. These include subunit vaccines targeting specific antigens, as well as live attenuated and DNA vaccines. Improved vaccines could help reduce reliance on antibiotics for disease control if used with other intervention strategies.
Role of microorganisms in cancer treatmentHafiz M Waseem
This document summarizes research on the role of microorganisms in cancer treatment. It discusses how bacteria and their extracts/toxins have been used to treat cancer as far back as over 100 years ago. Specific bacteria like Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Salmonella enterica have shown effectiveness against cancers like bladder cancer. Their effectiveness is believed to be due to modulating the immune system and cytokines. Ongoing research continues to explore using bacteria and their biofilms and secretions to target and destroy cancer cells through mechanisms like inhibiting angiogenesis and metastasis.
This study evaluated the antibacterial effects of copper on microorganisms isolated from bovine mastitis. Milk samples were collected from dairy farms in central and southern Chile between March and September 2013. A total of 327 microorganisms were isolated and identified, with the most common being Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus uberis, and coagulase-negative Staphylococci. Antibiotic susceptibility testing found 34% of isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays found that 250 ppm copper inhibited the growth of 65% of isolates. The remaining isolates were inhibited by concentrations between 375-1000 ppm copper. Copper
Sci am special online issue 2003.no09 - germ warsDholon Paul
This document summarizes the advances in antiviral drugs that have occurred due to viral genomics and new drug discovery techniques. It describes how sequencing viral genomes has allowed researchers to identify new targets for antiviral drugs, such as specific viral proteins. It provides examples of drug discovery strategies that target different stages of the viral lifecycle, such as attachment to cells or viral replication. The document indicates that dozens of new antiviral therapies have been developed and hundreds more are in development to treat viruses like HIV, hepatitis, and herpes.
Virulence Factor Targeting of the Bacterial Pathogen Staphylococcus aureus fo...Trevor Kane
Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial pathogen capable of causing a range of infections from mild to life-threatening. The review discusses several major virulence factors produced by S. aureus including the agr quorum sensing system, α-toxin, phenol soluble modulins, protein A, Panton-Valentine leukocidin, and staphylococcal enterotoxins. Recent research into antivirulence approaches that target these factors are highlighted as a potential alternative to antibiotics for treating S. aureus infections.
A PROPOSAL ON BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF Stap...Shrezjana Mainali
This document presents a proposal to study biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in clinical samples. It provides background on S. aureus as a common pathogen and discusses the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains like MRSA. The proposal aims to determine the prevalence of biofilm formation among S. aureus isolates from clinical samples and identify associations between biofilm production and antibiotic resistance profiles. It justifies the study by noting the lack of research on biofilm-producing MRSA in Nepal and the potential for findings to improve treatment. The proposal acknowledges limitations from the short study period and lack of extensive prior research and optimal laboratory facilities in Nepal.
Phagebiotics: A New Horizon for Therapeutics in Aquacultureidrish123
The document discusses the use of bacteriophages (phages) as a treatment for bacterial infections in aquaculture. Phages are viruses that infect and replicate within bacteria. They have a lytic life cycle where they destroy the bacterial host. Phages are highly specific, only infecting certain bacterial strains, and do not harm normal microbiota. The document outlines strategies for developing phage therapies, including isolation, characterization, and testing of phages. It discusses methods of application in aquaculture like oral administration and immersion. Several examples of successful uses of phages to treat bacterial diseases in aquaculture species are provided. Advantages like specificity and ease of propagation are discussed, as well as limitations such as bacterial
In June this year Darren Parris and I visited Novus in St Charles, Missouri, to celebrate their 25-year anniversary. Among the revelries (including a personal highlight of a Cardinals baseball match) we were invited to some insightful talks at the Novus Media Jam. One of these talks specifically concerned the Antibiotic Free Movement or ABF, where the ‘sub-therapeutic’ use of antibiotics and the many alternatives Novus offer were discussed.
The hidden hazard of horizontal gene transfer.pdfIsaac Majiok Kok
Genetic engineering involves designing artificial constructs to cross species barriers and to invade genomes. he artificial constructs or transgenic DNA typically contain genetic material from : bacteria, viruses and other genetic parasites that cause diseases as well as antibiotic resistance genes that make infectious diseases untreatable.
Horizontal transfer of transgenic DNA has the potential, among other things, to create new viruses and bacteria that cause diseases and spread drug and antibiotic resistance genes among pathogens.
Martin Chang, MBBE final report, 2012_08_21Martin Chang
This document summarizes key information about developing an effective blood-stage malaria vaccine, including:
1) Existing vaccines like RTS,S have shown only partial effectiveness, so more effective vaccines are still needed.
2) The malaria parasite has different life stages, and vaccines target different stages. This report focuses on blood-stage vaccines.
3) Effective immune mechanisms against blood-stage parasites include antibody-dependent cellular inhibition (ADCI) and antibody-dependent respiratory burst (ADRB), but these have not been fully induced by existing vaccines.
Old Wine in a New Bottle-Focus on Candidial Vaccine_ Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishers-IGRWH
This document discusses the development of a vaccine for Candida infections. It first provides background on vaginal anatomy and how Candida normally lives commensally but can cause infection. Risk factors for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis include excessive carbohydrates, hormonal therapy, douching, antibiotics, and immunosuppressants. Candida species produce various virulence factors like adhesion molecules and enzymes that contribute to pathogenesis. Current antifungal treatments can fail due to drug resistance. Researchers are working to develop a vaccine targeting Candida proteins like Sap that are involved in virulence and may help prevent recurrent infections. Phase I trials of vaccines containing Sap and Als proteins have shown promise.
This document provides the curriculum vitae of Khaled Mahmood Al-Qaoud, including his education, professional experience, patents, and publications. It lists that he received a PhD in Immunology from Hamburg University in Germany, worked as a professor of Immunology at Yarmouk University in Jordan, and has authored over 30 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. It also outlines his roles managing research and production for a monoclonal antibody company from 2010-2015 and serving as chairman of the Department of Biological Sciences at Yarmouk University.
Improved animal health for poverty reduction and sustainable livelihoodsSharadindu Shil
This document discusses animal husbandry and veterinary services in West Bengal. It notes that livestock are an important source of livelihood for many rural families and provide nutrients, income, and insurance. The Animal Resources Development (ARD) department aims to support sustainable livestock farming and food security. It has established a network for animal health care, training, and cooperatives. Vaccination schedules are provided for various livestock to prevent diseases like foot and mouth disease. Challenges include addressing the impacts of climate change, trade, and evolving disease agents. Effective surveillance, public-private partnerships, and research are needed to improve animal health and support livelihoods.
2012 - Hamilton et al. - Endophytic mediation of ROS Hamilton et al 2012Cyd Hamilton
This review summarizes the current literature on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants in plant-fungal endophyte interactions. The review discusses how ROS play a role in plant defense responses and stress signaling, while antioxidants help regulate ROS levels to prevent cell damage. Evidence suggests that mutualistic endophytes suppress the plant's ROS burst to avoid triggering defense, while still producing antioxidants that benefit the plant under stress. The review examines studies finding that fungal endophytes produce antioxidants both in culture and within plants (in planta), and that their presence increases host antioxidant activity when under stress. Overall, the interplay between ROS and antioxidants produced by the symbiont appears important in determining
Use of Biotechnology in beef cattle production for improving cattle health an...Rashed Hasan Nayeem
Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms,or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific
use.
Timothy W Morris - Publications & PresentationsTimothy Morris
This document provides a list of 37 publications by Timothy W. Morris, Ph.D. dating from 1999 to 2015. The publications focus on research related to ophthalmic pathogens, antibiotic resistance, and new antibiotics. Key areas investigated include the effects of contact lens solutions on Acanthamoeba encystment, surveillance of antibiotic resistance in ocular microorganisms, clinical trials of besifloxacin to treat bacterial conjunctivitis, and molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus.
Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacteria that colonizes around 33% of the human population. While often harmless, it can cause a variety of illnesses through its production of toxins and virulence factors. Healthcare interventions like antibiotics have helped treat infections, but antibiotic resistance has emerged, particularly MRSA. S. aureus utilizes various strategies to evade the immune system and cause persistent or severe infections impacting human health.
This document discusses research on the effects of omalizumab (anti-IgE therapy) treatment in patients with severe persistent asthma over 4 years. It lists 15 publications by the author on outcomes related to omalizumab therapy, including effects on oxidative stress markers, cytokines, quality of life, and side effects. The author has studied how omalizumab impacts factors involved in coagulation, fibrinolysis, angiogenesis and inflammation.
This document discusses HIV-exposed seronegative individuals (HESNs) who remain uninfected despite repeated exposure to HIV-1. It explores both genetic and immunological factors that may contribute to their resistance. Genetically, variants of the CCR5 gene that prevent HIV from binding to immune cells, like CCR5-Δ32 in Caucasians and a G316A substitution in Southeast Asians, are common in HESNs. Immunologically, HESNs exhibit elevated expression of interferon-α which inhibits HIV replication, and their adaptive immune response is characterized by regulatory T cells and low inflammation, limiting HIV target cells. Studying these natural protection mechanisms could help develop new prevention strategies.
This document discusses alternatives to antibiotics for controlling infectious diseases in animals through the use of veterinary vaccines. It summarizes that while vaccination has been effective, traditional vaccine formulations have changed little. New technologies in vaccine formulation and delivery, as well as increased knowledge of disease pathogenesis, offer opportunities to develop new vaccines. These include subunit vaccines targeting specific antigens, as well as live attenuated and DNA vaccines. Improved vaccines could help reduce reliance on antibiotics for disease control if used with other intervention strategies.
Role of microorganisms in cancer treatmentHafiz M Waseem
This document summarizes research on the role of microorganisms in cancer treatment. It discusses how bacteria and their extracts/toxins have been used to treat cancer as far back as over 100 years ago. Specific bacteria like Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Salmonella enterica have shown effectiveness against cancers like bladder cancer. Their effectiveness is believed to be due to modulating the immune system and cytokines. Ongoing research continues to explore using bacteria and their biofilms and secretions to target and destroy cancer cells through mechanisms like inhibiting angiogenesis and metastasis.
This study evaluated the antibacterial effects of copper on microorganisms isolated from bovine mastitis. Milk samples were collected from dairy farms in central and southern Chile between March and September 2013. A total of 327 microorganisms were isolated and identified, with the most common being Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus uberis, and coagulase-negative Staphylococci. Antibiotic susceptibility testing found 34% of isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays found that 250 ppm copper inhibited the growth of 65% of isolates. The remaining isolates were inhibited by concentrations between 375-1000 ppm copper. Copper
Sci am special online issue 2003.no09 - germ warsDholon Paul
This document summarizes the advances in antiviral drugs that have occurred due to viral genomics and new drug discovery techniques. It describes how sequencing viral genomes has allowed researchers to identify new targets for antiviral drugs, such as specific viral proteins. It provides examples of drug discovery strategies that target different stages of the viral lifecycle, such as attachment to cells or viral replication. The document indicates that dozens of new antiviral therapies have been developed and hundreds more are in development to treat viruses like HIV, hepatitis, and herpes.
Virulence Factor Targeting of the Bacterial Pathogen Staphylococcus aureus fo...Trevor Kane
Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial pathogen capable of causing a range of infections from mild to life-threatening. The review discusses several major virulence factors produced by S. aureus including the agr quorum sensing system, α-toxin, phenol soluble modulins, protein A, Panton-Valentine leukocidin, and staphylococcal enterotoxins. Recent research into antivirulence approaches that target these factors are highlighted as a potential alternative to antibiotics for treating S. aureus infections.
A PROPOSAL ON BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF Stap...Shrezjana Mainali
This document presents a proposal to study biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in clinical samples. It provides background on S. aureus as a common pathogen and discusses the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains like MRSA. The proposal aims to determine the prevalence of biofilm formation among S. aureus isolates from clinical samples and identify associations between biofilm production and antibiotic resistance profiles. It justifies the study by noting the lack of research on biofilm-producing MRSA in Nepal and the potential for findings to improve treatment. The proposal acknowledges limitations from the short study period and lack of extensive prior research and optimal laboratory facilities in Nepal.
This document provides information about malaria vaccines. It discusses the context of malaria globally and the need for a vaccine. Several potential vaccine candidates target different stages of the malaria parasite's lifecycle, including sporozoites, infected hepatocytes, and erythrocytic stages. Developing an effective vaccine is challenging due to the parasite's diversity and complexity. The most promising current candidate is RTS,S, which provides some protection against malaria in clinical trials but is not fully effective.
This document discusses multiple drug resistance (MDR) in bacteria. It begins by defining drug resistance and how bacteria can develop resistance through natural mechanisms or by acquiring resistance over time when exposed to antibiotics. The key points are:
- Bacteria can become resistant through mutations or gene transfer that make antibiotics unable to bind or enable the bacteria to destroy or pump out antibiotics.
- Multiple drug resistance (MDR) occurs when bacteria resist many different drug classes through various mechanisms like altered cell walls or target sites.
- Common MDR bacteria include MRSA, VRE, and ESBL-producing gram-negative bacteria.
- MDR-TB is also discussed, which is TB resistant to at least is
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a major threat to global health. Infection caused by Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the well-recognized global public health problem globally. In some regions, as many as
90% of S. aureus infections are reported to be MRSA, which cannot be treated with standard antibiotics. WHO reports indicated that
MRSA is circulating in every province worldwide, significantly increasing the risk of death by 64% compared to drug-sensitive forms
of the infection which is attributed to its antibiotic resistance. The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant MRSA strains have
contributed to its increased prevalence in both healthcare and community settings. The resistance of S. aureus to methicillin is due to
expression of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which renders it impervious to the action of β-lactam antibiotics including
methicillin. The other is through the production of beta-lactamases. Although the treatment options for MRSA are limited, there are
promising alternatives to antibiotics to combat the infections. Innovative therapeutic strategies with wide range of activity and modes
of action are yet to be explored. The review highlights the global challenges posed by MRSA, elucidates the mechanisms underlying
its resistance development, and explores mitigation strategies. Furthermore, it focuses on alternative therapies such as bacteriophages,
immunotherapy, nanobiotics, and antimicrobial peptides, emphasizing their synergistic effects and efficacy against MRSA. By
examining these alternative approaches, this review provides insights into the potential strategies for tackling MRSA infections and
combatting the escalating threat of AMR. Ultimately, a multifaceted approach encompassing both conventional and novel interventions
is imperative to mitigate the impact of MRSA and ensure a sustainable future for global healthcare.
Antibiotic originally was intended to cure and treat disease. However, because of lack of proper education and awareness campaign, antibiotics now are widely abuse and misuse. Such abuse and misuse of antibiotics today are the culprit why we have emergence of new diseases and Bacterial Resistance.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
This presentation is about MRSA which is also known a 'superbug.' It consist of information on MRSA,MRSA infection,its genetics,types,symptoms,prevention,research,etc
This document summarizes information about methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It discusses what MRSA is, how antibiotic resistance develops, risk factors for acquiring MRSA, methods of transmission, prevention strategies, and the results of a pre-surgical screening and decolonization program that significantly reduced MRSA surgical site infections.
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCES: THE WORLD’S NEXT PANDEMIC ON THE WAYIAEME Publication
Antimicrobial Resistances that lead to increase in duration of curing infections. Drug resistance is the ability of microbes to grow in presence of chemical molecule that are usually meant to kill or inhibit the growth of microbes. This paper reviews antibacterial resistances in E. coli and genes responsible for this resistance. As this is a major problem causing common infection among public. This paper also focuses on the causes of resistance in E. Coli and ways the infection spreads in community. Discovery of antibiotics is a weapon in the war against microbes but now the efficiency of the weapon has reduced. Counter actions are required for war against microbial resistances.
This document discusses mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. It begins by explaining that antibiotic resistance is a major public health threat and describing how bacteria can develop resistance through mutations or acquiring genetic material from other bacteria. The document then discusses the genetic basis of resistance and the major mechanisms bacteria use, including modifying antibiotics with enzymes, preventing antibiotics from reaching their targets, changing or bypassing antibiotic targets, and global adaptive processes. It provides detailed examples of specific resistance mechanisms like aminoglycoside modifying enzymes. In summary, the document provides an in-depth overview of the genetic basis and biochemical mechanisms that bacteria use to develop resistance to antibiotics.
Some Klebsiella and E. coli strains are collectively called “Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae” (CRE) because they have developed resistance to a former last-resort antibiotic, carbapenem. They mainly occur in long-term care facilities. Nevertheless, the Center for Disease Control regards them as an urgent threat because of their insensitivity to multiple antibiotics, and because of concerns that they may spread into the community.
This document summarizes information about Paraprotex, a food supplement that provides anti-parasitic, anti-microbial, and anti-fungal protection. It discusses how parasites and infections are becoming more common worldwide due to factors like diet and immunity. Paraprotex aims to strengthen the immune system and change the body's environment to make it inhospitable for parasites and pathogens. The document also reviews mechanisms of immunity against various biological agents like parasites, fungi, bacteria and viruses. It describes both innate immune responses and acquired immune responses mediated by antibodies and T cells. It discusses how different pathogens elicit distinct immune responses and how parasites have evolved strategies for evading the immune system.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a strong enemy in the complex realm of microbial dangers. It poses a substantial risk to public health and challenges current treatment procedures.
Relative or complete lack of effect of antimicrobial agent against a previously susceptible microbe/pathogen.
It is an evolutionary principal that organism adopt genetically to change in their environment.
since the doubling time of bacteria can be as short as 20 mnt, there may be many generations in even a few hours, providing ample opportunity for evolutionary adaptation.
The phenomenon of resistance imposes serious constraints on the options available for the treatment of many bacterial infections.
The resistance to chemotherapeutic agents can also develop in protozoa, in multicellular parasites and in population of malignant cells.
Today there are different strains of S. aureus resistant to almost every form of antibiotic in use.
This document discusses Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), an emerging veterinary pathogen. MRSA is a strain of Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to certain antibiotics, including methicillin. It can cause serious infections in both humans and animals. MRSA has developed resistance through genetic mutations and the overuse of antibiotics, which places selective pressure on bacteria to evolve resistance. Diagnosis involves testing for antibiotic resistance through methods like agar dilution, broth microdilution, and disc diffusion tests.
Dr. Kurt Stevenson - Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance and Management in ...John Blue
This document summarizes antimicrobial resistance surveillance in hospitals and communities. It discusses the increasing issues of antibiotic resistance over time, with predictions from 1966 that bacterial diseases would be eliminated by 2000 proving inaccurate. The document outlines various multidrug resistant organisms of concern, including MRSA, and the need to track resistance patterns and transmission. It presents a case study describing the identification of the ST-239 strain of MRSA in a surveillance program, which was previously uncommon in the US. Overall it emphasizes the growing challenges of antimicrobial resistance for treatment of infections.
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a common skin bacteria that can cause infections when entering the bloodstream. It often forms biofilms, which make infections difficult to treat and allow bacteria to become antibiotic resistant. The study aims to analyze differences in antibiotic susceptibility between antibiotic resistant and non-resistant S. epidermidis strains that do not produce biofilms. By comparing their expressed proteins, the study seeks to better understand antibiotic resistance in S. epidermidis to provide insight into device-related infections.
This document describes a study investigating the potential of anti-adhesion therapies for treating bacterial skin infections. Synthetic peptides of the tetraspanin CD9 were tested for their ability to reduce adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two common causes of skin infections, to human keratinocyte cells. Both peptides showed a reduction in bacterial adherence individually and when the bacteria were present together, demonstrating the peptides' potential as an alternative treatment to combat antimicrobial resistance by disrupting bacterial adhesion.
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Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.